South Tarawa (Gilbertese:Tarawa Teinainano) is the capital and hub of theRepublic of Kiribati and home to more than half of Kiribati's population.[2] The South Tarawa population centre consists of all the small islets fromBetio in the west toBonriki and Tanaea in the north-east, connected by the South Tarawa main road, with a population of 63,439 as of 2020[update].[1]
Teinainano Urban Council [it] (or TUC), from Bairiki to Tanaea (the meaning ofteinainano is "down of the mast", alluding to the sail-shape of the atoll)
Buota, which is part ofNorth Tarawa and administered by theEutan Tarawa Council (or ETC), is linked by road to South Tarawa and is experiencing many similar issues of rapid population growth, urbanisation andenvironmental degradation.
Flag of Teinainano Urban Council.Flag of Betio Town Council.
Map of South Tarawa (orange) and North Tarawa (green) within Tarawa Atoll.
South Tarawa is a string ofislets on the atoll ofTarawa, between the Tarawa Lagoon to the north, with a maximum depth of 25 metres (82 ft), and the Pacific Ocean to the south, with a depth of up to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).[5] The island has been built from sediments from the lagoon.[6]
The process of soil accumulation is driven by the dominant easterly trade winds and can be reversed during extended periods of westerly winds duringEl Niño–Southern Oscillations.[7]
These islets are now joined by causeways, forming one long islet on the reef along the southern side of the Tarawa Lagoon. Most of South Tarawa is less than 3 metres (9.8 feet)above sea level with an average width of only 450 metres (1,480 feet).[4]
At the time of the 1978 Census, South Tarawa had a population of 17,921 with most residents living in the main population centres ofBetio,Bairiki andBikenibeu. Since Kiribati became independent in 1979, the population of South Tarawa has more than tripled, and now stands at 63,439 people (2020).[1] All of South Tarawa is now urbanised and is effectively one continuous settlement from the northeastern end of the island, Tanaea, to its southwestern end at Betio.
Buota inNorth Tarawa is connected to the South Tarawa main road and is also growing rapidly.
Tarawa island is central to Kiribati mythology and culture, but life on South Tarawa was little different to that on other islands before it was selected in 1895 as the seat of colonial government for the Protectorate of theGilbert and Ellice Islands. From 1906 to 1942,Ocean Island was the headquarters of the colony, thenFunafuti because of theJapanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands until 1946, when it returned to Tarawa.
Households on South Tarawa do not have the option to retreat from coastal erosion, as the atoll is narrow and already crowded.
The highest point on South Tarawa is only a very few metersabove sea level (Eita, 3 metres), making the island extremely vulnerable to natural disasters. The effects of floods and associated soil salination are starting to threaten limited freshwater supplies.[10]
The climate in South Tarawa is aTropical rainforest climate (Koppen: Af) which is warm and humid all year round and average rainfalls are relatively high. However, rainfall is very unpredictable, varying with theEl Niño–Southern Oscillation, and South Tarawa can go for many months with almost no rain duringLa Niña cycles. The hottest and coldest temperatures ever recorded in South Tarawa are 35 °C (95 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F), respectively, which is one of the narrowest temperature ranges in the world.
South Tarawa has very limited water resources for its rapidly growing population. During the frequent droughts, the only source of water is the shallowfreshwater lens that permeates the coral rock of the atoll. The water lenses atBonriki and Buota have been declared as water reserves, and have a combinedsustainable yield of 1,300 m3 per day.
Other previously declared water reserves have been relinquished for urbanisation or abandoned due to overpumping and pollution from human settlement.[12]
Water from the Bonriki and Buota reserves is distributed by a reticulated network to South Tarawa households. However, the poor condition of the network and the limited water supply mean that water can only be supplied to each village for around 2 hours every two days. Most schools and community buildings have no water supply at all, and many households rely on polluted groundwater due to the shortage of treated water.[13]
Because of the shortage of fresh water, sanitation systems must use saltwater for flushing. The sanitation network on South Tarawa is performing very poorly, and a major project is underway to rehabilitate the system and improve sanitation and public hygiene.[14]
TheMinistry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development (MELAD) is involved in the replanting of mangroves in selected sites to help against coastal erosion; however, much more is required to protect many of the sites eroded on South Tarawa including islets that once were protected with mangrove and iron-wood (tengea) trees. It is unclear how much of the erosion being experienced on South Tarawa is due to sea-level rise and how much is due to human activities (such as building inappropriate seawalls and mining sand and gravel from the beaches and foreshores). Coastal erosion will accelerate in future, due toclimate change relatedsea level rise.[4]
The land area of South Tarawa is officially recorded as 3,896 acres (1,577 ha) or 15.76 square km.
Much of this land is not available for use, including the water reserve and runway, the causeways, and a large area of reclaimed land at Temwaiku, the eastern corner of the atoll, which is too swampy and low-lying. If these areas are excluded, the land area of South Tarawa is only just over 1,000 hectares (10 square km or 2,500 acres) and the population density of 49 people per hectare or 4,905 per square km is almost equal to the density of London (5,100 people per km2) and twice the density of Sydney or Auckland.[15]
Multi-story buildings are very uncommon on South Tarawa. The high population is accommodated through large household sizes, with an average of 7.3 people per household, on small land plots. Most land is owned by the original families orkain Tarawa, although in the main centres ofBetio,Bairiki andBikenibeu there are large areas of land on long-term lease to the government. Without access to family lands or government housing, many South Tarawa residents have no choice but to become squatters; disputes over land are common.
South Tarawa and especiallyBetio have high rates of respiratory infections, diarrhoea, and dysentery,[4] all of which have been linked to overcrowding.[16] Unsustainable development in South Tarawa is a concern to the government and to Kiribati's aid partners.[17]Anote Tong's administration aims to ease the problem in the country's main urban centre by encouraging people to stay and to resettle in outer islands. It has invested in facilities such as the South Kiribati Hospital to spread institutions and services out around the islands and relieve South Tarawa from overcrowding.[18]
Fishing for family consumption and for sale is essential to the economy of South Tarawa
South Tarawa is the economic hub of Kiribati, the location of the main port andairport and of most of the state-owned enterprises and private businesses.
Loading copra at Betio port, South Tarawa
Copra produced on the outer islands is processed onBetio, producing copra oil for the international market and other products which are sold locally. There is a fish processing plant producing tuna for export.
Imports far outweigh exports, and most households on South Tarawa rely on government employment and remittances from relatives working overseas. Unemployment and underemployment are a serious problem; in 2010 only 34% of urban adults (over 15) were engaged in cash work; the remaining two-thirds are either out of the labour force, unemployed or engaged in subsistence activities. Young people are especially likely to be unemployed.
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