Southern Illinois Little Egypt | |
|---|---|
 Counties in red are usually or always included in southern Illinois, while those in pink are sometimes included. | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| Largest city | Belleville |
| Population | 1.2 million |
Southern Illinois is a region of theU.S. state ofIllinois comprising the southern third of the state, principally south ofInterstate 70. Part ofdownstate Illinois, it is bordered by the twomost voluminous rivers in the United States: theMississippi below its connection with theMissouri River to the west and theOhio River to the east and south, with the tributaryWabash River, extending the southeastern border. Some areas of Southern Illinois are known historically asLittle Egypt. Although part of theMidwest, certain areas of Southern Illinois more closely align culturally with neighboring parts of theUpland South (i.e.Kentucky,Tennessee,Southern Indiana, andMissouri).[1]
Southern Illinois' most populated city isBelleville at 44,478. Other principal cities includeAlton,Centralia,Collinsville,Edwardsville,Glen Carbon,Godfrey,Granite City,O'Fallon,Harrisburg,Herrin,West Frankfort,Mt. Vernon,Marion, andCarbondale, wherethe main campus ofSouthern Illinois University is located. Residents may also commute toSt. Louis andCape Girardeau, Missouri;Evansville, Indiana; andPaducah, Kentucky. The region is home toScott Air Force Base, a major military installation.
The area has a population of 1.2 million people,[2] who live mostly in rural towns andcities separated by extensive farmland and theShawnee National Forest. The two higher density areas of population areMetro East (pop. 700,000+), which is the partly industrialized Illinois portion of theSt. Louis Metropolitan Area, and the Carbondale–Marion–Herrin, Illinois Combined Statistical Area, centered onCarbondale andMarion, a two-county area that is home to 123,272 residents.
The first European settlers were French colonists in the part of their North American territory calledIllinois Country. Later settlers migrated from theUpland South of the United States, traveling by the Ohio River. The region was affiliated with the southern agricultural economy, based on enslaved African Americans as workers on major plantations, and rural culture. Some settlers owned slaves beforethe territory was organized and slavery was prohibited. Many areas developed an economy based oncoal mining.
The earliest inhabitants of Illinois are thought to have arrived about 12,000 BC. They were indigenoushunter-gatherers, but they also developed their own system of agriculture. After AD 1000, the production of agricultural surpluses resulted in the development of complex, hierarchical societies. With the rise of theMississippian culture in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys, tribal leaders organized thousands of workers to build complex urban areas featuring numerous largeearthworks – pyramidal, ridgetop and conicalmounds used for religious, political and ceremonial purposes.Cahokia, located within the boundaries of present-day Collinsville, Illinois, was the major regional center of this culture. It contains the largest prehistoric earthworks in the Americas, and has been designated as aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site. The mound builders' culture seems to have collapsed between AD 1400–1500. The Mississippians had abandoned Cahokia long before the first European explorers arrived.[3]
The Illinois tribes, for whom the state is named, and other historic tribes migrated to Southern Illinois around AD 1500. Archaeologists say they were not descendants of the earlier inhabitants; they spoke anAlgonquian language of Miami-Illini, shared in dialects among neighboring regional tribes. They had likely migrated from eastern areas, where Algonquian-language tribes emerged along the Atlantic Coast and waterways. TheIllini left numerous artifacts, including burial sites, burned-out campfires along the bases of bluffs, pottery, flint implements, and weapons. Structures built by them include stone forts or "pounds". Visitors can see a stone fort inGiant City State Park nearMakanda. At least eight other such structures are known in the region.[3]
In about 1673, French explorers from Quebec became the first Europeans to reach Illinois. The French named the areaIllinois after the Indians who had greeted them. The French explored the Mississippi River, establishing outposts and seeking a route to the Pacific Ocean and the Far East. As increasing Indian unrest and warfare began inNorthern Illinois over the lucrativefur trade along theGreat Lakes, the French concentrated on building outposts in Southern Illinois. The earliest European settlers were concentrated along theMississippi,Ohio, andWabash rivers, which provided easy routes for travel and trade. The settlements includingCahokia town,Kaskaskia andChartres became important market villages and supply depots between Canada and the French ports on the lower Mississippi River. Other important early outposts in Southern Illinois were atOld Shawneetown andFort Massac on the Ohio River.[3]
After defeating the French in theFrench and Indian War (Seven Years' War) and signing theTreaty of Paris in 1763, the English ruled theGreat Lakes region. At the time, many French settlers moved from towns on the eastern side of the Mississippi to the western side, which was ruled by Spain after the war. It took over all the Louisiana Territory west of the river.[3] During theAmerican Revolutionary War, the Southern Illinois area was the scene of the best knowncampaign in what was then the American west, when Virginians sought to occupy it against the British.
European-American settlers were slow to arrive in Illinois after the United States victory in theAmerican Revolutionary War. By 1800, fewer than 2,000 European Americans lived in Illinois. Soon more settlers came from the backwoods areas ofKentucky,Tennessee,Virginia,Georgia, andthe Carolinas. They were mostly of English,German, andScots-Irish descent.[3]
In 1787, the federal government included Illinois in theNorthwest Territory, an unorganized area that included present-day Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Slavery was prohibited in this area, but for some time, slaveholders already in the area were allowed to keep their chattel property. As the areas became more populated with European Americans, they could be admitted as states to the Union. Illinois became a part of theIndiana Territory in 1800. Illinois settlers wanted more control over their own affairs and Illinois became aseparate territory in 1809. It was admitted as a free state in 1818. In late 1811 and early 1812, theNew Madrid earthquakes struck the region as one of the largest successions ofearthquakes, including the most intensive ever inferred (not recorded) in thecontiguous United States.[3]
The first bank to be chartered in Illinois was located atOld Shawneetown in 1816. The first building used solely to house a bank in Illinois was built in 1840 in Old Shawneetown and was used until the 1920s. TheOld Shawneetown State Bank has been restored as an historical site. Crops ofcotton andtobacco were grown in the extreme southern region of Illinois. Cotton was grown mostly for the home weaver, but during theCivil War, cotton was also grown for export, as the regular supply of cotton from the South was not available. Enough tobacco was grown to make it a profitable crop for export. Both crops have been succeeded by other agricultural commodities.[3]
A feud between families inWilliamson County, called theBloody Vendetta, lasted nearly ten years and took many lives. In all, 495 assaults with a deadly weapon were committed and 285 murders took place in Williamson County between 1839 and 1876.[3]
In 1858,Abraham Lincoln ran for the U.S. Senate against incumbentStephen A. Douglas. A series ofdebates were held in seven towns in Illinois, includingJonesboro andAlton. Many of the people living in Southern Illinois were first- or second-generation white Southerners. Many of these families had left the slave South to escape the economic institution of slavery despite retaining its racial ideologies.[5][6]Cairo, Illinois, at the southern tip where the Ohio River joins the Mississippi, grew to considerable commercial importance. On either bank of the rivers were states which, despite remaining loyal to the national government throughout the secession crisis, had numerous residents who, for reasons predominately rooted in racial ideologies, were sympathetic to theSouthern rebellion (1860–65).[7] Some prominent Southern Illinoisans were active in theKnights of the Golden Circle, which proposed a southern pan-Caribbean confederation of slaveholding states and nations.[8]
The outbreak of theAmerican Civil War exacerbated sectional tensions in the region. While the vast majority of Southern Illinoisans who served did so as U.S. volunteers, 34 men from the counties of Williamson and Jackson traveled to western Tennessee to enlist within Company G of the15th Tennessee Volunteer Infantry. Far more served in the ranks of U.S. regiments like the31st Illinois Volunteer Infantry (commanded by famed Southern IllinoisanJohn A. Logan) or111th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, both of which were composed exclusively of Southern Illinoisans.Ulysses S Grant was commander of theDistrict of Cairo when U.S. forces staged expeditions into the border states of Missouri and Kentucky, and theConfederate states of Tennessee and Mississippi.[9] Despite the Southern roots of many Southern Illinoisans, 40% of eligible Southern Illinois men joined the Union Army, compared to 28% in the rest of the state.[10]
Coal mining became an important industry in Southern Illinois around the start of the 20th century, with cities such asHarrisburg prospering, having a population of 16,000 people during the 1920s.[11] Union miners all over the nation went on strike in 1922; during this period, 24 men were killed during a riot inHerrin, in Williamson County. It was called theHerrin Massacre, and the county was known asBloody Williamson for years to come.[3]
TheShelton Brothers Gang andCharles Birger gangs operated in Southern Illinois in the 1920s duringProhibition. Shoot-outs between these and other rival gangsters and with law enforcement officers were common. After being convicted of ordering the murder of the mayor ofWest City, the leader of the Birger gang, Charlie Birger, was hanged in 1928. In 1925 theTri-State Tornado was the deadliest on record, devastating the city ofMurphysboro and killing 234 people, the most in a single city inU.S. history.[3]
TheWall Street Crash of 1929 and theGreat Depression of the 1930s caused coal miners to lose their jobs as most mines closed. Farmers could not sell their crops and lost their land; families defaulted on home mortgage loans; and young people from the region began leaving for the cities to find work. After World War II, employment started to rise within the region, but unemployment continued to be a problem for the rural region for decades afterward.[3] When theClean Air Act of 1990 required many utility companies in the United States to switch to low-sulfur coal for the health of the nation, lacking affordable technology to clean the coal, the Southern Illinois region lost markets and the economy suffered.[12] However, demand for high-sulfur coal mined in the region has rebounded in the 2010s.[13] Agriculture has since become the main economic driver for the Southern Illinois region.
Southern Illinois is gaining a cultural identity apart from its neighbors, as previously-dispersed rural populations become more concentrated around the cities ofMarion andBelleville. Marion has grown since 1970 and in the process has been selected for Illinois' first STAR Bonds District for the Millennium Development, a project designed for a city ten times its size.[14]
Populations among the smaller cities and towns have dropped as people moved to the Carbondale-Herrin-Marion combined statistical area andMetro East.[15]
In 1799, Baptist minister John Badgley dubbed the fertile highlands and bottoms near Edwardsville the "Land of Goshen". Early Edwardsville was known as Goshen, abiblical reference toAncient Egypt. Geographic features such as the Mississippi and its flood plains were like the fertileNile Valley. The Indian mounds of the area were large at the time and seemed like thepyramids of Egypt. The nickname stuck, and it was reinforced by other events.
In the 1830s, poor harvests in the north of the state drove people to Southern Illinois to buy grain.[16] Others say it was because the land of the great Mississippi andOhio River valleys were like that of Egypt'sNile Delta. According to Hubbs,[citation needed] the nickname dates back to 1818, when a huge tract of land was purchased at the confluence of the rivers and its developers named itCairo/ˈkɛəroʊ/. Today, the town of Cairo still stands on the peninsula where the Ohio River joins the Mississippi.
Other settlements in the area were also given names with Egyptian, Greek, or Middle Eastern origins: TheSouthern Illinois UniversitySalukissports teams and towns such asMetropolis,Thebes,Dongola,Palestine,Lebanon,New Athens,Sparta, andKarnak show the influence of classical culture. (Greek names were also related to the contemporary national pride in the new republic of the early 19th century, and were given to towns throughout the Midwest.)
Although Illinois was afree state before theAmerican Civil War, some residents in the area known as Egypt still owned slaves. Illinois law generally forbade bringingslaves into Illinois, but a special exemption was given to thesalt works nearEquality. In addition, an exception was made for slaveholders who held long-term indentured servants or descendants of slaves in the area before it achieved statehood.[citation needed]
TheUnderground Railroad also operated in southern Illinois, moving nearly equally northward and southward with bounties available for returned slaves appealing to the residents there. Slaves were going to "Canaan", the land of milk and honey, for which at first glanceEgypt would be an easy mistake. Directions to Underground Railroad travelers were coded in Bible verses or songs, and the story of Moses fleeing Egypt was certainly used as an analog to their own plight. Egypt was the land to escape, and central Illinois represented the biblical Canaan, with Egypt being a treacherous southern Illinois.[citation needed]
The nicknames for this region also arose from the political tensions of theAmerican Civil War period, as regions of the state allied differently with North and South. Because southern Illinois was settled bySoutherners, they maintained a sympathy for many issues of their former home states. They supported the continuation of slavery and voted for Democrats at a time when the northern part of the state supported Republicans. The meaning is expressed in this description of the 1858 campaign of Douglas and Abraham Lincoln:
In 1858, debating in northern Illinois, Douglas had threatened Lincoln by asserting that he would "trot him down to Egypt" and there challenge him to repeat his antislavery views before a hostile crowd. The audience understood Douglas: overwhelming proslavery sentiment and Democratic unanimity in Egypt had led to the nickname.[17]
In the fall of 1861, Democrats took a majority of seats in the state legislature. They worked to pass provisions of a new constitution, an initiative begun in 1860. They proposed reapportionment so the southern region's less populous counties would have representation equal to those in the north, which was growing more rapidly. Northern Illinois residents worried about the state coming under the political will of the southern minority. "Shall the manufacturing, agricultural and commercial interests of northern Illinois be put into Egyptian bondage?" wondered theAurora Beacon.[18] When Lincoln commissioned the Southern Illinois DemocratJohn Alexander McClernand as a brigadier general, he told him to "keep Egypt right side up".[19]
In addition, southern Illinois had become the center of theKnights of the Golden Circle, a secret group devoted to supporting the Confederacy. With concern rising about armed southern sympathizers, in August 1862, U.S. Marshal David Phillips arrested several Democrats who allegedly belonged to the Knights, including men in respectable positions: Congressmen, state representatives, and judges. One was Circuit Judge Andrew Duff. They were sent to Washington, D.C., where they were held for 68 days before release, but they were never charged. Democrats won across the state in the fall election.[17]
After the war, other reasons were proposed for the nickname. Political divisions continued in the state. In the later 19th century, the central and southern agricultural areas joined the Populist Movement. Chicago and the industrial North aligned with similar areas and continued as predominantly Republican into the 20th century.[18]
In 1871 Judge Andrew Duff wrote an article in which he ignored the war years and preceding political divisions. He claimed the name of Egypt related to Southern Illinois' role in supplyinggrain to northern and central Illinois following the "Winter of the Deep Snow" in 1830–31. Following a long winter and late spring, Upper Illinois lost much of its harvest in an early Septemberfrost. Southern Illinois's weather gave it good crops, so it could ship grain and corn north. The nickname supposedly arose from similarities of the events to theBible story ofJacob's sons going toEgypt for grain to survive a famine.[20] The nickname persisted through the 1890s, when, according toprogressive journalist andToledo mayorBrand Whitlock, members of theIllinois General Assembly whose districts lay south of theO&M Railway were called "Egyptians".[21]
Belly dancerFarida Mazar Spyropoulos' appearance as "Little Egypt" at the 1893World's Columbian Exposition inChicago brought notoriety to the name, but she had no connection to the Illinois region. Other dancers took up the stage name which popularized it further in the early 20th century.
One of the earliest uses of the phrase "Little Egypt" is found in theTroy Weekly Call of Troy, Illinois, in 1912. A state news brief was headlined "Two New Little Egypt Pastors", about two new Presbyterian pastors about to be installed atBrookport andSalem, Illinois.[22] TheChicago Tribune appears to have first used the phrase "Little Egypt" in reference to Southern Illinois on April 25, 1920 in an article about fruit grown in the region.[23] The title character in the comic stripMoon Mullins had a girlfriend named Little Egypt. The strip's creator, Frank Willard, was a native ofAnna and Southern Illinois.[24]
"Southern Illinois" is not a formal geographic designation and definitions of what constitutes Southern Illinois vary. Many Southern Illinois residents consider the area along and south ofInterstate 70 as the dividing line between the Central and Southern parts of the state.[citation needed] The geography of Illinois becomes gradually hillier as one travels farther South. One can see this driving south alongInterstate 57.
The most populous region of Southern Illinois is the Illinois side of theSt. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area. Noted areas areCahokia Mounds, theAmerican Bottom, andEast St. Louis, which has had a turbulent history related to industrialization and labor, immigration and the struggle for equal rights.
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Located on theWabash River, East-Central Southern Illinois is noted by the town ofSalem, the birthplace ofWilliam Jennings Bryan, theG. I. Bill of Rights andMiracle Whip salad dressing.
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Chester, in West-Central Southern Illinois is noted as the "Home ofPopeye".[26][27][28]Kaskaskia, the first state capital ofIllinois is located near theMississippi River. This area also contains the ending point of theKaskaskia River near theFort Kaskaskia State Historic Site.Rend Lake is located in this area.
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Located within the western reaches of theCache River, Southwest Illinois is the second most populated region. The region's most notable institution is the main campus ofSouthern Illinois University inCarbondale, winner of the 1971All-America City Award, finalist in the 2009 contest,[29][30] and the fastest growing city in Southern Illinois outside theMetro East,Marion, Illinois. Both cities are centered in the Carbondale-Marion-Herrin, Illinois Combined Statistical Area, home to 123,272 residents. In the southern reaches of the regionAlto Pass andBald Knob Cross are located near the orchards. The largeCrab Orchard lake is the largest in the region. HistoricCairo sits at the far southern end near the confluence of theOhio andMississippi Rivers.
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The least populated region, Southeastern Illinois is marked by being within theShawnee Hills and theShawnee National Forest. The area includes many state parks andGarden of the Gods Wilderness. The historic town ofShawneetown is located on theOhio River which is the eastern border of the region. The northern reaches of Southeastern Illinois include the Harrisburg Coal field, which are roughly 200 square miles (500 km2) of abandoned coal mines dating to around the start of the 20th century nearHarrisburg, Illinois, the largest city in the Southeastern Illinois area. TheSaline River forks through the region as well.
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Southern Illinois is home to a variety of television and radio sources. The primary news station isWSIL-TV 3 operating out of Crainville, Illinois. The region is also home toWSIU-TV channel 8 in Carbondale Illinois. Some Southern Illinois radio stations are run off of River Radio who operates 101.5WCIL-FM,WCIL-AM 1020,95.1 Steve FM,New Country Z-100, andWJPF. Withers Broadcasting and Dana Communications operate sixteen radio stations in Southern Illinois includingWMIX-FM 94.1 in Mt. Vernon andWDDD-FM 107.3 in the Marion-Carbondale area. Viewers also tune in toKFVS-TV 12 out of Cape Girardeau, Missouri, andWPSD-TV 6 operating in Paducah, Kentucky.
Illinois has been partially covered at times by continental ice sheets. Specifically, Southern Illinois was only partially covered by continental ice sheet during theIllinoian Stage and not at all during theWisconsin Stage. Thus, the geography of Southern Illinois is considerably more hilly and rocky than central or northern Illinois. Areas of Southern Illinois are more similar tothe Ozarks than to central or northern Illinois.
Additionally, the rich farm land of northern and central Illinois is generally not found in Southern Illinois. Significant exceptions are theAmerican Bottom along the Mississippi River and the alluvial soils of theGulf Coastal Plain, a large region that has its northernmost extent in the two river valleys of Southern Illinois.
The region's other major river, theOhio River, winds generally southwest, pastShawneetown,Cave-in-Rock,Elizabethtown, andGolconda. Its waters join the Mississippi atCairo. In ancient times, the Ohio is thought to have flowed a more northerly course through Pope and Pulaski counties. It carved a broad valley there, fit for a major river. But today the underfit Bay Creek andCache River occupy those valleys.
The hills of Little Egypt can be divided into two areas. The western area, more closely related to the Ozarks ofMissouri, is chiefly in southernJackson,Union, northernAlexander andJohnson counties. The eastern area, more closely related to theWabash Valley seismic zone, is mostly in northernPope, southernSaline,Gallatin, eastern Johnson and southernWilliamson counties. TheShawnee National Forest covers a large territory, including seven wilderness areas:Garden of the Gods,Bay Creek,Clear Springs,Bald Knob,Burden Falls,Lusk Creek, andPanthers Den.[31]
Of southern Illinois' rivers, only the Mississippi and the Ohio are navigable for modern commerce. TheBig Muddy River,Marys River,Saline River andCache River run their courses in deep southern Illinois. TheKaskaskia River andWabash River are nearby.
More than 500,000 acres (2,000 km2) ofShawnee National Forest lie to the south of its gateway cityHarrisburg. The Shawnee National Forest offers much to see and do. The national forest has 1,250 miles (2,010 km) of roadways, some 150 miles (240 km) of streams and frequent waterfalls, numerous ponds and lakes as large as 2,700 acres or 11 km2 (some with swimming beaches), 13 campgrounds, many picnicking sites, and seven wilderness areas where trails are designed for hiking and horseback riding.[32]
Plant life is extremely diverse and ranges from sun-loving species to those that grow in dense shade. Tree cover dominates the publicly owned land, and is a significant component on privately owned lands. Oak-hickory is the predominant timber type, however, many other commercially important timber species also occupy significant land. More than 500 wildlife species can be found in the Forest, including 48 mammals, 237 birds, 52 reptiles, 47 amphibians, and 109 species of fish. There are seven federally listed threatened and endangered species that inhabit the Forest, as well as 33 species which are considered regionally sensitive, and 114 Forest-listed species.[33]
Southern Illinois lies within thehumid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classificationCfa). The region has neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature and, thus, it is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from theGulf of Mexico and, along with the rest of the midwestern United States, is home to some of the largest temperature extremes in the world. The region has four distinctseasons. Spring is the wettest season and produces erratic severe weather ranging fromtornadoes towinter storms. Summers are hot and humid with only occasional and brief respite, and the humidity often makes theheat index rise to temperatures feeling well above 100 °F (38 °C). Fall is mild with lower humidity and can produce intermittent bouts of heavy rainfall with the firstsnow flurries usually forming in late November. Winters are cold with periodic snow and temperatures often below freezing, however thaws are usually frequent. Winter storm systems, such asAlberta clippers andPanhandle hooks, can bring days of heavyfreezing rain,ice pellets, andsnowfall.
The normal high temperature in July is 90 °F (32 °C), and the normal low temperature in January is 21 °F (−6 °C), although this varies from year to year. Both 100 °F (37.8 °C) and 0 °F (−17.8 °C) temperatures can be seen on an average 2 or 3 days per year. The official record low is −23 °F (−31 °C) on February 2, 1884 inHarrisburg, and the record high is 117 °F (47 °C) on July 14, 1954 inEast St. Louis.
Southern Illinois experiencesthunderstorms about 50 days a year on average. Thunderstorms contribute over half of the annual precipitation. Especially in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, largehail and tornadoes. Southern Illinois has been affected on more than one occasion byparticularly damaging tornadoes.
A period of warm weather late in autumn known asIndian summer can occur –roses will still be in bloom as late as November or early December in some years.
Southern Illinois sits upon the verging point of two major fault systems, theNew Madrid seismic zone and theWabash Valley seismic zone. In the 1970s after the 5.4Richter magnitude scale1968 Illinois earthquake, scientists realized that there was an unknown fault under Saline County, just north ofEldorado, Illinois. This fault is called the Cottage Grove Fault, a small tear in the Earth's rock, in the Southern Illinois Basin. Seismographic mapping completed by geologists reveal thatmonoclines,anticlines, andsynclines are present within the region; these signs suggest deformation during thePaleozoic, coincident tostrike-slip faulting nearby.[34]
Afault plane solution of the earthquake confirmed two nodal planes both striking north–south and dipping approximately 45 degrees to the east and to the west. This faulting suggestsdip slip reverse motion, and to a horizontal east–west axis of confining stress. Although there are no confirmed faults in the immediate epicentral region, the motion indicated corresponds to that along theWabash Valley seismic zone roughly 10 miles (20 km) east of the region, responsible for the2008 Illinois earthquake.[35] The rupture also occurred partially on theNew Madrid fault, responsible for the greatNew Madrid earthquakes in 1812, consisting of the most powerful earthquakes to hit thecontiguous United States.[36]
Southern Illinois at one time had an extensive network of railroads. Now onlyAmtrak, the U.S. passenger rail system, provides service to and through the area.Carbondale is served with three trains daily to and from Chicago, and one train daily to and from Memphis and New Orleans. Several trains each day run to and from Chicago and St. Louis, with Alton the major stop in Southern Illinois. Intercity passenger rail stations in Southern Illinois includeAlton station,Carbondale station,Centralia station, andDu Quoin station.
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TheSt. Louis MetroLink is thelight rail transit system in theGreater St. Louis area ofMissouri andIllinois connecting theMetro East todowntown St. Louis. The entire system currently consists of two lines (Red Line and Blue Line) connectingLambert-St. Louis International Airport andShrewsbury, Missouri withScott Air Force Base nearShiloh, Illinois, through downtownSt. Louis. The system features 37 stations and carries an average of 61,573 people each weekday.[37]
TheMetro East area near St. Louis has these additional freeways:
Southern Illinois has four major interstate freeways that connect withMissouri,Indiana, andKentucky. Depending on the definition of Little Egypt's boundaries, there are four interstates in the region.I-57 is the main north–south freeway through Southern Illinois. It runs through the center of the area. South of Marion is the western terminus ofI-24. It runs southeast, crossing intoPaducah, Kentucky nearMetropolis. South of its junction with I-24, I-57 bends to the southwest and crosses into Missouri near Illinois' southernmost point by Cairo.I-70 runs east–west fromSt. Louis to central Indiana.I-64 runs east–west fromSt. Louis to southernIndiana. It is cosigned with I-57 for a short stretch atMt. Vernon.
Bridges and ferries are an important feature in the region, being it is surrounded on three sides by major rivers, theOhio andWabash rivers to the east and south, and theMississippi River to the west.
Indiana:
Kentucky:
Missouri:
Mississippi River in theSt. Louis area:
A free ferry crosses the Ohio River at Cave-in-Rock. A toll ferry crosses the Mississippi atSte. Genevieve, Missouri, nearChester, Illinois. Four other ferries operate inCalhoun County.
Source:[41]
Southern Illinois has historically been a conservative Democratic region. In the early months of the Civil War, some residents inWilliamson County voted for secession from the Union. On April 15, 1861 the citizens ofMarion passed a resolution calling for the division of Illinois and the secession of Southern Illinois. The resolution was soon repealed, but GeneralBenjamin Prentiss left a company of men near Marion for defense as he passed by on his way to agarrison inCairo. Despite some southern sympathizers, most young men in the region joined the Union Army.[42]
Democratic roots in Southern Illinois relate to the region's shared culture with the South, where the Democratic Party before theAmerican Civil War and afterReconstruction was dominant until the 1960s. Democratic affiliations were strengthened during the Great Depression andFranklin D. Roosevelt's administration.[43] There are, however, some long-time Republican counties in the region, most notably,Edwards County.
However, within the last few decades, Southern Illinois has trended GOP due to nationwide support for the GOP among rural areas, while Northern Illinois due to outward migration from Democratic-leaning Cook County has trended Democratic. Democratic candidates were competitive in the counties of Southern Illinois until around 1996. Beginning as recently asthe presidential election of 2000, Democrats have under-performed in Southern Illinois despite winning Illinois consecutively.
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There are two main centers of commerce for Southern Illinois. They consist of theSt. Louis, Missouri metropolitan area (home to approximately 2.8 million people), and theCarbondale,Marion,Herrin,Harrisburg area (home to approximately 245,000 people).
The main agricultural products of Southern Illinois are crops such ascorn andsoybeans.Apples, peaches, grapes, are commonly found throughout Southern Illinois as well as the occasional sunflower, cotton, wheat, hay, and milo fields. In recent years there has been development ofwineries in theShawnee Hills region. Additional growth has occurred with the local foods movement as Southern Illinois' climate allows for fruit and vegetable production. Southern Illinois is also the home to aquaculture, beef, swine, equine, sheep, goats, and other livestock production. Agricultural efforts in the region are greatly aided by a small University of Illinois Extension research station near Dixon Springs and extensive research from Southern Illinois University – Carbondale's College of Agricultural Sciences. SIUC is home to the state's only non-land grant research-focused university with an agricultural college which provides practical research to the scientific and agricultural communities both in Southern Illinois as well as the rest of the state and the broader region.
Southern Illinois also has significantcoal deposits; however, since the late 1980s, the coal industry has suffered significant decline due to the decreased demand for high-sulfur coal, which causes more pollution. The collapse of the coal industry had profound and lasting impact on the region's economy. With the introduction and application ofscrubber technology at power plants, demand for high-sulfur has made a return in the 2010s.[13]
TheIllinois oil basin is located mostly in Little Egypt. During the early 1940s and 1950s, Little Egypt had a modest oil boom in towns such as Carmi, McLeansboro, and Lawrenceville. Oil production reached more than 140,000,000 barrels (22,000,000 m3) per year in the 1940s, but dropped to 10,000,000 barrels (1,600,000 m3) per year by 1995. Oil wells in the region have relatively low yield and produce oil with a high sulfur content, making it expensive to process. There has been no significant drilling activity in the basin since the late 1970s.
Manufacturing in Southern Illinois is typically clustered in the largest towns of each county, with the people of smaller towns and villages often commuting to work in the factories. Many of these towns have a number of light factories and other industrial facilities in theirindustrial parks. Products include industrial electronics, minor electrical items,automobile parts, and packaging materials. Related services include large-scale printing as well as transportation and distribution of warehoused materials and goods. A high percentage of local jobs are in these light industries.
Southern Illinois is influenced culturally by the rest of Illinois, neighboringMissouri andIndiana, and Upper Southern states likeKentucky andTennessee. The immigration route from the east coast ran along the Ohio River, which joined settlements on both sides. In addition, theCumberland River flowed northwest through Kentucky and Tennessee before joining the Ohio nearPaducah, Kentucky, affording a migration route from the interior of those states. Thus, settlers who came to Southern Illinois were from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, with most of these being of northern English and Scots-Irish descent, who formed the last major migration from theBritish Isles to the colonies before theRevolutionary War, and settled mostly in the backcountry. Some migrated further west intoMissouri. A road betweenGolconda andJonesboro carried settlers and commerce across Southern Illinois, as well as theCherokee on theTrail of Tears.[44]
Little Egypt exists at the confluence of the North Midland and South Midland dialects ofAmerican English. South Midland becomes more prominent as one approaches theOhio River. The dialect change is not a continuum, but rather occurs in pockets, with certain towns and regions notably favoring one dialect over the other. This difference can be found between lifelong residents of the same town. No stigma is associated to either dialect within southern Illinois. According toDavid Hackett Fischer in his bookAlbion's Seed: Four British Folkways to America, the dialect of this region is Southern Highland. It was derived from the linguistics of the people of the Southern Appalachian region. This is consistent with the majority of the early settlers of this region migrating from the Upper South. The older term for this type of dialect was "Scotch-Irish" speech (the correct term today is Scots-Irish.)[45]
Southern Illinois prides itself in tourism as a quaint rural area. There are manystate parks in the area, benefiting from the scenery of theShawnee National Forest. Additionally, Southern Illinois is the oldest part of the state with many historical landmarks to be seen in the area and numerous historical markers dotting the counties.[46][47]
Southernmost Illinois - Things To Do
| Winery / Orchard | Location |
|---|---|
| Alto Vineyards | Alto Pass |
| Bella Terra Winery | Creal Springs |
| Blue Sky Vineyard | Makanda |
| Cache River Basin Vineyard & Winery | Belknap |
| Dale Bremer Orchard | Metropolis |
| Eastman's Orchard | Goreville |
| Feather Hills Vineyard & Winery | Makanda |
| Flamm Orchards | Cobden |
| Hickory Ridge Vineyard | Pomona |
| Hogg Hollow Winery | Glendale |
| Honker Hill Winery | Carbondale |
| Katy-Lynn Winery | Carbondale |
| Kite Hill Vineyards | Carbondale |
| Lincoln Heritage Winery | Cobden |
| Lipe Orchards | Carbondale |
| Mileur Orchard | Murphysboro |
| Monte Alegre Vineyard & Cellars | Carbondale |
| Owl Creek Vineyard | Cobden |
| Peach Barn Winery & Cafe | Alto Pass |
| Pheasant Hollow Winery | Whittington |
| Pomona Winery | Pomona |
| Rendleman Orchards | Alto Pass |
| StarView Vineyards | Cobden |
| Uncorked Tours | Alto Pass |
| Von Jakob Winery & Brewery | Alto Pass |
| Walker's Bluff | Carterville |
| See also:Map of Shawnee Hills Wine Trail[48] | |
Prominent State Parks within theShawnee Hills andShawnee National Forest region include:[49]
| Team | Sport | League | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gateway Grizzlies | Baseball | Frontier League | GCS Ballpark[50] |
| Southern Illinois Salukis | Basketball,cross country,golf,softball,swimming,tennis,track and field,volleyball,football | Missouri Valley Conference andMissouri Valley Football Conference | Several, includingSIU Arena andSaluki Stadium[51] |
| SIU Edwardsville Cougars | Baseball,basketball,cross country,golf,soccer,softball,tennis,track and field,volleyball,wrestling | Ohio Valley Conference,Missouri Valley Conference (men's soccer only),Southern Conference (wrestling only) | Several, includingRalph Korte Stadium and theVadalabene Center |
