Sophia Perovskaya | |
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| Born | (1853-09-13)13 September 1853 |
| Died | 15 April 1881(1881-04-15) (aged 27) |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
| Spouse | Andrei Zhelyabov |
Sophia Lvovna Perovskaya (Russian:Со́фья Льво́вна Перо́вская; 13 September [O.S. 1 September] 1853 – 15 April [O.S. 3 April] 1881) was a Russianrevolutionary and a member of the revolutionary organizationNarodnaya Volya. She helped orchestrate theassassination of Alexander II of Russia, for which she was executed by hanging.
Perovskaya was born inSaint Petersburg, into an aristocratic family who were the descendants by the marriage ofElizabeth of Russia. Her father, Lev Nikolaievich Perovsky, was the military governor of Saint Petersburg. Her grandfather,Nikolay Perovsky, was a governor ofTaurida. She spent her early years in theCrimea, where her education was largely neglected, but where she began reading serious books on her own.[1] After the family moved to Saint Petersburg, Perovskaya entered the Alarchinsky Courses, a girls’preparatory program.[2] Here she became friends with several girls who were interested in the radical movement. She left home at the age of sixteen over her father's objections to her new friends.[1] In 1871–1872, together with these friends, she joined theCircle of Tchaikovsky. In 1872–1873 and 1874–1877, she worked in the provinces ofSamara,Tver, andSimbirsk. During this period, she receiveddiplomas as ateacher and amedical assistant.
A prominent fellow member of the Circle of Tchaikovsky,Peter Kropotkin, said the following of Perovskaya:
In her moral conceptions she was a "rigorist", but not in the least of the sermon-preaching type. Perovskaya was a "populist" to the very bottom of her heart and at the same time a revolutionist, a fighter of the truest steel. She said to me once: "We have begun a great thing. Two generations perhaps will succumb in the task, and yet it must be done."[1]
In 1873, Perovskaya maintained several conspiracy apartments in Saint Petersburg for secret anti-tsaristpropaganda meetings that had not been sanctioned by the authorities. In January 1874, she was arrested and placed in thePeter and Paul fortress in connection with theTrial of the 193. She was acquitted in 1877–1878. Perovskaya also took part in an unsuccessful attempt to freeIppolit Myshkin, a revolutionary and a member of Narodnaya Volya. In the summer of 1878, Perovskaya became a member ofZemlya i Volya, was soon arrested again, andbanished to theOlonets Governorate. She managed to escape on her way toexile and went underground.
As a member ofZemlya I Volya, Perovskaya went toKharkov in order to organize the liberation of political prisoners from the central prison. In the fall of 1879, she became a member of the Executive Committee and later a member of the administrative committee ofZemlya i Volya. Perovskaya propagandized among students, soldiers, and workers, took part in organizing theWorker's Gazette, and maintained ties with political prisoners in Saint Petersburg. In November 1879 she took part in an attempt to blow up theimperial train on its way from Saint Petersburg to Moscow. The attempt failed. On her return to Saint Petersburg she joinedNarodnaya Volya.[1]
Perovskaya participated in preparingassassination attempts onAlexander II of Russia nearMoscow (November 1879), inOdessa (spring of 1880), and Saint Petersburg (the attempt that eventually killed him, 1 March 1881). She was the closest friend and later the wife ofAndrei Zhelyabov, a member of the executive committee ofNarodnaya Volya. Zhelyabov was to have directed the bombing attack, with the group of four bomb-throwers –Ignacy Hryniewiecki,Nikolai Kibalchich,Timofey Mikhailov, andNikolai Rysakov. However, when Zhelyabov was arrested two days prior to the attack, Perovskaya took the role.[3]
The night before the attack, Perovskaya helped assemble the bombs.[4][5]
On Sunday morning, 13 March [1 March,Old Style], the bomb-throwers gathered at the group's flat on Telezhnaya Street. At 9–10 AM, Perovskaya and Kibalchich each brought two missiles.[6][3]Perovskaya would later relate that, before heading to the Catherine Canal, she, Rysakov and Hryniewiecki sat in a confectionery store located opposite of theGostiny Dvor, impatiently waiting for the right time to intercept Alexander II's cavalcade. From there they parted ways and converged on the canal.[6]
In the afternoon, the Tsar was returning by Catherine Canal in his carriage after watching the weekly military roll call. Perovskaya, by taking out a handkerchief and blowing her nose as a predetermined signal, dispatched the assassins to the canal.[7]When the carriage was close enough for an attack, Perovskaya gave a signal, and Rysakov threw the bomb under the Tsar's carriage.[8] Theautocrat survived this first action because his carriage wasbulletproof but the second bomb, thrown byIgnacy Hryniewiecki, dispatched him.
Rysakov was captured, and while in custody, in an attempt to save his life, cooperated with the investigators. His testimony implicated the other participants, and the tsarist police apprehended Sophia Perovskaya, along with others, on 22 March. Rysakov established the identity of all prisoners. Although he knew many of them only by their party pseudonyms, he was able to describe the role they each had played.[9]
Just before her trial, she wrote in a letter to her mother:
My darling, I implore you to be calm, and not to grieve for me; for my fate does not afflict me in the least, and I shall meet it with complete tranquility, for I have long expected it, and known that sooner or later it must come. [...] I have lived as my convictions dictated, and it would have been impossible for me to have acted otherwise.[11]
Perovskaya, along with the other conspirators were tried by theSpecial Tribunal of the Ruling Senate on 26–29 March and sentenced to death by hanging.[12]
On the morning of 15 April [3 April,Old Style], the prisoners were transported to the parade grounds of theSemenovsky Regiment, where the execution was set to take place. They were all dressed in black prison uniforms, and on their chests hung a placard with the inscription: "Regicide". Perovskaya, along with Mikhailov and Kibalchich, was placed on a cart that was drawn through the city by a pair of horses.[13]The correspondent of theLondon Times estimated that the execution was attended by a hundred thousand spectators. When priests ascended the gallows to give the last rites, the convicts almost simultaneously approached them and kissed the crucifix. Once the priests withdrew, Zhelyabov and Mikhailov approached Perovskaya and they kissed each other good-bye. Perovskaya had turned away from Rysakov.[14][15]Four otherPervomartovtsy, including Zhelyabov, were hanged with her.[1]
Perovskaya was the first woman in Russia executed for a political crime.[16]
Three decades after her death, Perovskaya would become the inspiration for the Japanese feministKanno Sugako, who was involved in a 1910 plan toassassinate theEmperor Meiji.[17] Kanno was also executed by hanging.
In 2018 theNew York Times published a belated obituary for Perovskaya.[16]
At fifteen, she entered the Alarchinsky Courses, designed to prepare girls for university studies.
The first woman to be executed for a political crime in Russia, Perovskaya is credited with pushing the empire down the road to revolution and was later given the mantle of martyrdom.
Kanno was enthusiastic about carrying out the plan, hoping to emulate Sophia Perovskaya
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