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Space ShuttleEndeavour

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Space Shuttle orbiter (1992–2011)

Endeavour
Top view of a spaceplane above the Earth.
Endeavour in orbit in 2008, during STS-123
TypeSpaceplane
ClassSpace Shuttle orbiter
EponymHMS Endeavour
Serialno.OV-105
OwnerNASA
ManufacturerRockwell International
Specifications
Dry mass78,000 kilograms (172,000 lb)
RocketSpace Shuttle
History
First flight
Last flight
Flights25
Flight time7,179 hours
Travelled197,761,262 kilometres (122,883,151 mi) around Earth
Orbits4,671 around Earth
FateRetired
Location
Space Shuttle orbiters

Space ShuttleEndeavour (Orbiter Vehicle Designation:OV-105) is a retiredorbiter fromNASA'sSpace Shuttle program and the fifth and final operationalShuttle built. It embarked on its first mission,STS-49, in May 1992 and its 25th and final mission,STS-134, in May 2011.[1][2][3] STS-134 was expected to be the final mission of the Space Shuttle program,[4] but with the authorization ofSTS-135 by theUnited States Congress,Atlantis became the last shuttle to fly.

TheUnited States Congress approved the construction ofEndeavour in 1987 to replace theSpace ShuttleChallenger, which wasdestroyed in 1986.

NASA chose, on cost grounds, to build much ofEndeavour from spare parts rather than refitting theSpace ShuttleEnterprise, and used structural spares built during the construction ofDiscovery andAtlantis in its assembly.

The building housing the space shuttle in the upcoming Samuel Oschin Air and Space Center at theCalifornia Science Center was nearing completion in 2025 with extensive artifact and exhibit installations to follow.

History

[edit]
Endeavour rollout ceremony in April 1991
Endeavour as photographed from theInternational Space Station as it approached the station duringSTS-118
Endeavour appears to straddle thestratosphere andmesosphere in this 2010 photo taken from theInternational Space Station

Following the loss ofChallenger in 1986, NASA was authorized to begin the procurement process for a replacement orbiter. A major refit of the prototype orbiterEnterprise was looked at and rejected on cost grounds, with instead the cache of structural spares that were produced as part of the construction ofDiscovery andAtlantis earmarked for assembly into the new orbiter. Assembly was completed in July 1990, and the new orbiter was rolled out in April 1991. As part of the process, NASA ran a national competition for schools to name the new orbiter—the criteria included a requirement that it be named after an exploratory or research vessel, with a name "easily understood in the context of space"; entries included an essay about the name, the story behind it and why it was appropriate for a NASA shuttle, and the project that supported the name. Amongst the entries,Endeavour was suggested by one-third of the participating schools, withPresident George H.W. Bush eventually selecting it on the advice of the NASA Administrator,Richard Truly. The national winners were Senatobia Middle School inSenatobia, Mississippi, in the elementary division andTallulah Falls School inTallulah Falls, Georgia, in the upper school division. They were honored at several ceremonies in Washington, D.C., including a White House ceremony where President Bush presented awards to each school.[5]Endeavour was delivered byRockwell International Space Transportation Systems Division in May 1991 and first launched a year later, in May 1992, onSTS-49.

Endeavour cost $1.7 billion to build.[6] The orbiter is named after the BritishHMSEndeavour, the ship which took CaptainJames Cook on hisfirst voyage of discovery (1768–1771).[7] This is why the name is spelled in theBritish English manner, rather than theAmerican English ("Endeavor"). This has caused confusion, including when NASA itself misspelled a sign on the launch pad in 2007.[8] The Space Shuttle carried a piece of the original wood from Cook's ship inside the cockpit.[9] The name also honoredEndeavour, thecommand module ofApollo 15, which was also named for Cook's ship.

On May 30, 2020,Dragon 2 capsule C206 was namedEndeavour during theCrew Dragon Demo-2 mission by astronautsDoug Hurley andBob Behnken in honor of the shuttle, on which both astronauts took their first flights (STS-127 andSTS-123 respectively).

Service

[edit]

On its first mission, it captured and redeployed the strandedIntelsat VI communications satellite. The first African-American woman astronaut,Mae Jemison, was launched into space on the missionSTS-47 on September 12, 1992.

Endeavour flew the first servicing missionSTS-61 for theHubble Space Telescope in 1993. In 1997 it was withdrawn from service for eight months for a retrofit, including installation of a new airlock. In December 1998, it delivered theUnity Module to theInternational Space Station.

Endeavour's last Orbiter Major Modification period began in December 2003 and ended on October 6, 2005. During this time,Endeavour received major hardware upgrades, including a new, multi-functional, electronic display system, often referred to as aglass cockpit, and an advancedGPS receiver, along with safety upgrades recommended by theColumbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) for the shuttle's return to flight following theloss ofColumbia during reentry on February 1, 2003.

TheSTS-118 mission,Endeavour's first since the refit, included astronautBarbara Morgan, formerly assigned to theTeacher in Space project, and later a member of the Astronaut Corps from 1998 to 2008, as part of the crew. Morgan was the backup forChrista McAuliffe who was on the ill-fated missionSTS-51-L in 1986.

Early milestones

[edit]
DateMilestone[10]
1982 February 15Start structural assembly of crew module (built as structural spare alongsideDiscovery andAtlantis)[11]
1987 July 31Contract award toRockwell International
1987 August 1Start of Final Assembly
1987 September 28Start structural assembly of aft fuselage
1990 July 6Completed Final Assembly
1991 April 25Rollout from Plant 42, Palmdale, California
1991 May 7Delivery to Kennedy Space Center
1992 April 6Flight Readiness Firing (FRF)
1992 May 7First flight (STS-49)

Upgrades and features

[edit]
Endeavour mounted on aShuttle Carrier Aircraft
Endeavour approaches LC-39A before STS-130
Endeavour in flight en route back to theKennedy Space Center atop a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft in 2008
Endeavour lands afterSTS-127 at theKennedy Space CenterShuttle Landing Facility

As it was constructed later than its elder sisters,Endeavour was built with new hardware designed to improve and expand orbiter capabilities. Most of this equipment was later incorporated into the other three orbiters during out-of-service major inspection and modification programs.Endeavour's upgrades include:

  • A 40-foot (12 m) diameterdrag chute that reduced the orbiter's landing roll-out distance (the runway length used for deceleration) from 3,000 feet (910 m) to 2,000 feet (610 m).
  • The plumbing and electrical connections needed forExtended Duration Orbiter (EDO) modifications to allow up to a 28-day mission (although a 28-day mission was never attempted; the record is17 days, which was set byColumbia).
  • Updated avionics systems that included advancedgeneral purpose computers, improvedinertial measurement units andtactical air navigation systems, enhanced master events controllers and multiplexer-demultiplexers, a solid-statestar tracker and improved nose wheel steering mechanisms.
  • An improved version of theAuxiliary Power Units (APUs) that provided power to operate the Shuttle's hydraulic systems.

Modifications resulting from a 2005–2006 refit ofEndeavour included:

  • TheStation-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS), which converted 8 kilowatts of DC power from the ISS main voltage of 120VDC to the orbiter bus voltage of 28VDC. This upgrade allowedEndeavour to remain on-orbit while docked at ISS for an additional 3- to 4-day duration. The corresponding power equipment was added to the ISS during theSTS-116 station assembly mission, andEndeavour flew with SSPTS capability duringSTS-118.[12][13][14]

Final flights

[edit]
Platforms aroundEndeavour in theOrbiter Processing Facility-2
Endeavour (left) docked to theInternational Space Station on May 23, 2011, during its final mission

Endeavour flew its final mission, STS-134, to theInternational Space Station (ISS) in May 2011. After the conclusion of STS-134,Endeavour was formally decommissioned.[15]

STS-134 was intended to launch in late 2010, but on July 1 NASA released a statement saying theEndeavour mission was rescheduled for February 27, 2011.[16]

"The target dates were adjusted because critical payload hardware for STS-133 will not be ready in time to support the previously planned 16 September launch," NASA said in a statement. With theDiscovery launch moving to November,Endeavour mission "cannot fly as planned, so the next available launch window is in February 2011," NASA said, adding that the launch dates were subject to change.[17]

The launch was further postponed until April to avoid a scheduling conflict with a Russian supply vehicle heading for the International Space Station.[18] STS-134 did not launch until May 16 at 08:56EDT.[19]

Endeavour landed at theKennedy Space Center at 06:34UTC on June 1, 2011, completing its final mission.[20] It was the 25th night landing of a shuttle.[21][22] Over its flight career,Endeavour flew 122,883,151 miles (197,761,262 km) and spent 299 days in space.[23] DuringEndeavour's last mission, the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TMA-20 departed from the ISS and paused at a distance of 200 metres (660 ft). Italian astronaut Paolo Nespoli took a series of photographs and videos of the ISS withEndeavour docked.[24] This was the second time a shuttle was photographed docked and the first time since 1996. CommanderMark Kelly was the last astronaut offEndeavour after the landing, and the crew stayed on the landing strip to sign autographs and pose for pictures.[25]

STS-134 was the penultimate Space Shuttle mission;STS-135 was added to the schedule in January 2011, and in JulyAtlantis flew for the final time.[26]

Flights

[edit]
#DateDesignationLaunch padLanding locationNotes
11992-05-07STS-4939-BEdwards Air Force BaseFirst flight ofEndeavour: Capture and redeployIntelsat VI. First three-personEVA, longest US EVA sinceApollo 17.
21992-09-12STS-4739-BKennedy Space CenterSpacelab mission J with the first African American woman in space,Mae Jemison
31993-01-13STS-5439-BKennedyDeployTDRS-F
41993-06-21STS-5739-BKennedySpacelab experiments. RetrieveEuropean Retrievable Carrier
51993-12-02STS-6139-BKennedyFirstHubble Space Telescope service mission (HSM-1)
61994-04-09STS-5939-AEdwardsSpace Radar Laboratory experiments
Spaceborne Imaging Radar
71994-09-30STS-6839-AEdwardsSpace Radar Laboratory experiments
Spaceborne Imaging Radar
81995-03-02STS-6739-AEdwardsSpacelab Astro-2 experiments‡
91995-09-07STS-6939-AKennedyWake Shield Facility and other experiments
101996-01-11STS-7239-BKennedyRetrieve JapaneseSpace Flyer Unit
111996-05-19STS-7739-BKennedySpacelab experiments
121998-01-22STS-8939-AKennedyRendezvous withMir space station and astronaut exchange
131998-12-04STS-8839-AKennedyInternational Space Station assembly mission 2A (assembled theUnity Module (Node 1), first American component of the ISS)
142000-02-11STS-9939-AKennedyShuttle Radar Topography Mission experiments
152000-11-30STS-9739-BKennedyInternational Space Station assembly mission (P6 truss segment)
162001-04-19STS-10039-AEdwardsInternational Space Station assembly mission 6A (Canadarm2 robotic arm and hand)
172001-12-05STS-10839-BKennedyInternational Space Station assembly mission UF-1, rendezvous and astronaut exchange (Expedition 3/Expedition 4)
182002-06-05STS-11139-AEdwardsInternational Space Station assembly mission UF-2, rendezvous and astronaut exchange (Expedition 4/Expedition 5)
192002-11-23STS-11339-AKennedyInternational Space Station assembly mission 11A and astronaut exchange/final successful shuttle flight before theColumbia disaster (Expedition 5/6 exchange;P1 truss segment assembly)
202007-08-08STS-11839-AKennedyFour spacewalks conducted.[27] Installation of theInternational Space Station S5 Truss, of theIntegrated Truss Structure. Carried aSPACEHAB module carrying 5,000 pounds of supplies and equipment to theInternational Space Station. Crew included theEducator AstronautBarbara Morgan. Thermal tiles protecting the underside of the vehicle were damaged during launch. NASA decided not to fix this damage in-flight as it was not believed to be serious enough to result in loss of vehicle or crew. The craft landed a day early due to the possibility thatHurricane Dean would force Mission Control to evacuate.
212008-03-11STS-12339-AKennedyInternational Space Station assembly mission 1J/A which delivered the first element of Japan'sKibo module along with the CanadianSpecial Purpose Dexterous Manipulator robotic arm, and the Spacelab Pallet-Deployable 1.
222008-11-14STS-12639-AEdwards[28]International Space Station assembly mission that brought equipment and supplies in theMulti-Purpose Logistics ModuleLeonardo, and Expedition 18 crew rotation,Sandra Magnus replacedGregory Chamitoff.Endeavour was the only orbiter to land on the temporary Runway 4 at Edwards AFB, as the refurbished main runway will be operational fromSTS-119 onwards.[29]
232009-07-15[30]STS-12739-AKennedyInternational Space Station assembly mission which delivered the last two elements of Japan'sKibo Module along with the Spacelab Pallet-Deployable 2, and an Integrated Cargo Carrier-Vertical Light Deployable.[31]
242010-02-08STS-13039-AKennedyInternational Space Station assembly mission which delivered theNode 3 and theCupola observatory to the station. This brought the ISS to 98 percent completion.
252011-05-16STS-13439-AKennedyInternational Space Station assembly mission which delivered theAlpha Magnetic Spectrometer and theELC-3 to the space station. This was the final mission ofEndeavour. Although originally planned to be the last Space Shuttle program flight, one additional flight ofAtlantis,STS-135, was flown in July 2011.

‡ Longest shuttle mission forEndeavour

Tribute and mission insignias

[edit]
NASA Orbiter Tribute for Space ShuttleEndeavour
Mission insignia forEndeavour flights

Flow Directors

[edit]

The Flow Director was responsible for the overall preparation of the Shuttle for launch and processing it after landing, and remained permanently assigned to head the spacecraft's ground crew while the astronaut flight crews changed for every mission. Each Shuttle's Flow Director was supported by a Vehicle Manager for the same spacecraft. Space ShuttleEndeavour's Flow Directors were:

Decommissioning

[edit]
Main article:Space Shuttle retirement

After more than twenty organizations submitted proposals for the display of an orbiter,[37][38] on April 12, 2011, NASA announced that the Space ShuttleEndeavour would go to theCalifornia Science Center inLos Angeles.[39] The Space Shuttle was mounted on theShuttle Carrier Aircraft and departed from theKennedy Space Center on September 19, 2012, heading to theLos Angeles International Airport, with some refueling stops inEllington Field andEdwards Air Force Base. After low level flyovers above NASA and civic landmarks across the country and in California, it was delivered to LAX on September 21.[40] It was then hoisted off the aircraft and placed inside a United Airlines hangar to prepare for its transportation through the streets of Los Angeles.[41]

Endeavour moving through Los Angeles

On October 11 at 11:30pm,Endeavour left the hangar on four self-propelled robotic transporters. The orbiter slowly left the airport and was carefully transported through the streets of Los Angeles.[42][43][44] The Space Shuttle's 12-mile (19 km) journey was meticulously measured and each move was carefully choreographed.[45]

In multiple locations, there were only inches of clearance for the shuttle's wide wings between telephone poles, apartment buildings and other structures. Many street light standards and traffic signals were temporarily removed as the shuttle passed through. It was necessary to remove over 400 street trees as well, some of which were fairly old, leading to concern.[46] However, the removed trees were replaced two-for-one by the Science Center, using part of the $200 million funding for the move.[45]

The power had to be turned off and power carrying poles had to be removed temporarily as the orbiter crept along the streets. News crews lined the streets along the path with visible news personalities in the news trucks. Police escorts and other security personnel, among them including theLAPD,LASD,CHP, and NASA officials, controlled the large crowds gathered, with support from theLAFD andLACoFD to treat heat exhaustion victims asEndeavour made its way through the city.[47]Endeavour was sometimes parked for a few hours at certain places, such asRandy's Donuts, andThe Forum where it was available for viewing.[48][49]

The Randy's Donuts sign alongside Space Shuttle Endeavour as it is ferried through the streets of Los Angeles on Friday, October 12, 2012

Endeavour's route took it across heManchester Boulevard Bridge overInterstate 405. Due to weight restrictions of the bridge, the shuttle was moved from the robotic transporters to a lighter non-powered dolly and was towed across the bridge by an unmodifiedToyota Tundra.[50] Once it had completely crossed the bridge, the shuttle was then returned to the robotic transporters to continue its course.Toyota used the footage ofEndeavour crossing the bridge in a commercial for the2013 Super Bowl,[51] and the Tundra used to pull the shuttle was donated to the Science Center, where it became part of an exhibit on leverage.[52]

Having taken longer than expected,Endeavour reached the Science Center on October 14 at 7:30pm.[53] Prior to its arrival, a building was constructed on the side of the museum to temporarily house the Space Shuttle.[54] The Space Shuttle's entire journey through the streets of Los Angeles was often dubbed asMission 26: The Big Endeavour, a nod to its 25 space missions during its career.[55]

California Science Center

[edit]
Endeavour in the temporary Samuel Oschin Pavilion (February 2023)

On October 30, 2012, the Space ShuttleEndeavour was opened to the public.[49] The shuttle was on display inside the temporarySamuel Oschin Pavilion,[54] where guests offered to not only walk around Endeavour, but also under it, as the vehicle was displayed in the horizontal atop four friction-pendulumseismic isolators to protect it from earthquakes.[49] The shuttle remained inside the temporary pavilion until December 31, 2023.[56] A companion exhibit inside the Science Center features images and artifacts that related the Space Shuttle program toCalifornia, where the orbiters were originally constructed.[57]

After its decommissioning,Endeavour'sCanadarm (formally the 'Shuttle Remote Manipulator System') was removed in order to be sent to the Canadian Space Agency'sJohn H. Chapman Space Centre inLongueuil,Quebec, a suburb of Montreal, where it was to be placed on display.[58] In a Canadian poll on which science or aerospace museum should be selected to display the Canadarm, originally built bySPAR Aerospace, the Canadian Space Agency's headquarters placed third to last with only 35 out of 638 votes.[59][60]Endeavour's Canadarm has since gone on permanent display at theCanada Aviation and Space Museum inOttawa.[61][62][63] In August 2015, NASA engineers removed a few of the tanks fromEndeavour for reuse as storage containers for potable water on the International Space Station.[64]

On May 28, 2015, NASA donated the ET-94external tank, the last mission-ready one in existence as all others were destroyed during launch. On April 12, 2016, the tank was transported by barge from theMichoud Assembly Facility inNew Orleans,Louisiana, across thePanama Canal, and was safely docked inMarina del Rey on May 15.[65] The tank was delivered to the Science Center on May 21. It was displayed outside the Samuel Oschin Pavilion until 2023.[66][67][68] On March 28, 2017, bothNorthrop Grumman and NASA donated a pair of flight-provensolid rocket boosters forEndeavour exhibit.[69] The rocket parts were delivered on September 11, 2020, and were temporarily stored in theMojave Air and Space Port inMojave,California until construction began.[70][71]

Samuel Oschin Air and Space Center

[edit]
Final preparations for joiningEndeavour to its fuel tank and boosters, January 29, 2024

TheSamuel Oschin Air and Space Center, a new building that is under construction, will serve asEndeavour's new permanent home. The Space Shuttle will be in a 20-story-tall display mounted on with the ET-94 tank, and solid rocket boosters. Once finished, it will be the only Space Shuttle mounted vertically inlaunch position.

Originally slated to open in 2015, construction on the new building started on June 1, 2022.[72][73] Meanwhile, the ET-94 tank underwent some restoration after being used to analyze the foam on its sister tank, ET-93, which was a factor during theSTS-107 mission, which resulted in theColumbia disaster.[74]

On July 20, 2023, the assembly of the stack began with the aft skirts (bottom segments of the rocket boosters) being precisely positioned on a concrete slab supported by sixbase isolators that will protectEndeavour from earthquakes.[75] The motors for the rocket boosters, which were in storage at theMojave Air and Space Port, were installed on October 11, 2023.[76] The rocket boosters were fully assembled when the tops were added on December 5, 2023.[77]

On January 3, 2024,Endeavour was protected in a shrink wrap, likely to stay on until construction is complete.[78] The ET-94 tank was then moved into its position in January 16 and was mounted to the rocket boosters.[79][80] On January 30, the Space Shuttle was then moved into its position, thus completing the stack. Once all components are mounted into place, construction on the building will continue, as a complexdiagrid structure will be built around it. Construction work on the building is scheduled to be completed in 2025.[81] It will take several more years to install the artifacts and exhibits inside the building.[82] An official grand opening is not yet announced.

Legacy

[edit]
Crew Dragon C206Endeavour was named byDoug Hurley andBob Behnken as a tribute to the Space ShuttleEndeavour.

Following their May 30, 2020, launch on board theSpaceXCrew Dragon Demo-2 vehicle, the crew announced in orbit that they had named their spacecraftEndeavour. AstronautsBob Behnken andDoug Hurley said the name has a dual meaning: first, after the "incredible endeavor" put forth by SpaceX and NASA after theretirement of the Space Shuttle fleet in 2011; and second, because both Hurley and Behnken each flew their first flight aboard the shuttleEndeavour (Behnken onSTS-123, Hurley onSTS-127) and wanted to name this new spacecraft after the one that took each of them into space.[83] The shuttle appeared in the 2022 filmsMoonfall andBeavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe.

Replica

[edit]

A replica of a section ofEndeavour is on exhibit outside theDiscovery Cube Orange County, a science museum inSanta Ana, California.[84]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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