After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately afterIndian independence, the economies of South Indian states have registered a sustained higher-than-national-average growth over the past three decades. South India has the largest combinedlargest gross domestic product compared to other regions in India. The South Indian states lead in somesocio-economic metrics of India with a higherHDI as the economy has undergone growth at a faster rate than in most northern states. As of 2011,Literacy rates in the southern states is higher than the national average at approximately 76%. Thefertility rate in South India is 1.9, the lowest of all regions in India.
Etymology
"South India" is also known as "Peninsular India" indicating its location in apeninsula surrounded by water on three sides.[4] The term "Deccan", referring to the area covered by theDeccan Plateau that covers most of peninsular India excluding the coastal areas, is an anglicised form of thePrakrit worddakkhiṇa derived from theSanskrit worddakshiṇa meaning south.[5]Carnatic, derived from"Karnāḍ" or"Karunāḍ" meaningblack country, has also been associated with South India.[6]
South India is apeninsula in the shape of an inverted triangle bound byIndian Ocean in the South,Arabian Sea in the west, byBay of Bengal in the east and theVindhya andSatpura ranges in the north.[27] TheNarmada River flows westwards in the depression between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, which define the northern spur of theDeccan Plateau.[28] The low-lyingcoral islands ofLakshadweep are situated off the southwestern coast of India and theAndaman and Nicobar islands lie far off the eastern coast. ThePalk Strait and the chain of low sandbars and islands known asRama's Bridge separate the region fromSri Lanka, which lies off the southeastern coast.[29][30] The southernmost tip of mainland India is atKanyakumari where the Indian Ocean meets the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.[31]
The peak ofAnamudi is the highest point of elevation in South India.
TheWestern Ghats runs south along the western coast from south of theTapti River to Kanyakumari and forms a narrow strip of land with the Arabian Sea calledKonkan region.[32]Anai Mudi in theAnaimalai Hills 2,695 m (8,842 ft) is the highest peak in South India.[33] TheEastern Ghats run parallel to the Bay of Bengal along the eastern coast and the strip of land between them forms theCoromandel region.[34] They are a discontinuous range of mountains, which have been eroded and quadrisected by the four major rivers of southern India, theGodavari,Mahanadi,Krishna, andKaveri.[35] Both mountain ranges meet at theNilgiri mountains which run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka, encompassing thePalakkad andWayanad hills and theSathyamangalam ranges, extending to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu–Andhra Pradesh border, forming theTirupati andAnnamalai hills.[36]
TheDeccan Plateau is the elevated region bound by the mountain ranges.[37] The plateau rises to 100 metres (330 ft) in the north and to more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in the south, forming a raised triangle within the downward-pointing triangle of theIndian subcontinent's coastline.[38] It also slopes gently from West to East resulting in major rivers arising in the Western Ghats and flowing east into the Bay of Bengal.[39] The volcanicbasalt beds of the Deccan were laid down in the massiveDeccan Traps eruption, which occurred towards the end of theCretaceous period, between 67 and 66 million years ago.[40] Layer after layer was formed by the volcanic activity that lasted many years and when the volcanoes became extinct, they left a region of highlands with typically vast stretches of flat areas on top like a table.[41] The plateau is watered by the east-flowingGodavari,Krishna,Kaveri,Penna,Tungabhadra,Vaigai rivers and their tributaries.[42]
Other prominent features include theGulf of Mannar, thePalk Strait, which separates India from Sri Lanka; theTen Degree Channel, which separates the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands; and the Eight Degree Channel, which separates the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from the Minicoy Island to the south.[43]Laccadive Sea is a smaller sea.[44] There arecoral reefs located in the Gulf of Mannar and Lakshadweep islands.[45] Large lakes includeVembanad Lake andPulicat Lake.[46]
Climate
Climatic zonesMonsoon onset
The region has atropical climate and depends on monsoons for rainfall. According to theKöppen climate classification, it has a non-arid climate with minimum mean temperatures of 18 °C (64 °F).[47] The most humid is thetropical monsoon climate characterized by moderate to high year-round temperatures and seasonally heavy rainfall above 2,000 mm (79 in) per year. The tropical climate is experienced in a strip of south-western lowlands abutting theMalabar Coast, the Western Ghats and the Lakshadweep islands.[48]
Atropical wet and dry climate, drier than areas with a tropical monsoon climate, prevails over most of the inland peninsular region except for a semi-aridrain shadow east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 °C (64 °F); summer is exceedingly hot with temperatures in low-lying areas exceeding 50 °C (122 °F); and the rainy season lasts from June to September, with annual rainfall averaging between 750 and 1,500 mm (30 and 59 in) across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most precipitation in India falls in Tamil Nadu, leaving other states comparatively dry.[49] Ahot semi-arid climate predominates in the land east of the Western Ghats and theCardamom Hills. The region – which includes Karnataka, inland Tamil Nadu and western Andhra Pradesh – gets between 400 and 750 millimetres (15.7 and 29.5 in) of rainfall annually, with hot summers and dry winters with temperatures around 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). The months between March and May are hot and dry, with mean monthly temperatures hovering around 32 °C (90 °F), with 320 millimetres (13 in) precipitation. Without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for agriculture.[50]
Thesouthwest monsoon from June to September accounts for most of the rainfall in the region. The Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon hits the Western Ghats along the coastal state of Kerala and moves northward along theKonkan coast, with precipitation on coastal areas west of the Western Ghats. The lofty Western Ghats prevent the winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau; hence, the leeward region (the region deprived of winds) receives very little rainfall.[51][52] The Bay of Bengal branch of the southwest monsoon heads toward northeast India, picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal. TheCoramandel coast does not receive much rainfall from the southwest monsoon, due to the shape of the land.Tamil Nadu and southeastAndhra Pradesh receive rains from the northeast monsoon.[53] The northeast monsoon takes place from November to early March, when the surfacehigh-pressure system is strongest.[54] TheNorth Indian Ocean tropical cyclones occur throughout the year in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, bringing devastating winds and heavy rainfall.[55][56][57]
Politics in South India is characterized by a mix of regional and national political parties. TheJustice Party andSwaraj Party were the two major parties in the erstwhile Madras Presidency.[86] The Justice Party eventually lost the1937 elections to the Indian National Congress, andChakravarti Rajagopalachari became the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency.[86] During the 1920s and 1930s, theSelf-Respect Movement, spearheaded byTheagaroya Chetty andE. V. Ramaswamy (commonly known as Periyar), emerged in the Madras Presidency.[87] In 1944, Periyar transformed the party into a social organisation, renaming the partyDravidar Kazhagam, and withdrew from electoral politics. The initial aim was the secession ofDravida Nadu from the rest of India upon Indian independence. After independence,C. N. Annadurai, a follower of Periyar, formed theDravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1948. TheAnti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu led to the rise of Dravidian parties that formed Tamil Nadu's first government, in 1967. In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of theAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) led byM. G. Ramachandran.Dravidian parties continue to dominate Tamil Nadu electoral politics, the national parties usually aligning as junior partners to the major Dravidian parties, AIADMK and DMK.[88][89]
South Indiaconsists of the five southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, as well as the union territories of Puducherry, and Lakshadweep.[102][103] Puducherry and the five states each have an elected state government, while Lakshadweep iscentrally administered by thepresident of India.[104][105]
Each state is headed by aGovernor who is appointed by the President of India and who names the leader of the state legislature's ruling party orcoalition aschief minister, who is the head of the state government.[106][107]
Each state or territory is further divided intodistricts, which are further subdivided into revenue divisions andtaluks /Mandals ortehsils.[108] Local bodies govern respective cities, towns, and villages, along with an electedmayor,municipal chairman, orpanchayat chairman, respectively.[109]
^Note 1 Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.[118][119]Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, was to serve as joint capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[120]
South India elects 132members to theLok Sabha, accounting for roughly one-fourth of the total strength.[121] The region is allocated 58 seats in theRajya Sabha, out of the total of 245.[122]
Thestate legislatures of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry areunicameral, while Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana havebicameral legislatures.[123][124] States with bicameral legislatures have an upper house (Legislative Council) with members not more than one-third the size of the Assembly. State legislatures elect members for terms of five years.[109] Governors may suspend or dissolve assemblies and can administer when no party is able to form a government.[109]
As per the2011 census of India, the estimated population of South India was 252 million, around one fifth of the total population of the country. The region'stotal fertility rate (TFR) was less than thepopulation replacement level of 2.1 for all states, with Kerala and Tamil Nadu having the lowest TFRs in India at 1.7.[125][126] As a result, from 1981 to 2011 the proportion of the population of South India to India's total population has declined.[127][128]Scheduled Castes and Tribes form 18% of the population of the region. Agriculture is the major employer in the region, with 47.5% of the population being involved in agrarian activities.[129] About 60% of the population lives in permanent housing structures.[130] 67.8% of South India has access to tap water, with wells and springs being major sources of water supply.[131]
After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after the independence of India, the economies of South Indian states have, over the past three decades, registered growth higher than the national average. While South Indian states have improved in some of thesocio-economic metrics,[132][133] poverty continues to affect the region as it does the rest of the country, although it has considerably decreased over the years. Based on the 2011 census, theHDI in the southern states is high, and the economy has grown at a faster rate than those of most northern states.[134]
As per the 2011 census, the averageliteracy rate in South India is approximately 80%, considerably higher than the Indian national average of 74%, with Kerala having the highest literacy rate of 93.91%.[116] South India has the highestsex ratio with Kerala and Tamil Nadu being the top two states.[135] The South Indian states rank amongst the top 10 in economic freedom,[136]life expectancy.,[137]access to drinking water,[138]house ownership,[139] andTV ownership[140] Thepoverty rate is at 19% while that in the other Indian states is at 38%. Theper capita income is₹19,531 (US$230), which is more than double of the other Indian states (₹8,951 (US$110)).[141][142] Of the three demographically related targets of theMillennium Development Goals set by theUnited Nations and expected to be achieved by 2015, Kerala and Tamil Nadu achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009.[143][144]
The largest linguistic group in South India is theDravidian family of languages, of approximately 73 languages.[146] The major languages spoken includeTelugu,Tamil,Kannada, andMalayalam.[147]Tulu is spoken by about 1.5 million people in coastal Kerala and Karnataka;Konkani, anIndo-Aryan language, is spoken by around 0.8 million people in the Konkan coast (Canara) and Kerala;Kodava Takk is spoken by more than half a million people in Kodagu, Mysore, and Bangalore. English is also widely spoken in urban areas of South India.[148]Deccani Urdu a regional dialect ofUrdu is spoken by theMuslims.[149][150][151] Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Urdu, and konkani are listed among the 22official languages of India. Tamil was the first language to be grantedclassical language status by the Government of India in 2004.[152][153] Later Telugu (2008), Kannada (2008) and Malayalam (2013) were also declared as classical languages.[154][155] These four languages combined have literary outputs larger than otherliterary languages of India.[156]
Hinduism is the major religion today in South India, with about 84% of the population adhering to it, which is often regarded as the oldest religion in the world, tracing its roots to prehistoric times in India.[159] Its spiritual traditions include both theShaivite andVaishnavite branches of Hinduism, althoughBuddhist andJain philosophies were influential several centuries earlier.[160]Ayyavazhi has spread significantly across the southern parts of South India.[161][162]Shaiva Siddhanta philosophy is prominent among many communities.[163]
Islam was introduced to South India in the early 7th century byArab traders on the Malabar Coast, and spread during the rule of the Deccan Sultanates, from the 17th to 18th centuries. About 11% of the population In South India followIslam.[164] Muslims of Arab descent in Kerala are calledJonaka Mappila.[165] About 4% followChristianity.[166] Christianity was introduced to South India byThomas the Apostle, who visited Muziris in Kerala in 52 CE and proselytized natives, who are calledNazrani Mappila.[167][168] Kerala is also home to one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world, who are supposed to have arrived on the Malabar coast during the reign ofKing Solomon.[169][170]
Largest cities
The major metropolitan areas in south India are as follows:
Currently, operationalmetro systems are there in four cities Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Kochi.[208][209]Chennai Suburban founded in 1928 is one of the oldest and largest urban networks in the country.[210] Opened in 1995,Chennai MRTS was the first elevated urban railway in India.[210]Hyderabad MMTS was opened in 2003, becoming the second city in South India to have a local rail transit system.[211] As of December 2022, South India has 205.06 km of operational metro lines and 16 systems.[212]
In 1915,Tata Sons started a regular airmail service betweenKarachi andMadras marking the beginning of air transportation in the southern part of India.[220] In March 1930, a discussion initiated by pilot G. Vlasto led to the founding of theMadras Flying Club, which became a pioneer in pilot training in South India.[221][222] On 15 October 1932, Indian aviatorJ. R. D. Tata flew aPuss Moth aircraft carrying mail fromKarachi toJuhu aerodrome,Bombay; and the aircraft continued toMadras, piloted by Neville Vincent, a formerRoyal Air Force pilot and friend of Tata.[223][224]
The region is covered by water on three sides and has a long coastline. A total of 67ports are situated in South India: Tamil Nadu (18), Kerala (14), Andhra Pradesh (13), Karanataka (11), Lakshadweep (10) and Pondicherry (1).[231] Major ports includeVisakhapatnam,Chennai,Mangalore,Tuticorin,Ennore andKochi.[231]
TheKerala backwaters are a network of interconnected canals, rivers, lakes, and inlets, a labyrinthine system formed by more than 900 km of waterways.[234] TheEastern Naval Command andSouthern Naval Command of the Indian Navy are headquartered at Visakhapatnam and Kochi respectively.[235][229] In the region, the Indian Navy has its major operational bases at Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Kochi, Karwar, and Kavaratti.[236]Kochi Water Metro is the first water metro service in India launched in 2023.[237]
Bangalore is a major as information technology hub and is classified as analpha- city.
After independence, the economy of South India conformed to asocialist framework, with strict governmental control overprivate sector participation,foreign trade, andforeign direct investment. From 1960 to 1990, the South Indian economies experienced mixed economic growth. In the 1960s, Kerala achieved above-average growth while Andhra Pradesh's economy declined. Kerala experienced an economic decline in the 1970s while the economies of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh consistently exceeded national average growth rates, due toreform-oriented economic policies.[238] As of March 2015, there are 109 operationalSpecial Economic Zones in South India, which is about 60% of the country's total.[239] As of 2019–20, the totalgross domestic product of the region is ₹67 trillion (US$946 billion).Tamil Nadu has thesecond-highest GDP and is the second-most industrialised state in the country afterMaharashtra.[240] With the presence of two major ports, an international airport, and a converging road and rail networks, Chennai is referred to as the "Gateway of South India".[241][242] South India contributes 30% of India's GDP[243][244] with a higherper capita income and lowerdebt-to-GDP ratio than the national average.[243][244] According to theGlobalization and World Cities Research Network, Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad are amongst the most integrated with the global economy with Bengaluru classified as analpha- city, Chennai as beta and Hyderabad as beta-.[245]
Other major agricultural products includepoultry andsilk.[258][259] Being a peninsular region,aquaculture is a major contributor to the economy. As of 2017–18, the region produced 53.68 lakh tonnes fish contributing to nearly 43% of total fish production in India.[260] Like most of the Indian subcontinent, agriculture in the region is largely dependent on seasonal monsoons[261] and monsoon failure often leads to droughts forcing farmers into debt, selling livestock and sometimes into committing suicide.[262][263]
Information technology
Chennai is known as the "Gateway to South India" and is a hub for automotive manufacturing; Pictured is headquarters ofAshok Leyland.
South India's urban centres are significant contributors to the Indian and global IT economy.Bengaluru,Chennai,Hyderabad,Coimbatore,Kochi andThiruvananthapuram are amongst the major information technology (IT) hubs of India.[264][265][266][267][268] The presence of these hubs has spurred economic growth and attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country.[269] Software exports from South India grossed over₹640 billion (US$7.6 billion) in fiscal 2005–06.[270]
ISRO Vehicle assembly building at the rocket launch station atSriharikota, north of Chennai
Space and Defense
Defense establishments includeHindustan Aeronautics Limited in Bangalore which manufacturesfighter aircraft,helicopters and aircraft components.[279]DRDO which is India's premier defense agency operates various facilities in Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mysuru in South India.[280]
Tourism contributes significantly to the GDP of the region, with four states – Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana – among the top 10 states for tourist arrivals, accounting for more than 50% of domestic tourist visits.[289]
Tamil Nadu has the largest tourist inflow in India both domestic and international as of 2020.[290] In 2023, Kerala was listed at the 13th spot inThe New York Times' annual list of places to visit and was the only tourist destination listed from India.[291] Kerala was named byTIME magazine in 2022 among the 50 extraordinary destinations to explore in its list of the World's Greatest Places.[292]
South Indian women traditionally wear asari, a garment that consists of a drape varying from 5 yards (4.6 m) to 9 yards (8.2 m) in length and 2 feet (0.61 m) to 4 feet (1.2 m) in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to Indian philosophy, the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity.[294][295] Ancient Tamil poetry such as theSilappadhikaram, describes women in exquisite drapery or sari.[296]Madisar is a typical style worn by Brahmin women from Tamil Nadu.[297] Women wear colourfulsilk sarees on special occasions such as marriages.[298]Kanchipuram silk sari is a type ofsilk sari made in theKanchipuram region in Tamil Nadu and thesesaris are worn as bridal and special occasion saris by most women in South India. It has been recognized as aGeographical indication by theGovernment of India in 2005–2006.[299][300]Kovai Cora Cotton is a type ofcottonsaree made in the Coimbatore.[301][302]
The men wear adhoti, a 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes. It is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist.[303] A colourfullungi with typicalbatik patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside.[304]
People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.[304]Calico, aplain-woven textile made from unbleached, and often not fully processed,cotton, was originated atCalicut (Kozhikode), from which the name of thetextile came, in South India, nowKerala, during the 11th century,[305] where the cloth was known asChaliyan.[306] The raw fabric was dyed and printed in bright hues, andcalico prints later became popular in theEurope.[307]
The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated on the floor, having the food served on abanana leaf,[311] and using clean fingers of the right hand to take the food into the mouth.[312] After the meal, the fingers are washed; the easily degradable banana leaf is discarded or becomes fodder for cattle.[313] Eating on banana leaves is a custom thousands of years old, imparts a unique flavor to the food, and is considered healthy.[314]
South India has an independent literary tradition dating back over 2500 years. The first known literature of South India is the poeticSangam literature, which was written inTamil 2500 to 2100 years ago.Tamil literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known asTamil Sangams, the earliest of which, according to ancient tradition, were held on a now vanishedcontinent far to the south of India.[333] This Tamil literature includes the oldest grammatical treatise,Tholkappiyam, and the epicsSilappatikaram andManimekalai.[334]
In Dravidian architecture, the temples considered of porches orMantapas preceding the door leading to the sanctum, Gate-pyramids orGopurams in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple andPillared halls used for many purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples. Besides these, a South Indian temple usually has a tank called theKalyani orPushkarni.[341] TheGopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature ofKoils andHindu temples of the Dravidian style.[342] They are topped by thekalasam, a bulbous stonefinial and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.[343] The gopuram's origins can be traced back to thePallavas who built the group of monuments inMahabalipuram andKanchipuram.[344] TheCholas later expanded the same and by thePandya rule in twelfth century, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance.[345][346]Vimanam are similar structures built over thegarbhagriha or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams in the Dravidian architecture with a few exceptions including theBrihadisvara Temple inThanjavur.[347][348]
Films done in regional languages are prevalent inSouth India, with several regional cinemas being recognized:Kannada cinema (Karnataka),Malayalam cinema (Kerala),Tamil cinema (Tamil Nadu), andTelugu cinema (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana). The first silent film in South India,Keechaka Vadham, was made byR. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1916.[354] Mudaliar also established Madras's first film studio.[355] The first Tamil talkie,Kalidas, was released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture,Alam Ara.[356]
As per the 2011 census, the averageliteracy rate in South India is approximately 80%, considerably higher than the Indian national average of 74%, with Kerala having the highest literacy rate of 93.91%.[116] South India is home to some of the nation's largest and most prominent public and private institutions of higher education.
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