Species of plant in the family Asteraceae native to North America
Solidago gigantea Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade :Tracheophytes Clade :Angiosperms Clade :Eudicots Clade :Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Genus: Solidago Species: S. gigantea
Binomial name Solidago gigantea Synonyms [ 2] Aster latissimifoliusvar. serotinus Kuntze Doria dumerorum (Lunell) Lunell Doria pitcheri (Nutt.) Lunell Solidago cleliae DC. Solidago deflexa Moench Solidago dumetorum Lunell Solidago fragrans A.Gray Solidago giganteavar. leiophylla Fernald Solidago giganteavar. pitcheri (Nutt.) Shinners Solidago giganteavar. serotina (Kuntze) Cronquist Solidago giganteasubsp. serotina (Kuntze) McNeill Solidago giganteavar. shinnersii Beaudry Solidago glabra Desf. Solidago pitcheri Nutt. Solidago sera J.F.Gmel. Solidago serotina Aiton Solidago serotinavar. dumertorum (Aiton) A.Gray Solidago serotinavar. gigantea (Aiton) A.Gray Solidago serotinaf. huntingdonensis Beaudry Solidago serotinavar. minor Hook. Solidago serotinoides Á.Löve & D.Löve Solidago shinnersii (Beaudry) Beaudry Solidago somesii Rydb.
Solidago gigantea North American plant species in the familyAsteraceae .[ 3] : 211 tall goldenrod [ 4] giant goldenrod ,[ 5]
Goldenrod is the state flower ofKentucky [ 6] Nebraska .[ 7]
Solidago gigantea is a perennial herb that reaches heights of up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, sometimes spreading by means of undergroundrhizomes . It often grows in clumps with no leaves at the base but numerous leaves on the stem. At the top, each stem produces a sizable array of many smallflower heads , sometimes several hundred. Each head is yellow, containing bothdisc florets andray florets .[ 4]
Solidago gigantea is found in a wide variety of natural habitats, although it is restricted to areas with at least seasonally moist soils.[ 4] [ 8]
It is a widespread species known from most of non-arcticNorth America east of theRocky Mountains . It has been reported from every state and province fromAlberta toNova Scotia toFlorida toTexas , and also from the state ofNuevo León in northeasternMexico .[ 9] [ 10]
Environmental impact [ edit ] Solidago gigantea is highly invasive throughout Europe and Asia.[ 11] [ 12] [ 13] [ 14] [ 15]
Parasitized by the BasidiomyceteColeosporium asterum [ 16]
This species is host to the following insect induced galls:
Asphondylia rosulata Dorchin, 2015 (leaf snap)Asphondylia solidaginis Beutenmuller, 1907 (leaf snap)Asteromyia carbonifera (Osten Sacken, 1862) Dasineura folliculi (Felt, 1908) Epiblema scudderiana (Clemens, 1860) Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch, 1855) Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis (Fitch, 1855) Gnorimoschema jocelynae Miller, 2000 Rhopalomyia capitata Felt, 1908 (spring and generations)Rhopalomyia inquisitor Felt, 1908 Schizomyia racemicola (Osten Sacken, 1862) Tephritis pura (Loew, 1873) Calycomyza solidaginis Kaltenbach , 1869[ 17] ^ NatureServe (8 January 2021)."Solidago gigantea – Smooth Goldenrod" .NatureServe Explorer (explorer.natureserve.org) .Arlington, Virginia : NatureServe. Retrieved6 February 2021 .^ POWO (2019)."Solidago gigantea Aiton" .Plants of the World Online (powo.science.kew.org) .Kew, London :Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved6 February 2021 .^ Aiton, W. (1789).Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew . Retrieved6 February 2021 – viaBiodiversity Heritage Library .^a b c Semple, J.C. ; Cook, R.E. (2006)."Solidago gigantea " . In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA) . Retrieved8 November 2014 – via eFloras.org,Missouri Botanical Garden , St. Louis, MO &Harvard University Herbaria , Cambridge, MA.^ NRCS ."Solidago gigantea " .PLANTS Database .United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved18 November 2015 .^ Kentucky State Legislature."Kentucky Revised Statutes: TITLE I SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH - CHAPTER 2 CITIZENSHIP, EMBLEMS, HOLIDAYS, AND TIME - 2.090 State flower (PDF)" .Kentucky General Assembly (legislature.ky.gov) . Retrieved6 February 2021 .2.090 State flower. The goldenrod is the official state flower of Kentucky. Effective: October 1, 1942. History: Recodified 1942 Ky. Acts ch. 208, sec. 1, effective October 1, 1942, from Ky. Stat. sec. 4618o. ^ Nebraska Library Commission ."Nebraska State Symbols" .NebraskAccess (nebraskaccess.nebraska.gov) . Retrieved6 February 2021 .^ Hilty, John (2020)."Giant Goldenrod -Solidago gigantea " .Illinois Wildflowers . Retrieved15 July 2019 . ^ Kartesz, John T. (2014)."Solidago gigantea " .County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA) . Biota of North America Program (BONAP). Retrieved15 June 2015 . ^ "Photo of herbarium specimen collected in Nuevo León, Mexico" .Tropicos (tropicos.org) . Retrieved15 June 2015 .^ Weber, E.; Jakobs, G. (2 May 2005)."Biological flora of central Europe:Solidago gigantea Aiton" Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants .200 (2).Amsterdam :Elsevier :109– 118.doi :10.1016/j.flora.2004.09.001 .ISSN 0367-2530 . Retrieved14 May 2020 . ^ Pal, R.W.; Chen, S.; Nagy, D.U.; Callaway, R.M. (2015)."Impacts ofSolidago gigantea on other species at home and away" Biological Invasions .17 (11). New York:Springer :3317– 3325.doi :10.1007/s10530-015-0955-7 .S2CID 3035546 . Retrieved14 May 2020 . ^ Jakobs, G.; Weber, E.; Edwards, P.J. (2004)."Introduced plants of the invasiveSolidago gigantea (Asteraceae) are larger and grow denser than conspecifics in the native range" .Diversity and Distributions .10 . Diversity and Distribution:11– 19.doi :10.1111/j.1472-4642.2004.00052.x ^ Nagy, D.U.; Stranczinger, S.; Godi, A.; Weisz, A.; Rosche, C.; Suda, J.; Mariano, M.; Pal, R.W. (April 2018)."Does higher ploidy level increase the risk of invasion? A case study with two geo-cytotypes ofSolidago gigantea Aiton (Asteraceae)" .Journal of Plant Ecology .11 (2):317– 327.doi :10.1093/jpe/rtx005 . Retrieved14 May 2020 . ^ Nagy, D.U.; Rauschert, E.S.J.; Henn, T.; Cianfaglione, K.; Stranczinger, S.; Pal, R.W. (June 2020)."The more we do, the less we gain? Balancing effort and efficacy in managing theSolidago gigantea invasion" .Weed Research .60 (3).Oxford, UK :John Wiley & Sons Ltd :232– 240.doi :10.1111/wre.12417 ISSN 1365-3180 . ^ McTaggart, Alistair R.; Aime, M. Catherine (2018)."The species ofColeosporium (Pucciniales ) onSolidago in North America" .Fungal Biology 122 (8).British Mycological Society (Elsevier ):800– 809.doi :10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.007 ISSN 1878-6146 .PMID 30007430 .S2CID 51626705 . ^ Kaltenbach, J.H. (1869). "Die deutschen Phytophagen aus der Klasse der Insekten [concl.]".Verh. Naturh. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl .26 (3, 6):106– 224.
AL Camellia ,Oak-leaf hydrangea WF AK Forget-me-not AZ Saguaro cactus blossom AR Apple blossom CA California poppy CO Rocky Mountain columbine CT Mountain laurel ,Mirabilis jalapa CH DE Peach blossom FL Orange blossom ,Tickseed WF GA Azalea WF Cherokee rose FE HI Hawaiian hibiscus ID Syringa, mock orange IL Violet ,Milkweed IN Peony IA Wild prairie rose KS Sunflower KY Goldenrod LA Magnolia ,Louisiana iris WF ME White pine cone and tassel MD Black-eyed susan MA Mayflower MI Apple blossom ,Dwarf lake iris WF MN Pink and white lady's slipper MS Magnolia ,Tickseed WF MO Hawthorn MT Bitterroot NE Goldenrod NV Sagebrush NH Purple lilac ,Pink lady's slipper WF NJ Violet NM Yucca flower NY Rose NC Flowering dogwood ,Carolina lily WF ND Wild prairie rose OH Scarlet carnation ,Large white trillium WF OK Oklahoma rose ,Indian blanket WF Mistletoe FE OR Oregon grape PA Mountain laurel ,Penngift crown vetch BC RI Violet SC Yellow jessamine ,Goldenrod WF SD Pasque flower TN Iris ,Purple passionflower WF Tennessee coneflower WF TX Bluebonnet sp. UT Sego lily VT Red clover VA American dogwood WA Coast rhododendron WV Rhododendron WI Wood violet WY Indian paintbrush AS Paogo (Ulafala) GU Bougainvillea spectabilis MP Flores mayo PR Maga VI Yellow elder Italics : state wildflowerWF CH FE BC
