TheGanges Canal orGanga Canal is acanal system that irrigates theDoab region between theGanges River and theYamuna River in India.
The canal is primarily an irrigation canal, although parts of it were also used for navigation, primarily for its construction materials. Separate navigation channels with lock gates were provided on this system for boats to negotiate falls. Originally constructed from 1842 to 1854, for an original head discharge of 6000 ft³/s, the Upper Ganges Canal has since been enlarged gradually for the present head discharge of 10,500 ft³/s (295 m³/s). The system consists of main canal of 272 miles and about 4,000 miles long distribution channels. The canal system irrigates nearly 9,000 km² of fertile agricultural land in ten districts ofUttar Pradesh andUttarakhand. Today the canal is the source of agricultural prosperity in much of these states, and the irrigation departments of these states actively maintain the canal against a fee system charged from users.
There are some small hydroelectric plants on the canal capable of generating about 33 MW if running at full capacity these are at Nirgajini, Chitaura, Salawa, Bhola, Jani, Jauli and Dasna.[1][2]
The canal is administratively divided into the Upper Ganges Canal fromHaridwar toAligarh, with some branches, and the Lower Ganges Canal whichconstitutes several branches below Aligarh.
The Upper Ganges canal is the important and the originalGanges Canal, which starts at theBhimgoda Barrage nearHar ki Pauri atHaridwar, traversesRoorkee,Purquazi,Sardhana (Meerut district),Muradnagar,Dasna,Bulandshahr,Khurja,Harduaganj and continues to Nanau (near Akrabad) inAligarh district, where it bifurcates into theKanpur branch andEtawah branch.
A channel from Chaudhary Charan Singh Ganga barrage atNarora (Bulandshahr district) intersects the canal system48 km downstream from Nanau (Aligarh district), and continues past theSengar River andSersa River, pastShikohabad inFirozabad District to become the Bhognipur branch which was opened in 1880. This branch, starting atvillage Jera in Mainpuri district, runs for 166 km to reach Kanpur.At kilometre 64 the Balrai escape carries excess water through a 6.4 km. channel through the ravines to discharge into the Yamuna. This branch has 386 km. of distributary channels.
The Bhognipur branch, together with the Kanpur and Etawah branches, is known as the Lower Ganges Canal. The old channels of the old Kanpur and Etawah branches between Nanau and the point of intersection by the channel from Narora, are known as "stumps", and are utilized only when the supply of water in the lower Ganges system runs low.[3] The main branch of the river passes Kanpur (behindIIT Kanpur campus) before breaking into several branches. A branch of it terminates Kanpur Jal Sansthan which comes from behindJ. K. Temple.
An irrigation system was felt necessary after the disastrousAgra famine of 1837–38, in which nearly 800,000 people died, and nearly ten million rupees was spent on relief works, resulting in considerable loss of revenue to theBritish East India Company. One of the moving forces behind the canal was ColonelProby Cautley, who was confident that a 500-kilometre canal was feasible. There were many obstacles and objections to his project, mostly financial, but Cautley persevered and after spending six months walking and riding through the area taking measurements, he managed to persuade the British East India Company to sponsor the project.
Digging of the canal began in April 1842.[4] Cautley had to make his own bricks,brick kiln and mortar. Initially, he was opposed by theHindu priests at Haridwar, who felt that the waters of theholy river Ganges would be imprisoned but Cautley pacified them by agreeing to leave a gap in the dam from where the water could flow unchecked. He further appeased the priests by undertaking the repair of bathing ghats along the river. He also inaugurated the dam by the worship ofLord Ganesh, the god of good beginnings. The dam was faced with many complications- among them was the problem of the mountainous streams that threatened the canal. NearRoorkee, the land fell away sharply and Cautley had to build an aqueduct to carry the canal for half a kilometre. As a result, at Roorkee the canal is 25 metres higher than the original river. When the canal formally opened on 8 April 1854,[4] its main channel was 348 miles (560 km) long, its branches 306 miles (492 km) long and the various tributaries over 3,000 miles (4,800 km) long. After irrigation was commenced in May 1855,[4] over 767,000 acres (3,100 km2) in 5,000 villages were irrigated.
In 1877 the whole canal system of the lower Doabs underwent radical alteration. The Lower Ganges Canal, with a feed from a channel from Narora, was constructed into the ghar tract of Etawah, and became the Bhognipur branch. Around 1900, according to the Nuttall Encyclopedia of 1907, it had a total extent of 3,700 miles (6,000 km), of which 500 miles (800 km) were navigable. Building of this canal also eventually led to the establishment of first engineering college in India,[5] the College of Civil Engineering at Roorkee (NowIndian Institute of Technology, Roorkee).[6]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907).The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)
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