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Sophistical Refutations (Greek:Σοφιστικοὶ Ἔλεγχοι,romanized: Sophistikoi Elenchoi;Latin:De Sophisticis Elenchis) is a text inAristotle'sOrganon in which he identified thirteenfallacies.^{[note 1]} According to Aristotle, this is the first work to treat the subject ofdeductive reasoning in ancient Greece (Soph. Ref., 34, 183b34 ff.).

On Sophistical Refutations^[1][2] consists of 34 chapters. The book naturally falls in two parts: chapters concerned with tactics for the Questioner (3–8 and 12–15) and chapters concerned with tactics for the Answerer (16–32). Besides, there is an introduction (1–2), an interlude (9–11), and a conclusion (33–34).^[3]

The fallacies Aristotle identifies in Chapter 4 (formal fallacies) and 5 (informal fallacies) of this book are the following:

Fallacies in the language or formal fallacies (in dictionem):

1. Equivocation
2. Amphiboly
3. Composition
4. Division
5. Accent
6. Figure of speech or form of expression

Fallacies not in the language or informal fallacies (extra dictionem):

• Gysembergh, Victor (2023).Forgotten Ancient Commentaries on Aristotle's Sphistical Refutations: Fragments of Aspasios, Herminos, Alexander, Syrianos and Philoponos. Boston: De Gruyter.ISBN 9783111332666.

• Works related toSophistical Refutations at Wikisource
• HTML Greek text viaGreco interattivo
• Translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge
• Sophistical Elenchi public domain audiobook atLibriVox
• ChangingMinds.org: "Aristotle's 13 fallacies"
• Parry, William T.; Hacker, Edward A. (1991),Aristotelian Logic, SUNY Press, p. 435,ISBN 978-0-7914-0690-8

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