Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation comes in many forms. It includesmobile apps for contact tracing andnotifications about infection risks,vaccine passports, software for enabling – or improving the effectiveness of –lockdowns andsocial distancing, Websoftware for the creation of related information services, and research and development software. A common issue is that few apps interoperate, reducing their effectiveness.
Numerous tracing applications have been developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions. Several frameworks for building contact-tracing apps have been developed. Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.
Less overtly intrusive alternatives include the co-option ofBluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones. (Bluetooth technology has form in tracking cell-phones' locations.))On 10 April 2020,Google andApple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into theirAndroid andiOSoperating systems. India's COVID-19 tracking appAarogya Setu became the world's fastest growing application—beatingPokémon Go—with 50 million users in the first 13 days of its release. (Full article...)
Voluntary use by the public was ineffective.[3][4][5] A lack of features and bugs further reduced usefulness.[6]
Some apps include "check-ins" that enable exposure notifications when entering public venues such as fitness centres.[7] One such example is the We-Care project that used anonymity and crowdsourced information about which check-ins are essential, to alert exposed users.[8][9][10]
Digital vaccine passports and vaccination certificates use software for verifying vaccination status.[4]
Such certificates were used to regulate access to events, buildings and services such as airplanes, concert venues andhealth clubs[4] and travel across borders.[11]
Given the uneven distribution of vaccines across jurisdictions, granting privileges based on vaccination status certification means that those with easier vaccine access have unfair access to those privileges.[12] If vaccination status is only verifiable using digital technology, those without that technology may also lose access even if they are vaccinated. Such privileging mechanisms may exacerbate inequality,[13] increase risks of deliberate infections or transmission,[11][14] Public health justifications for restricting behavior based on vaccine status have become less frequent over the course of the pandemic as vaccines do not stop transmission.
Some teams are developing interoperable solutions, but this is not common.[4][15] Governments express concerns overdata sovereignty.[16]
WHO established a "working group focused on establishing standards for a common architecture for a digital smart vaccination certificate to support vaccine(s) against COVID-19 and other immunizations".[13][17]
Laurin Weissinger argued that it is important for such software to be fullyfree and open source, to clarify concepts and designs, to have it tested by security experts and to describe data that is collected and how it is used to build trust.[20] Jenny Wanger contended that it is essential for such software to be open source.[21] Jay Stanley affirmed this notion and warned that an "architecture that is not good for transparency, privacy, or user control" could set a "bad standard" for future credentialing systems.[22]
It has been suggested that this section besplit out into another article. (Discuss)(June 2021)
The Wikimedia project Scholia provides agraphical interface around data inWikidata – such as literature about a specific coronavirus protein – to help with research, research-analysis, data interoperability, applications, updates, and data-mining.[25][26]
A group of online archivists usedopen access PHP- and Linux-basedshadow librarySci-Hub to create an archive of over 5000 articles aboutcoronaviruses. Making the archive openly accessible is currently illegal.[27] Sci-Hub provides free full access for most scientific pandemic publications.[citation needed]
This sectionneeds expansion with: Content regarding apps for citizen science from its respective article, and the article on the pandemic's impacts on STEM, particularly bulleted lists. You can help byadding to it.(September 2021)
The open source, Qt-[34][35] and GTK-basedGNU Health offer a variety of default features for use during pandemics.[24] It allows parties to pool efforts on a single, integrated program – instead of individual, programs for specific purposes. Existing features include a way for making clinical information available and update it in any health institution via a globally unique "Person Universal ID". It includes lab test templates and functionalities, digital signing and encryption.[36]
In China, Web-technologies were used to direct individuals to appropriate resources. Infrared thermal cameras are used to detect individuals with fever.[38] Machine learning has been used for diagnosis and risk prediction.[38]
Electronic monitoring has been used to manage quarantine adherence. Furthermore, various software designs may threaten civil liberties and infringe on privacy.[38] China informs individuals about whether and how long they must quarantine via a phone app and informs authorities about their compliance.[39]
Software has been used inleaks and industrial espionage of vaccine-related data.[40]Machine learning has been applied to improve vaccine manufacturing productivity.[41]
That monthRosetta@home joined the effort. Researchers announced that Rosetta@home allowed them to "accurately predict the atomic-scale structure of an important coronavirus protein weeks before it could be measured in the lab."[49]
In May 2020, the OpenPandemics—COVID-19 partnership was launched betweenScripps Research and IBM'sWorld Community Grid. The partnership is a distributed computing project that "will automatically run a simulated experiment in the background [of connected home PCs] that will help predict the efficacy of a particular chemical compound as a potential treatment forCOVID-19."[50]
Supercomputers – including Summit andFugaku – have been used to explore potential treatments by running simulations with data on already-approved medications.[51][52][53][42][44] Two early examples of supercomputer consortia are listed:
The C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute, an additional consortium of Microsoft, six universities (including MIT), and theNational Center for Supercomputer Applications in Illinois, working under the auspices of artificial intelligence software company C3.ai pooled supercomputer resources toward drug discovery, medical protocol development and public health strategy improvement, as well as awarding grants for similar purposes.[57][58]
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