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Sokuon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Japanese symbol
Not to be confused withSukūn, an Arabic ring-shaped diacritic marking amute consonant.
Japanese writing
Japanese writing
Components
Uses
Transliteration
kanagojūon
warayamahanatasakaa
wiri(yi)mihinichishikii
(wu)ruyumufunutsusukuu
were(ye)mehenetesekee
woroyomohonotosokoo
n
Kana modifiers and marks
Multi-moraic kana

Thesokuon (促音) is aJapanese symbol in the form of a smallhiragana orkatakanatsu, as well as the various consonants represented by it. In less formal language, it is calledchiisai tsu (小さいつ) orchiisana tsu (小さなつ), meaning "smalltsu".[1] It serves multiple purposes in Japanese writing.

Appearance

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In both hiragana and katakana, thesokuon appears as atsu reduced in size:

Full-sizedSokuon
Hiragana
Katakana

Use in Japanese

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The main use of thesokuon is to mark ageminate consonant,[1] which is represented in mostromanization systems by the doubling of the consonant, except thatHepburn romanization writes a geminatech astch. It denotes the gemination of the initial consonant of the symbol that follows it.

Examples:

  • Pocky, a Japanese snack food, is written in kana asポッキー, which is
    (po)
    (sokuon)
    (ki)
    (chōonpu)
    In rōmaji, this is writtenpokkī, with thesokuon represented by the doubledk consonant.
  • 待って (matte), thete form of the verb待つ (matsu, "wait"), is composed of:
    (ma) (kanji)
    (sokuon)
    (te)
    In the rōmaji rendering,matte, thesokuon is represented by the doubling of thet consonant.
  • こっち (kotchi), meaning "here", is composed of:
    (ko)
    (sokuon)
    (chi)
    InHepburn romanization,kotchi, thesokuon is represented by thet consonant, even though the following consonant isch. This is because rōmajich actually represents[t͡ɕ] (voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate), and the sokuon before it doubles the[t] sound. TheKunrei-shiki andNihon-shiki romanization systems write this syllable asti (and its geminate version astti) so the exception does not arise.

The sokuon never appears at the beginning of a word or before a vowel (a,i,u,e, oro), and rarely appears before a syllable that begins with the consonantsn,m,r,w, ory. (In words and loanwords that require geminating these consonants, (n), (mu), (ru), (u), and (i) are usually used, respectively, instead of the sokuon.) In addition, it does not appear before voiced consonants (g,z,d, orb), or beforeh, except in loanwords, or distorted speech, or dialects. However, uncommon exceptions exist for stylistic reasons: For example, the Japanese name of thePokémon speciesCramorant isウッウ, pronounced/uʔu/.[2]

The sokuon is also used at the end of a sentence, to indicate aglottal stop (IPA[ʔ], a sharp or cut-off articulation),[3] which may indicate angry or surprised speech. This pronunciation is also used for exceptions mentioned before (e.g., a sokuon before a vowel kana). There is no standard way of romanizing the sokuon that is at the end of a sentence. InEnglish writing,[clarification needed] this is often rendered as anem dash. Other conventions are to render it ast or as an apostrophe.

In theInternational Phonetic Alphabet, the sokuon is transcribed with either a colon-like length mark or a doubled consonant:

  • kite (来て, "come") – /kite/
  • kitte (切手, "postage stamp") – /kitːe/ or/kitte/
  • asari (あさり, "clams") – /asari/
  • assari (あっさり, "easily") – /asːari/ or/assari/

The sokuon represents amora, thus for example the wordNippon (日本, Japan) consists of only two syllables, but four morae: ni-p-po-n.[4]

Etymology

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Major Japanese dictionaries listsokusei (促声,lit.'rushed voice'), as a synonym for sokuon (促音,lit.'rushed sound').[5][6][7] This suggests an origin inMiddle Chinese phonology, wheresokusei (traditional Chinese:促聲), also known asnisshō, nissei (入聲, literally "entering voice"), referred to achecked tone, or a syllable that ends in anunreleased plosive (see促聲). 促聲 contrasts with舒聲 (literally "leisurely voice") which is a syllable that ends in avowel,semivowel, ornasal (see舒聲).

TheMeiji-era linguistŌshima Masatake used the termssokuon ("plosive") andhatsuon ("nasal") to describe ending consonants in Chinese (which he calledShinago (支那語), an outdated term used from theEdo period until after World War II[5][6]). These sounds were classified as "labial" (唇內,shinnai), "lingual" (舌內,zetsunai) and "guttural" (喉內,kōnai).Sokuon, in particular, were classified as follows:[p̚] is the "labial plosive" (唇內促音),[t̚] is the "lingual plosive" (舌內促音), and[k̚] is the "guttural plosive" (喉內促音).[8] Another of Ōshima's descriptions even more explicitly related the termssokuon andhatsuon to thefour tones of Middle Chinese.[9]

Modern Japanesesokuon arose, in no small part, fromconsonant assimilation that occurred when anEarly Middle Japanese approximation of a Chinesesokuon, such aspu (labial),t(i) (lingual) orki/ku (guttural), was followed by anobstruent (plosive orfricative).[10]

Use in other languages

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In addition to Japanese, sokuon is used inOkinawan katakana orthographies to represent glottal or ejective consonants.Ainu katakana uses a small both for a finalt-sound and to represent a sokuon (there is no ambiguity however, as gemination isallophonic with syllable-finalt).

Computer input

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There are several methods ofentering the sokuon using a computer or word-processor, such asxtu,ltu,ltsu, etc. Some systems, such asKotoeri formacOS and the Microsoft IME, generate a sokuon if an applicable consonant letter is typed twice; for exampletta generatesった.

Other representations

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Braille:

⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)

Character information
Preview
Unicode nameHIRAGANA LETTER SMALL TUKATAKANA LETTER SMALL TUHALFWIDTH KATAKANA LETTER SMALL TU
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode12387U+306312483U+30C365391U+FF6F
UTF-8227 129 163E3 81 A3227 131 131E3 83 83239 189 175EF BD AF
GB 18030164 195A4 C3165 195A5 C3132 49 151 4984 31 97 31
Numeric character referenceっっッッッッ
Shift JIS[11]130 19382 C1131 9883 62175AF
EUC-JP[12]164 195A4 C3165 195A5 C3142 1758E AF
EUC-KR[13] /UHC[14]170 195AA C3171 195AB C3
Big5 (non-ETEN kana)[15]198 199C6 C7199 91C7 5B
Big5 (ETEN /HKSCS)[16]199 74C7 4A199 191C7 BF

See also

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References

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  1. ^abKawahara, Shigeto."The phonetics of obstruent geminates,sokuon"(PDF).Rutgers University.S2CID 145942. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2015-11-23.
  2. ^The pronunciation is verifiable here:Nintendo Direct (September 5, 2019; 23 min 48 s). Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  3. ^"What is that small tsu at the end of a sentence?". sljfaq.org. Retrieved2019-06-28.
  4. ^Nick Miller, Anja Lowit (2014).Motor Speech Disorders: A Cross-Language Perspective. Multilingual Matters. p. 223.ISBN 978-1-78309-232-1.
  5. ^abNihon Kokugo Daijiten
  6. ^abDaijirin
  7. ^Daijisen
  8. ^Ōshima, Masatake (July 1897). "撥音と促音".音韻漫錄 (in Japanese). pp. 45–47.
  9. ^Ōshima, Masatake (5 February 1899)."古今入聲の比較".東京獨立雜誌 (in Japanese) (21): 13.
  10. ^Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). "Part II: Early Middle Japanese".A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge University Press.
  11. ^Unicode Consortium (2015-12-02) [1994-03-08]."Shift-JIS to Unicode".
  12. ^Unicode Consortium;IBM."EUC-JP-2007".International Components for Unicode.
  13. ^Unicode Consortium;IBM."IBM-970".International Components for Unicode.
  14. ^Steele, Shawn (2000)."cp949 to Unicode table".Microsoft /Unicode Consortium.
  15. ^Unicode Consortium (2015-12-02) [1994-02-11]."BIG5 to Unicode table (complete)".
  16. ^van Kesteren, Anne."big5".Encoding Standard.WHATWG.
  • Fujihiko Kaneda, Rika Samidori (1989).Easy hiragana: first steps to reading and writing basic Japanese. Passport Books. pp. 74−78.

External links

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Look up促音,, or in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sokuon&oldid=1262645857"
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