The province has an area of 86,771.68 km2 (33,503 sq mi) and had a population of 8,467,432 at the 2020 census;[8] the official estimate as at mid-2024 was 8,837,301 (comprising 4,499,011 males and 4,338,290 females).[1] The province is rich in natural resources, such aspetroleum,natural gas andcoal. The province is inhabited by many different Malay sub ethnic groups, withPalembangese being largest ethnic group. Most speak thePalembang language, which ismutually intelligible to bothIndonesian and localPalembang Malay. Other ethnic groups include theJavanese,Sundanese,Minangkabau andChinese. Most are concentrated in urban areas and are largely immigrants from other parts of Indonesia.
South Sumatra has been settled by humans since thePalaeolithic era. The evidence of those settlements is proven by discoveries of Palaeolithic tools in the riverbed of Saling and Kikim rivers in Bungamas Village,Lahat Regency and Seventy-eight skeletons dating back to 3,000–14,000 years ago, presumably of Austronesian and Austromelanesoid origins was excavated from the site of Harimau Cave in Padang Bindu Village,Ogan Komering Ulu Regency.[9] Relics of seven stone chambers believed to be about 2,500 years old were found near a coffee plantation in Kotaraya Lembak,Lahat Regency.[10]
Around 7th century AD, an ancientBuddhist kingdom ofSrivijaya was established in an area that's now Palembang. This kingdom became the center of trade and was a maritime power, but this kingdom did not expand its power outside the islands ofSoutheast Asia, with the exception of contributing to the population ofMadagascar as far as 3,300 miles west. Some experts are still debating the area that was the center of the Srivijaya Kingdom.[11] It was likely that the kingdom used to move its administrative center, but the capital remained directly governed by the authorities, while the supporting areas were governed by the localdatuk.[12][13]
In the 7th century, the Chinese noted that there were two kingdoms namelyMalayu andKedah that were part of the Srivijaya empire.[14]
The Srivijaya empire had existed since 671 according to the notes of theChineseBuddhist monkYijing. From the Kedukan Bukit inscription in 682, this empire became known under the leadership ofDapunta Hyang. That he departed on thesiddhayatra holy journey to "take blessings", and led 20,000 soldiers and 312 people on board with 1,312 soldiers on foot from Minanga Tamwan toJambi andPalembang. The Kedukan Bukit Inscription is reputed to be the oldest inscription written inMalay. Experts argue that the writer of this inscription adapted Indian orthography.[15]
Based on theKota Kapur Inscription dated from 686 CE that is found on the island ofBangka, this empire has dominated the southern part of Sumatra, the islands of Bangka andBelitung, toLampung. This inscription also mentions that EmperorSri Jayanasa launched a military expedition to punish theBhumi Jawa kingdom who were not loyal to Srivijaya, this event coincided with the collapse ofTarumanagara inWest Java andHoling (Kalingga) inCentral Java, which was most likely due to Sriwijaya's attack. It is also possible that the Bhumi Jawa kingdom mentioned in the inscription is referring to the Kingdom of Tarumanegara.[16] Srivijaya continued to grow and succeeded in controlling the maritime trade routes in theStraits of Malacca, theSunda Strait, theSouth China Sea, theJava Sea and theKarimata Strait.
An Amaravati style Buddha statue displayed in Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Museum in Palembang, possibly dating from the Srivijaya era
The expansion of this kingdom intoJava and theMalay Peninsula, allowed Srivijaya to control the main trade routes in Southeast Asia. Archeologist found the ruins of Srivijaya temples as far asThailand andCambodia. In the 7th century, the port ofChampa in easternIndochina began to divert traders from Srivijaya. To prevent this, MaharajaDharmasetu launched several attacks on coastal cities in Indochina. The city ofIndrapura on the banks of theMekong river was captured by Srivijaya in the early 8th century. Srivijaya continued its domination of Cambodia, until the Khmer kingJayawarman II, founder of theKhmer Empire, severed ties with Srivijaya in the same century.[14] At the end of the 8th century some kingdoms in Java, includingTarumanegara and Holing, were under the rule of Srivijaya. According to records, during this period the Sailendra people migrated to Central Java and ruled there. In the same century, theLangkasuka kingdom in the Malay peninsula became part of the kingdom.[14] In the following period,Pan Pan andTrambralinga, located north of Langkasuka, were also under the influence of Srivijaya.
Based on historical records fromArabia, Srivijaya was calledSribuza. In 955 CE,Al Masudi, a traveler and classical Arab historian wrote about Srivijaya, describing it as a large kingdom that was rich, with many soldiers. Srivijaya's producedcamphor,agarwood,cloves,sandalwood,nutmeg,cardamom andgambier.[17] Another note from a Persian expert named Abu Zaid Hasan who received information from Sujaimana, an Arab trader, that the empire was well-advanced in the field of agriculture. Abu Zaid wrote that the kingdom ofZabaj (another Arabic name for Srivijaya) had fertile land and extensive power to the other side of the sea.[18]
Srivijaya controlled the maritime trade route in Southeast Asia throughout the 10th century, but at the end of the century theKingdom of Medang inEast Java grew into a new maritime force and began to challenge the dominance of Srivijaya. The Chinese news from theSong dynasty called the Srivijaya Kingdom in Sumatra the nameSan-fo-tsi, while the Kingdom of Medang in Java by the nameShe-po. It is said thatSan-fo-tsi andShe-po were involved in competition for control of Southeast Asia. Both countries sent ambassadors to each other to China. TheSan-fo-tsi ambassador who departed in 988 was held inCanton when he returned, because his country was attacked by Javanese troops. This attack from Java allegedly took place around the 990s, between 988 and 992 during the reign of SriCudamani Warmadewa.[19]
The kingdom of Medang succeeded in capturingPalembang in 992 for a while, but later the Medang forces were successfully repelled by Srivijaya forces. TheHujung Langit inscription of 997 mentions a Javanese attack on Sumatra. This series of attacks from Java ultimately failed because Java failed to establish a foothold in Sumatra. Capturing the capital city of Palembang was not enough because the Sriwijaya spread itself in several port cities in theMalacca Strait. The Srivijaya emperor, SriCudamani Warmadewa, escaped out of the capital and traveled around regaining its strength and reinforcements from his allies and subordinate kings and succeeded in repelling the Javanese navy.
In 1025, the empire was defeated by theChola Empire (during the period of EmperorRajendra Chola I) of southernIndia.[20][21] The Chola Empire had conquered the Srivijaya colonies, such as theNicobar Islands region and at the same time succeeded in capturing the ruling Srivijaya kingSangrama Vijayatunggavarman. During the following decades, the entire Sriwijaya empire was under the influence of the Chola dynasty. Rajendra Chola I gave the opportunity to the kings he conquered to remain in power while remaining subservient to him.[22] Srivijaya's capital eventually moved northward to Jambi. This can be attributed to the news of theSan-fo-ts'i delegation to China in 1028. Another factor in Sriwijaya's decline was natural factors. Because of the sedimentation of mud on theMusi River and several other tributaries, the merchant ships arriving in Palembang diminished.[23] As a result, the city of Palembang is getting away from the sea and not being strategic. As a result of the coming of the merchant ship, the tax decreased and weakened the economy and position of Sriwijaya.[18]
According to the ChineseSong dynasty bookZhu Fan Zhi,[24] written around 1225 byZhao Rugua, the two most powerful and richest kingdoms in theSoutheast Asian archipelago were Srivijaya andJava (Kediri), with the western part (Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java/Sunda) under Srivijaya's rule and the eastern part under Kediri's domination. It said that the people in Java followed two religions,Buddhism and the religion ofBrahmins (Hinduism), while the people of Srivijaya followed Buddhism. The book described the people of Java as being brave, short-tempered and willing to fight. It also noted their favourite pastimes ascockfighting and pig fighting. The coin used as the currency were made from a mixture ofcopper,silver, andtin.
Srivijaya remained a formidable sea power until the 13th century.[14] According toGeorge Cœdès, at the end of the 13th century, the empire "had ceased to exist... caused by the simultaneous pressure on its two flanks of Siam and Java."[25]: 204, 243 However, there was a power vacuum in the region since there was no prominent power to hold the region except for the waningMajapahit Empire, centered on Java island. The vacuum allowed pirates to flourish in the region.
After being conquered by the Majapahit in 1375 AD, the Palembang region was made a vassal of the Majapahit Empire, under the leadership ofHayam Wuruk. The government in Palembang was handed over to a regent who was appointed directly by the Majapahit. However, internal problems in the Majapahit Empire distracted them from the conquered territories, causing the Palembang region to be controlled by traders from China until the Majapahit regained control of Palembang after sending a commander named Arya Damar.
By the late 15th century,Islam has spread throughout the region, replacing Buddhism and Hinduism as the dominant religion. Around the early 16th century,Tomé Pires, an adventurer fromPortugal, said that Palembang had been led by an appointedpatih (regent) from Java who was later referred to theDemak Sultanate and participated in attackingMalacca, which at that time had been controlled by thePortuguese. In 1659, Sri Susuhunan Abdurrahman proclaimed the establishment of thePalembang Sultanate. The Sultanate of Palembang stood for almost two centuries, from 1659 to 1825. Sultan Ratu Abdurrahman Kholifatul Mukminin Sayidul Iman, or Sunan Cinde Walang, was the first king of the Sultanate of Palembang.
The reign of Sultan Muhammad Bahauddin (1776–1803) was known as the golden era of the Palembang Sultanate, the sultanate's economy increased sharply because of trade, including with theVOC. The VOC was upset with Sultan Bahauddin's trade monopoly which caused their contracts to be rejected often. Sultan Bahauddin preferred to trade withBritain,China andMalay people inRiau. The impact of the policy generated enormous wealth for the empire. The Palembang Sultanate was strategically located in conducting trade relations, especially spices with outside parties. The Palembang Sultanate also ruled over theBangka-Belitung islands which had a tin mine and had been traded since the 18th century.[26]
As the Dutch East India Company increased its influence in the region, the Sultanate started to decline and lost its power. DuringNapoleonic Wars in 1812, the sultan at the time,Mahmud Badaruddin II rejected British claims to suzerainty. The British, underStamford Raffles responded by attacking Palembang, sacking the court, and installing sultan's more cooperative younger brother, Najamuddin to the throne. The Dutch attempted to recover their influence at the court in 1816, but Sultan Najamuddin was uncooperative with them. An expedition launched by the Dutch in 1818 and captured Sultan Najamudin and exiled him toBatavia. A Dutch garrison was established in 1821, but sultan attempted an attack and a mass poisoning to the garrison, which were intervened by the Dutch. Mahmud Badaruddin II was exiled toTernate, and his palace was burned to the ground. The Sultanate was later abolished by the Dutch and direct colonial rule was established.[27]
Southern Sumatra was occupied by the Japanese on January 15, 1942, after theBattle of Palembang inWorld War II.[28] After theProclamation of Indonesian Independence, South Sumatra became a part of Sumatra Province as aresidency withAdnan Kapau Gani as the resident. On 1 January 1947, the Dutch tried to regain its sovereignty over South Sumatra by invading Palembang and fighting ensued across South Sumatra until Indonesia's independence wasrecognized by the Dutch on 27 December 1949. The area occupied by the Netherlands in South Sumatra was incorporated intoState of South Sumatra under theUnited States of Indonesia until the disbandment of the union and the founding of the republic.
On 12 September 1950, South Sumatra province was established with a territory much larger than it is today, as it encompassed the southern third ofSumatra island covering areas that were eventually formed into separate provinces:Lampung was carved from the southern part of the province on 18 March 1964,Bengkulu from the coastal western part of the province on 18 November 1968, andBangka Belitung on 4 December 2000.[29]
South Sumatra has an area of 86,771.68 square kilometres (33,502.73 sq mi) and is located on the island ofSumatra, westernIndonesia which lies south of the equator at 1–4 degrees south and 102–108 degrees east. The province is bordered byJambi to the north,Lampung to the south andBengkulu to the west, while in the east theBangka Strait separates the province and the island-province ofBangka Belitung Islands.
On the east coast the land consists of swamps and brackets which are affected by tides. Its vegetation is in the form of palmate plants andmangrove. A little more western is a vast lowland. Far to the west near the border ofBengkulu andJambi lies theBukit Barisan mountains, which divides South Sumatra and is a mountainous area with an altitude of 900 to 1,200 metres (3,000 to 3,900 ft) above sea level. Barisan Hill consists of the summit of Mount Seminung (1,964 metres or 6,444 feet asl),Mount Dempo (3,159 metres or 10,364 feet asl),Mount Patah (1,107 metres or 3,632 feet asl), and Mount Bungkuk (2,125 metres or 6,972 feet asl). To the west of Bukit Barisan is a slope. In the Bukit Barisan valley there are areas of rubber, oil palm, and agriculture plantations, especially coffee, tea and vegetables. Mount Dempo is the highest point in the province.
South Sumatra has large rivers that can be navigated, but currently, because of the silting process, cannot be navigated by large ships. Most of the rivers have flows from the Bukit Barisan mountains, except theMesuji, Lalan andBanyuasin River. Most water from the South Sumatra section of Bukit Barisan mountains flows eastwards intoBangka Strait asMusi River, withOgan, Komering, Lematang, Kelingi, Lakitan, Rupit River andRawas River are its major tributaries. A few rivers in South Sumatra flow westwards intoIndian Ocean, for example Manna River in Pagaralam and Tanjung Sakti.
In January 2020, two islands in South Sumatra, Betet Island and Gundul Island, were submerged as a result ofclimate change, and four other islands were close to being submerged.[30]
As in most other province of Indonesia, South Sumatra has atropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classificationAf) bordering on a tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall. Throughout the year the province is only affected by two seasons, namely the rainy season and the dry season. The air temperature varies from 24.7 to 32.9 degrees Celsius with air humidity levels ranging from 82% to 88%. The relative rainy season falls from October to April. Variation in rainfall ranges from 2,100 to 3,264 millimetres (83 to 129 in). December is the month with the most rainfall while the drier season usually occurs from June to September.
The climate in South Sumatra is similar to other regions in Indonesia, only known for two seasons, namely the dry season and the rainy season. From June to September southeast winds flow fromAustralia with relatively less water vapor, resulting in a drier season. Conversely in December to March many wind currents contain water vapor fromAsia and thePacific Ocean during the rainy season. Such conditions occur every half year after passing the transition periods in between April–May and October–November.
Great Mosque of Palembang. Once the seat of the Srivijaya Empire and the Palembang Sultanate, Palembang remains the capital and economic center of the province.
The capital of South Sumatra province is the city ofPalembang. As at 2000 this province was divided into sixregencies (kabupaten) -Lahat,Muara Enim,Musi Banyuasin,Musi Rawas,Ogan Komering Ilir andOgan Komering Ulu - plus the autonomouscity (kota) ofPalembang. On 21 June 2001 three new autonomous cities were created -Lubuk Linggau from part of Musi Rawas Regency,Pagar Alam from part of Lahat Regency, andPrabumulih from part of Muara Enim Regency. A seventh regency -Banyuasin - was formed on 10 April 2002 from part of Musi Banyuasin Regency; and three further regencies were created on 18 December 2003 -Ogan Ilir from part of Ogan Komering Ilir, andSouth Ogan Komering Ulu andEast Ogan Komering Ulu from parts of Ogan Komering Ulu Regency.
An eleventh Regency -Empat Lawang - was formed on 2 January 2007 from part of Lahat Regency. Two new regencies have subsequently been created by the splitting of existing ones—Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir from part of Muara Enim Regency on 14 December 2012, andNorth Musi Rawas from part of Musi Rawas Regency on 10 June 2013. All thirteen regencies and the four cities are listed below with their areas[1] and their populations at the 2010 census[32] and 2020 census,[8] together with the official estimates as at mid 2024.[1] It was announced in 2022 that the east-central part of Muara Enim Regency was to be split off to form a fourteenth regency -Rambang Lubai Lematang; however, this has not been enacted by 2024, because of the moratorium maintained since 2013 by the Indonesian Government on the creation of new regencies and cities, so no statistics relating to this latest division are yet available.
The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to thePeople's Representative Council. TheSouth Sumatra I Electoral District consists of 4 of the regencies in the province (Musi Rawas, Musi Banyuasin, Banyuasin and North Musi Rawas), together with the cities of Palembang and Lubuk Linggau, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council. TheSouth Sumatra II Electoral District consists of the remaining 9 regencies (Ogan Komering Ulu, Ogan Komering Ilir, Muara Enim, Lahat, East Ogan Komering Ulu, South Ogan Komering Ulu, Ogan Ilir, Empat Lawang and Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir), together with the cities of Pagar Alam and Prabumulih, and elects 9 members to the People's Representative Council.[36]
The province has no clear ethnic dominance, though the indigenousMusi-speakingPalembang have a plurality, followed by theJavanese, most of whom have been recent migrants fromJava as part of the government-sanctioned transmigration project created to balance the population, especially from the highly overpopulated Java island; as a result,Javanese is also widely spoken and understood, especially in areas with a high population of transmigrants, for example Belitang. Forming the next largest group is the otherMalayic-speaking populations as well as the Komering, a distinct Malayo-Polynesian people related to the native Lampungese from neighboringLampung Province.Minangkabau,Chinese, andSundanese also form minorities in the province.
ThePalembang people are the majority in this province, divided into two groups:Wong Jeroo is a descendant of nobility and is slightly lower than the courtiers from the past kingdom based in Palembang, andWong Jabo is a commoner. The Palembang people were the descendants ofMalays,Arabs,Chinese,Javanese and otherethnic groups in Indonesia. The Palembang people themselves have two different languages, namelyBaso Palembang Alus andBaso Palembang Sari-Sari. Many of the Palembang people still live in houses built over water. The architectural model of the Palembang house which is most typical is therumah limas which is mostly erected on stilts on the water to protect from flooding that continues to occur until now. In theMusi river area, Palembang people often offer their wares on boats.
Three Komering girls in 1929
The Komering are another of the major cultural groups in South Sumatra, located along theKomering River. Like other ethnic groups in South Sumatra, the characteristic of the Komering is that of explorers so that their spread is quite extensive, reaching as far asLampung. The Komering people are divided into two major groups:Komering Ilir who lives aroundKayu Agung andKomering Ulu who live around the city ofBaturaja. The Komering people are divided into several clans, including thePaku Sengkunyit clan,Sosoh Buay Rayap clan,Peliyung Pemuka Buay clan,Bu Madang clan, and theSemendawai clan. The area of Komering culture is the most extensive area compared to the cultural areas of other tribes in South Sumatra. In addition, when viewed from the character of the people, the Komering people are known to have a high and hard temper. Based on folklore in the Komering community, the ancestor of the Komering people and the ancestor of theBatak people inNorth Sumatra, are said to be still brothers. The brothers who came from across the country. After arriving in Sumatra, they separated. The older brother went south to become the ancestor of the Komering people, and the younger brother to the north became ancestor of theBatak people.
TheSemendo people live in the Semendo District ofMuara Enim Regency. Historically, the Semendo people came from the descendants of theBantenese people who, in the past few centuries, traveled from Java to the island of Sumatra, and later settled and gave birth to children in the Semendo area. Nearly 100% of the Semendo population depend on agricultural products, which are still processed in traditional ways. Agricultural land in this area is quite fertile, because it is approximately 900 meters above sea level. There are two main commodities from this area:Robusta coffee with a total production of 300 tons per year, and rice, where this area is one of the rice barns for the area of South Sumatra. Customs and culture of this region are strongly influenced by the strong Islamic breath. Starting from tambourine music, folk songs and dances are strongly influenced by theMalay culture andIslamic culture. The language used in everyday life is theSemendo language.
WhileIndonesian is the official language in the province, most of theMalays speak a dialect of theMalay language called thePalembang Malay or Musi. Currently, Palembang Malay has become thelingua franca in the region. Palembang Malay originated from theOld Malay language which blends withJavanese and is pronounced according to the accent of the Palembang people. Moreover, this language has absorbed words fromArabic,Urdu,Persian,Chinese,Portuguese,English andDutch, because Palembang was once a large trading city, attracting various kinds of merchants from various places. In the past, Palembang Malay was written with theJawi script, a modified version of theArabic script. Nowadays, the user of the Jawi script is diminishing and being replaced by theLatin script.
Palembang Malay consists of tworegister, first is the everyday language that is used almost by everyone in the city or also called thebahasa pasar (market language). Secondly is the polite and formal style (Bebaso), which is used by limited circles, such as sultans and nobility. Usually spoken by and for people who are respected or who are older. As used by children to parents, daughter-in-law to parents-in-law, students to teachers, or between speakers of the same age as the purpose of mutual respect, becauseBebaso means to speak politely and subtly.
However, migrants often use their local language as a daily language, such asKomering,Rawas,Musi and Lahat. Migrants from outside South Sumatra sometimes also use their local language as a daily language in their families or regional communities. However, to communicate with other Palembang residents, residents generally use the Palembang Malay as their daily language of instruction. In addition to the indigenous people, in Palembang there are also migrants and descendants, such as from Java,Minangkabau,Madura,Bugis andBanjar. Many descendants living in Palembang areChinese,Arabs andIndian.
Indonesian is generally used as a second language and also as the language of education and for official purposes.
The people of the province, as with other parts of Sumatra with the exception of Bangka Belitung andNorth Sumatra provinces, overwhelmingly follow theShafi'i school of law ofSunni Islam. The religion is mainly adopted by the ethnic Malays, Javanese, Minangkabau, and Sundanese. Other minority religions are also practiced; the Chinese primarily followMahayana Buddhism andChristianity.
As of 2022[update], Islam is the largest religion in South Sumatra, being practised by 97.59% of the population. Minority religions are Christianity (Protestant andRoman Catholic) with 2.34%, Buddhism 0.06%, and others (including Folk religion,Hinduism andConfucianism) 0.01% of the population.[37]
Like most other provincial cultures on the island ofSumatra, the culture of the province of South Sumatra is largely influenced byMalay culture. In addition, there are some cultures that are influenced byIslam, and some are influenced by the greatness of theSrivijaya kingdom. South Sumatra's cultural wealth includes traditional houses, traditional clothing, various types of dances, religious ceremonies such asSedekah Rame, as well as typical food from the area. The cultural wealth of South Sumatra is not only popular within the South Sumatra region itself.
In all corners of Indonesia, various South Sumatran cultures are well-known, even popular with many people. An example is therumah limas traditional house, this house has been adopted by many people in various regions because the construction is not complicated. In addition,songket weaving is also a distinctive fabric favored by many people. The South Sumatran signature food,Pempek, can not only be found in the city ofPalembang and the surrounding area, but also has spread throughout Indonesia as well as neighbouring countries such asSingapore andMalaysia.
Rumah limas, the traditional house of South Sumatra
Rumah limas is a traditional house in the province of South Sumatra. The architecture of this traditional house is influenced byIslamic culture andMalay culture. Although this traditional house originated from South Sumatra, it has influenced the construction of other traditional houses in the other places.
Therumah limas traditional house has an area of between 400 and 1000 square meters. The whole house, resting on wooden pillars that were slung on the ground. Therumah limas is divided into several parts, namely the main roompangkeng (bedroom), andpawon (kitchen). The main room is located at the top level and right under the limas roof. In this room there is anamben or a conference room. This room is located in the center of therumah limas, both for customary and decorative purposes. Thepangkeng section is a bedroom. This section of space is on the right or left side. To enter thepangkeng room, it must be done by passing a box-shaped door cover. The box serves as a storage area for various tools.
On the back is thepawon.pawon is part of the kitchen of this traditional house. The wordpawon is actually not only known in South Sumatra. TheJavanese people, besides adapting the Limas house shape, also recognize the wordpawon to mention the position of the kitchen in their home.
South Sumatra's traditional clothes are known by the nameAesan gede, symbolizing greatness, andAesan paksangko which that symbolizes the elegance of the people of South Sumatra. These traditional clothes are usually only used during traditional wedding ceremonies. With the understanding that this marriage ceremony is a big ceremony. By usingAesan Gede orAesan Paksangko as a bridal costume it means something very elegant because the bride and groom are portrayed as kings and queens. The difference betweenAesan Gede andAesan Paksongko patterns, if detailed as follows; Pink Gede style combined with golden color. Both colors are believed to reflect the majesty of theSriwijaya nobles. Especially with the glittering of complementary jewelry and the crown ofAesan Gede,bungo cempako,kembang goyang, and the standardkelapo. Then they are combined with dodot clothes and lepus songket cloth patterned in silver for theAesan Paksangkong. For men using gold embroideredsongket lepus, robes of gold flower motifs, songket sling, sleeves, and goldensongkok worn on the head. And for women using lotus, red noble brackets studded with golden star flowers, lepus songket cloth embroidered with gold, and headdress in the form ofAesan Paksangkong crown. Also not to forget the clothes decorating clothes such as jewelry with golden images, stand-by dress, rocking flowers, andkenango flowers.
Gending Sriwijaya is a regional song and also a fairly popular dance from Palembang. This Gending Sriwijaya song was performed to accompany thetarian Gending Sriwijaya dance. Both songs and dances depict the nobility of culture, glory, and the majesty of the formerSrivijaya Empire which once triumphed in uniting the westernNusantara. This Sriwijaya Gending dance from South Sumatra was performed to welcoming honored guests. Usually, this dance is performed by as many as thirteen dancers, consisting of nine core dancers and four companions and singers.
Tanggai dance ortari Tangga is a traditional dance from South Sumatra that is also dedicated to welcoming honored guests. In contrast to Gending Sriwijaya dance, Tanggai dance is performed by five people wearing local clothing such assongket,dodot,pending, necklaces and other decorations. This dance is a combination of graceful motion with typical regional clothing. This dance describes the people of Palembang who are friendly and respectful, respecting and loving guests visiting their area.
Tenun songket dance ortarian tenun songket is a reflection of the daily lives of housewives and young women in South Sumatra. In their daily lives, housewives and young women do work in the form of songket weaving which is a special fabric of their region. Aside from being an effort to preserve traditional dances, this dance is at the same time as a promotion of their regional special fabrics, namelysongket.
The first traditional South Sumatra weapon and often a cultural icon of the province is thetrident, or locally known astrisula. This spear is shaped like a wooden spear with 3 sharp eyes at the end. The spear length is as high as an adult, which is around 180 cm and used to be used by Srivijaya royal warriors as the main weapon.Kris is not only used by the people of Java. Some other sub-ethnic Malays also recognize this type of weapon in their culture, including the people of South Sumatra. Although it has the same shape, the South Sumatrakris has its own characteristics. The number of curves or curves is always an odd number between 7 and 13 with a wide angle. That is why the typical South Sumatrakris tends to be longer and taper.Skin is a traditional South Sumatra weapon which is thought to originate from acculturation of local culture to the culture of Chinese traders andEast Asia in the past. This weapon looks like a typicalWest SumatraKerambit, but is smaller in size and has 2 sharp blades.
Many forms of transportations are available in the province. As a province traversed by several large rivers, the people of South Sumara also recognize the importance water transport, which is calledketek. Thisketek serves river crossings through various piers along theMusi,Ogan andKomering Rivers.
South Sumatra also has three main ports namely Boom Baru, Port 36 Ilir andTanjung Api-Api. These three ports serve passenger transportation using ferries to Muntok (Bangka) and Batam. Currently the Tanjung Api-Api Port is being built which serves the transportation of passengers and goods in and out of South Sumatra.
An intercity train bound for Palembang at Lubuklinggau railway station
In addition, there are several railway lines in the province.Kertapati railway station inPalembang is the largest station in the province. It serves trains to and fromLubuklinggau andBandar Lampung inLampung province, and also smaller towns such asBaturaja,Lahat andPrabumulih. Currently, the railway only terminates in Lubuklinggau, but there is a plan to construct a railway toBengkulu, which would allow to boost passengers movement and economic growth.[38] Moreover, a railway from Palembang toBetung inJambi is also in the planning stage, which would be connected further toRiau andNorth Sumatra.[39] Overall, these projects would form the backbone of the Trans-Sumatra Railway.[40]
Currently, the onlytoll road in South Sumatra is the 22 km Palembang-Indralaya toll road. However, in the masterplan of theTrans-Sumatra Toll Road, the province would be connected by toll roads to other provinces likeBengkulu,Jambi andLampung. Construction of theBakauheni-Bandar Lampung-Palembang toll-road is predicted to be finished by late 2019,[42] while the Palembang-Betung-Jambi toll-road and the Lubuklinggau-Bengkulu toll-road is still in planning stage.[43]
There are five sectors that support economic growth in South Sumatra, such as the processing industry, mining, agriculture, construction, and large and retail trade, and the development of the Tanjung Api-ApiSpecial Economic Zones (KEK), South Sumatra's economic growth is also supported by tourism.
Thecoal deposits of South Sumatra amount to 22.24 billion tons or 48.45 percent of the total national reserves. The province also has 4.18 trillion standard cubic feet of natural gas and 757.4 standard cubic feet of natural oil.[45]
However, the agricultural sector is still the cornerstone of employment in South Sumatra compared to other sectors with absorption reaching 1.9 million people. This figure is in accordance with the potential of the area which has an area of around 774 thousand hectares of agriculture. The potential of agricultural resources in South Sumatra is quite prominent with annual production ofrice reaching 4.2 million tons,corn production reaching 289 thousand tons,soybeans production reaching 16 thousand tons,palm oil production reaching 2.718 million tons,coffee (dry beans) production reaching 135.2 thousand tons,coconut production reaching 65 thousand tons. In addition to the agricultural sector, the other two sectors also absorb labor, namely the large and retail trade sector, car and motorcycle repair and the processing industry. In the trade sector there are 688,000 workers, and the processing industry reaches 279,300 people.[46]
The economy of South Sumatra in the second quarter of 2017 continued to show improvement compared to previous quarters. The realization of economic growth in South Sumatra in the second quarter of 2017 was 5.24% (YoY), higher than the first quarter of 2017 of 5.13% (YoY). From the demand side, the component of foreign exports is still the main pillar of economic growth. This was mainly supported by improvements in the prices of superior commodities in South Sumatra, namelyrubber andcoal. In addition, export performance was driven by improvements in the economic conditions of the main destination countries for South Sumatra's exports, including theUnited States,China andEurope. On the other hand, an increase in export performance has no impact on increasing household consumption. The slowdown in household consumption is estimated to be caused by the consumption pattern of people experiencing a shift. The community began to reduce tertiary needs reflected in the decline in the consumption index of durable goods. Meanwhile, in the second quarter of 2017 government consumption declined due to some government projects still in the auction stage.[47]
The South Sumatran cuisine or also known as the Palembang cuisine is the cuisine of the city ofPalembang and the surrounding area in South Sumatra. It is the second most well-known cuisine fromSumatra afterPadang. Palembang cuisine primarily usesfreshwater fish andprawns as key ingredients due to the paramount role of theMusi River for the area. Popular freshwater fish includespatin (Pangasius),baung (Hemibagrus),lais (Kryptopterus cryptopterus),lele (catfish),gabus (snakehead),mas (carp) andgurame (gourami). Historically, Palembang waters were teeming withbelido (giant featherback), and it has become the city's official animal mascot. It is valued for its succulent flavour and soft texture. However, due tooverfishing, today thebelido fish are scarce and probably already extinct in Musi river area.[48] Because of its location that is not far from the sea, seafood such as shrimp,tenggiri (wahoo),kakap merah (red snapper) andSpanish mackerel are also popular in Palembang.[citation needed] Besides freshwater fish dishes, there are many variations of dishes, snacks, drinks, and sweets in Palembang cuisine.
Cuisine of South Sumatra
Pempek (fish cake) Kapal Selam and Kriting, simmered with Kuah Cuko
Laksan Palembang, fish cake similar to pempek served in rich coconut milk-based soup, and sprinkled with crispy fried shallot
Spices are also generally included although not as liberally as its same-island counterpart. Palembang cuisine is noted by its preference for the sour and sweet flavour,[49] as evidenced inpindang fish soup, strong-smellingtempoyak-based dish made from fermenteddurian, and alsokuah cuko spicy sweet vinegar sauce ofpempek fishcake. Those dishes are popular fare and often associated with the city.[50]
Malay,Javanese,Indian, andChinese culture has influenced Palembang's culinary scene. Pempek, tekwan and mie celor are the example of Chinese cuisine influence on Palembang. Pempek is basically fishcake made from deboned fish flesh and tapioca flour, which was a local adaptation of East Asiansurimi fishcake making. Like most of noodle dishes of Indonesia, mie celor can trace its origin back to Chinese influences. It was popularly believed that Palembang preference of sweet flavour was due to Javanese influences that favoured palm sugar. Indeed, Palembang absorbs manyJavanese elements, including language and cuisine. For example, bothJavanese andPalembang Malay dialects refer fish asiwak, andcooking method employing banana leaf package asbrengkes orbrengkesan.[49] Martabak Palembang and nasi minyak which uses ghee, on the other hand, demonstrate Indian cuisine influence in the city.
Jakabaring Aquatic Center in Jakabaring Sport City complex
South Sumatra, especially the city of Palembang is notable as the host city2018 Asian Games along with Jakarta, the first Asian Games hold officially by two cities and the fourth host city of Asian Games in Southeast Asia after Bangkok in 1998.[51] Palembang is also the main host of2011 Southeast Asian Games and hosted two matches of2007 AFC Asian Cup.[52][53][54] Sport facilities have been built across the city since 1971 to hostPekan Olahraga Mahasiswa (POM) IX, although the city's main sport complex,Jakabaring Sport City started its construction in 1998 and expanded later in 2010.[55][56] In order to keep the sport complex in frequent use, several plans have been raised by the government to encourage more sporting events into the city, including the purchase of an association football club, Persijatim Solo F.C in 2004 which then renamed toSriwijaya F.C.[57] Palembang also planned to build arace track inside the complex to host aMotoGP race in the city.[58]
Football is regarded as the most popular sport in South Sumatra. Sriwijaya F.C is the only active professional football club in South Sumatra and is widely followed across the province, especially in its home city Palembang. During its home matches, the stadium often flooded with fans wearing yellow shirts on south stands, green shirts on north stands, and black shirts on east stands, representing three mainultras of the club.Badminton,basketball,volleyball andfutsal also get wide attention in the city. Besides Sriwijaya F.C., notable sport teams in Palembang areBSB Hangtuah (basketball) and Palembang Bank Sumsel Babel (volleyball). Indonesian badminton playersMohammad Ahsan andDebby Susanto are also from Palembang.[59][60]
^George Cœdès, Louis-Charles Damais, (1992),Sriwijaya: history, religion & language of an early Malay polity : collected studies, MBRAS,ISBN983-99614-1-1.
^P. J. Suwarno, (1993),Pancasila budaya bangsa Indonesia:Penelitian Pancasila dengan pendekatan historis, filosofis & sosio-yuridis kenegaraan, Kanisius,ISBN979-413-967-X.
^Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, Nugroho Notosusanto, (1993),Sejarah Nasional Indonesia II (6 Seri), Edisi Pemuktahiran, PT Balai Pustaka,ISBN979-407-408-X
^abcdMunoz, Paul Michel (2006).Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 171.ISBN9789814155670.
^Collins 2005, p. 8. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCollins2005 (help)
^Susanti, Dini; Rohman, Yusuf Ali (August 2011).PELAJARAN IPS-SEJARAH BILINGUAL:Untuk SMP/MTs. Kelas VII. Bandung: CV. YRAMA WIDYA. p. 86.ISBN978-979-543-708-6.
^Cœdès, George (1918). "Le Royaume de Çriwijaya".Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient.18 (6):1–36.
^Ricklefs, M.C.A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300. p. 139.
^Schellinger, Paul E.; Salkin, Robert M., eds. (1996).Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. New York: Routledge. p. 663.ISBN1-884964-04-4.
^"The Battle for Palembang".Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Retrieved22 March 2019.
^Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.
