Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (Indonesian:Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno–Hatta;IATA:CGK,ICAO:WIII), also sometimes abbreviated asSHIA[6] orSoetta, and formerly legally called JakartaCengkareng Airport (Indonesian:Bandar Udara Jakarta Cengkareng, hence the IATA designator "CGK"), is the primary airport serving theJakarta metropolitan area on the island ofJava in Indonesia. Named after the first president and vice-president of Indonesia,Sukarno (1901–1970) andMohammad Hatta (1902–1980), the airport is located atBenda, Tangerang andCengkareng,West Jakarta, which is about 20 km northwest ofCentral Jakarta.
For 2024, Soetta was the second busiest airports (by passenger seats numbers) in South-East Asia byOAG with 39,327,770 seats, behind Singapore's Changi with 41,530,309 seats.[13]
The airport handled 348,088 aircraft movements in 2023.[14][15]
History
Until 1985, Jakarta's first airport,Kemayoran Airport, was the main airport for the city and was eventually considered inadequate for further expansion[when?] because it was too close to the majorHalim Perdanakusuma airport. The civil airspace in the area became increasingly restricted, while air traffic increased rapidly, posing problems for international air traffic. In 1969, a senior communication officers meeting inBangkok expressed these concerns.[citation needed]
In the early 1970s, with the help ofUSAID, eight potential locations were analyzed for a new international airport, namelyKemayoran, Malaka,Babakan,Jonggol,Halim,Curug,South Tangerang and North Tangerang.[citation needed] Finally, the North Tangerang site was chosen; it was also noted that Jonggol could be used as an alternative airfield. Meanwhile, as an interim step, the Indonesian government upgraded the Halim Perdanakusuma airfield for use for passenger services. The old Kemayoran site was closed in 1985, and the land was later used for commercial and housing purposes.[16]
Between 1974 and 1975, aCanadian consortium, consisting of Aviation Planning Services Ltd., ACRESS International Ltd., and Searle Wilbee Rowland (SWR), won a bid for the new airport feasibility project. The feasibility study started on 20 February 1974, costing 1 millionCanadian dollars. The one-year project proceeded with an Indonesian partner represented by PT Konavi. By the end of March 1975, the study revealed a plan to build three inline runways, three international terminal buildings, three domestic buildings, and one forHajj flights. Three stores for the domestic terminals would be built between 1975 and 1981 at a cost ofUS$465 million and one domestic terminals including an apron from 1982 to 1985 for US$126 million. A new terminal project, named theJakarta International Airport Cengkareng, began.[17]
The airport commenced domestic operations on 1 May 1985 replacing the old over-capacityKemayoran Airport. The airport was expanded in 1991 to replaceHalim Perdanakusuma International Airport for international flights, which still serves domestic, charter, VIP, private flights, and re-opened as a second commercial airport for domestic flights to relieve pressure over Soekarno-Hatta airport that is currently running overcapacity.
To reduce congestion and to achieve a target to handle 100 flights per hour, a third runway opened in August 2019 and a fourth terminal was planned to be in operation by 2025.[18]
The airport was planned to serve 100 million passengers annually by 2025 after completion of development work.[19] However on 4 November 2024, the construction of the fourth terminal was cancelled by Eric Tohir the then minister of state-owned enterprises, due to lower-than-projected passenger numbers and lower aircraft traffic movement.[20]
Design
Tropical gardens fill the spaces between Javanese-styledpendopo waiting and boarding pavilions
The airport's terminals 1 and 2 were designed byPaul Andreu, a French architect who also designedParis–Charles de Gaulle Airport. One of the characteristics of the airport is the incorporation of local architecture into the design and the presence of tropical gardens between the waiting lounges. These unique characteristics earned the airport the 1995Aga Khan Award for Architecture.[21] The runways run northeast-southwest. There are three parallel runways, two on the north side and one on the south side. The airport terminal took the plan of spanning fan, with the main entrances of terminals connected to a series of waiting and boarding pavilions via corridors. These waiting and boarding pavilions are connected to the airplanes throughboarding bridges. Terminal 1 is on the southern side of the airport, while Terminals 2 and 3 are on the north side.
The airport concept is described as "garden within the airport" or "airport in the garden", as tropical decorative and flower plants fill the spaces between corridors, waiting and boarding pavilions. The boarding pavilions demonstrate localIndonesian vernacular architecture, particularly the roof, in theJavanese stepped-roofpendopo andjoglo style. The interior design displays the diversity of Indonesian art and culture, with ethnic decorative elements taken from wooden carvings of Java, Bali, Sumatra, Dayak,Toraja to Papua. Another example is the railings of stairs, doors, and gates, which show thekala-makara (giant head and mythical fish-elephant creature) theme typical inancient Indonesian temples such asBorobudur. Terminal 3, however, has a different architectural style—unlike the ethnic-inspired Indonesian vernacular architecture of terminals 1 and 2, terminal 3 uses the contemporary modern style of large glass windows with metal frames and columns.
Project phases
On 20 May 1980, a four-year contract was signed. Sainraptet Brice, SAE, Colas together with PT. Waskita Karya was chosen to be the developer. Ir.Karno Barkah was appointed the project director, responsible for the airport's construction.[22] On 1 December 1980, the Indonesian government signed a contract for Rp. 384.8 billion with developers. The cost structure was: Rp140,450,513,000 from the state budget, 1,223,457 francs donated by France and US$15,898,251 from the United States. The airport structure was completed exactly four years later.[citation needed]
Phases of Soekarno–Hatta International Airport project
Phase
Year
Description
Status
Phase 1
1 May 1985
Opening of Terminal 1 with a capacity of 9 million passengers per annum
Completed
Phase 2
11 May 1991
Opening of Terminal 2 with a capacity of 18 million passengers per annum
Completed
Phase 3
15 April 2009
Construction of Terminal 3 phase 1 with a capacity of 22 million passengers per annum
Completed
Fully built new freight terminal (on northwest section)
Pending
Phase 4
9 August 2016
Completion of Terminal 3 with a capacity of 43 million passengers per annum
Completed
Construction of airport railway
Completed
Construction of third runway
Completed
Construction of east-cross taxiway
Completed
Phase 5
2022
Refurbishment of Terminal 1 & Terminal 2 to increase capacity to 61 million passengers per annum
In the first stage, Terminal 3 will be expanded. Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 will be integrated with green walls[clarification needed] and the airport will have a convention hall, shopping center, hotel, playground, recreational facilities and parking area for 20,000 vehicles.[23]
To anticipate a surge in passenger numbers, at least a ten percent increase each year, the government made plans to build a third runway. By May 2019 the construction progress reached 70 percent. 2500 meters of the runway began operational on 15 August 2019.[24] The third runway will be expanded to 3000 metres by the end of 2019. With the opening of the third runway, capacity was increased to 114 flights per hour, up from 81 flights per hour.[citation needed]
Initially, Angkasa Pura II planned for an expansion that will use about 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) from 10 villages in the Teluk Naga andKosambi subdistricts.[25][26] The expansion plan was rejected by the Tangerang Municipal Government because the residents living around the airport would lose their jobs. The local government offered another location such as inBalaraja, but Angkasa Pura II corporate secretary said that building a new airport would not be an easy task, as it requires a thorough study.[27] Finally, Angkasa Pura II only used 134 hectares of land and appraisal will be used to buy the land.[28] It can be done due to a new design for the third runway.
To accommodate 86 aircraft movements per hour from the current 72 movements per hour, since 2016 the airport authority has been developing an east cross taxiway costing Rp 1.15 trillion ($86.1 million) to connect the existing Runway 1 and Runway 2. The east cross taxiway was finished and opened in December 2019.[29]
Terminals
There are three main terminal buildings: Terminal 1, Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. The airport also has a dedicated freight terminal for domestic and international cargo.
Terminal 1
Terminal 1 is the first terminal built and was opened in 1985.[30] It is located on the southern side of the airport, opposite Terminal 2. Terminal 1 has three sub-terminals, each equipped with 25 check-in counters, 23 aerobridges, five baggage carousels, and seven gates. It can handle 9 million passengers per annum.
The gates in Terminal 1 have a prefix of A, B or C. The gates are A1–A7, B1–B7 and C1–C7. In the latest master plan, Terminal 1 will have its capacity increased to 18 million passengers per annum.
Terminal 1B and Terminal 1C underwent renovations in early 2020s. The project is expected to double the number of passengers at both terminals to 36 million a year. Terminal 1B was reopened on 15 March 2025,[31] followed by Terminal 1C on 12 November of the same year.[32]
Terminal 2
Check-in area, Terminal 2
Terminal 2 is the second terminal built and was opened in 1991. It is located on the north-western side of the airport, opposite Terminal 1. Like Terminal 1, it has three sub-terminals, labeled as D, E and F, each of which has seven gates, 40 aerobridges and 25 check-in counters. Terminal 2D and 2E and was converted into an internationallow-cost carrier terminal (LCCT) in 2019,[33][34] while terminal 2F exclusively caters tohajj andumrah (minor hajj) flights since 2025.[35]
Terminal 3 departure concourse in 2025Check-in desks at Terminal 3
Terminal 3 is the airport's newest and largest terminal. It is used as a base forGaruda Indonesia andCitilink and serves as a full-service terminal for both international and domestic flights.
The original Terminal 3 was officially opened for international flights on 15 November 2011, when allIndonesia AirAsia flights started using Terminal 3 as its new base for international, as well as domestic flights. It was built to cater to low-cost carriers. The terminal was located on the north-eastern side of the airport.[36]
On 9 August 2016, a new passenger terminal named 'Terminal 3 Ultimate', was officially opened. The original Terminal 3 was revamped and integrated into the new Terminal 3 Ultimate, forming the current Terminal 3. It has a floor area of 422,804 m2 (4,551,020 sq ft) and was built to handle 25 million passengers per annum. Unlike Terminal 1 and 2, Terminal 3's architectural style is vastly different, using an eco-friendly contemporary modern design.[37] It is equipped with 10 international gates, 18 domestic gates, 112 check-in counters, 59 aerobridges and 10 bus gates.[38][39]
In 2018, the terminal's west pier (Pier 1) was extended. 8 new aerobridges were added, with 7 catering to wide-body aircraft and 1 catering to narrow-body aircraft.[40][41]
Terminal 3 is equipped with BHS level 5 to detect bombs, an Airport Security System (ASS) which can control up to 600 CCTVs to detect faces who are available in the security register, an Intelligence Building Management System (IBMS) which can control uses of water and electricity (eco-green), rainwater system to produce clean water from rain, a recycled water system to produce toilet water from used toilet water, and illumination technology control to illuminate the terminal depending on the weather surrounding the terminal.[42] Terminal 3 will be able to serve 60 airplanes from the current 40 airplanes.[43]
Cancelled projects
Terminal 4
In 2019, Angkasa Pura II announced a plan to build Terminal 4, which would have been located on the north side of runway 1,[44][45] north of Terminal 3, and east of Terminal 1. The terminal was to be built on 130 hectares of land and serve 45 million passengers annually.[46] The terminal was to be designed in the form of an 'H' and use eco-friendly and modern design, similar to the design of Terminal 3. The terminal was originally expected to be operational by 2024, but construction never commenced.
Jakarta–Singapore is one of the world's busiest international air routes; passenger numbers on this route are growing fast. It was the second busiest international route in Asia after Hong Kong–Taipei in 2015.[357]Singapore Airlines alone operates more than 70 weekly flights between Jakarta and Singapore. The Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta–Surabaya route is ranked ninth busiest in the world byIATA in 2016.[358] Jakarta–Singapore, and Jakarta–Kuala Lumpur routes are ranked in the top ten of world's busiest international air routes in 2018.[359]
New traffic procedure
To ease congestion, the airport authority implemented a new traffic procedure, the 72 Improved Runway Capacity (IRC 72), to handle 72 planes per hour. This limited a plane to 30–45 minutes only for arrival and unloading of passengers, to allow other planes to use the parking space. Gradually it has been implemented and on 26 June 2014, IRC 72 has been implemented fully for the period of 00:00 am to 01:30 am, 02:00 am to 10:00 am and 11:30 pm to 00:00 am with occupancy periods for aircraft are reduced from 110 seconds to 90 seconds of takeoff and from 65 seconds to 50 seconds for landing. The low time is from 04:00 pm to 10:00 pm with only maximum 32 flights/hour.[360] By 2015, IRC 72 will become IRC 86 with the opening of the new terminal.[361] As a comparison,London Heathrow Airport, which has 2 runways like SHIA, can handle 100 flights per hour, so the target for SHIA has been revised to 92 flights per hour by 2015.[362] As of July 2017, maximum flight frequency at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport had been increased to 81 take-offs and landings per hour to accommodate increasing demand from aviation companies.[363]
Airport facilities
Airport hotel
Soekarno–Hatta International Airport has a hotel, the Bandara International Hotel, managed byAccorHotels. The Bandara International Hotel, which is located on the left side of the main exit road from the airport, has 4 floors with 220 guest rooms. The airport now has other hotels, including budget such asIbis Styles,[364] Pop! Hotels,Swiss-Belhotel, Orchard Hotel,Swiss-Belinn,Ibis Budget, and Amaris as an alternative. Terminal 3 of the airport has a digital airport hotel orcapsule hotel with 120 rooms, including Alpha-type and Beta-type rooms.[365]
Other facilities
Shopping area at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport
The airport contains the head office ofGaruda Indonesia, Garuda Indonesia Management Building, located in the Garuda Indonesia City Center.[366]Angkasa Pura II's head office is on the airport property.[367]Sriwijaya Air has its head office at Sriwijaya Air Tower.[368]
There are 21 reading corners located in the waiting rooms of Terminal 2D, 2E and 2F.[369] Shopping areas are also available in all terminals. Duty-free shops, souvenir shops, restaurants, and a cafeteria can be found there. There is a new "Shopping Arcade" located in terminal 1C. There are no shops in the arrival zones of the terminals, except for Terminal 3, where several cafes and fast-food restaurant chains are located.
To handle the overcrowding of smoking rooms being used, airport authorities have drawn up plans to build a smoking area in a garden near the rest area in Terminal 1A. It was opened in January 2015 and it will be developed to other terminals, if necessary.[370]
Ground transportation
There are several transportation options available for access to the airport: local airport terminal shuttles, trains, buses, taxi services of various kinds, and cars. There is a free shuttle bus service and people maneuver system Skytrain to connect the terminals of the airport.
Bus
Several bus companies, including the state-ownedPerum DAMRI and private company Primajasa,[371] provide services to various destinations from the airport.Jabodetabek Airport Connexion which consist of Perum DAMRI, Big Bird, and Sinar Jaya Megah Langgeng serve routes from the airport to certain malls and hotels inGreater Jakarta.[372] The buses operate from 06.00 to 23.00 with routes:[373]
Rail
Skytrain Automated People Mover for inter-terminal airport shuttle service
The Soekarno–Hatta Airport Skytrain (Indonesian:Kalayang Bandara Soekarno–Hatta) is a semi-driverless 3.05 kilometreAutomated People Mover System (APMS) which connects Terminals 1, 2, 3 andSHIA railway station, free of charge. Trains are spaced 5 minutes apart, with 7 minutes needed to get from Terminal 1 to Terminal 3.[374][375] The trains are only available on the landside.
Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link connectsJakarta city centre with the airport. The train takes 45 minutes to travel fromManggarai station inSouth Jakarta toSHIA station. Each train accommodates up to 272 passengers and was originally designed to serve about 35,000 passengers with 122 trips a day.[377] As of July 2025, there is a 30-minute headway between the train departures. The Rail Link makes 35 trips daily fromManggarai station toSHIA between 05:00 and 22:00. Trips from SHIA to Manggarai run from 05:57 to 22:57.[378]
An express line betweenHalim Perdanakusuma Airport in South Jakarta and SHIA is under planning stage, to be built by an external investor in apublic–private partnership.[379][380] The express train will take 30 minutes to connect the airports.[381] The construction of this line has been delayed and completion was originally projected to be in 2019 at the earliest.[382] As of 2025[update], the express line has yet to be constructed.
Accidents and incidents
Baggage claim at terminal 2.The old Terminal 3.
On 28 October 1997, aTrigana Air ServiceFokker F-28 Fellowship 3000 passenger plane returned to land at the airport after the aircraft experienced technical problems two minutes after takeoff. Smoke and severe heat had entered the cockpit and the passenger cabin. The airplane sustained damage due to the heat.[383]
On 23 January 2003, aStar AirBoeing 737 touched down 500 meters (1,600 ft) past the threshold of runway 25L, a little left of the centerline, at a time of heavy rainfall with associated heavy winds. It went off the side of the runway, causing substantial damage to the aircraft's undercarriage and belly.[384]
2003 Soekarno–Hatta International Airport bombing – On 27 April 2003, a bomb exploded in terminal 2, departure hall of the domestic terminal. The bomb was hidden under a table of aKFC stall and exploded during lunch hours. 10 people were injured in the blast, a 17-year-old teenager identified as Yuli was seriously injured and had to had her legs amputated. Emergency services were rushed to the scene and suspected that the motive of the bombing was due to theFree Aceh Movement, a separatist movement in Aceh. This was proved by the location of the blast, which was located on the domestic passenger hall rather than on the international passenger hall.[385][386][387][388]
On 9 March 2009, aLion AirMD-90 overran runway 25L, due to an unstable approach 100 meters (330 ft) before the runway in rainfall and strong winds, in which the aircraft touched down to the left of the centerline. Although its thrust reversers were functioning, it veered to the right, resulting in the aircraft resting 90 degrees off the runway.[390]
In 1995, the landscaping of Soekarno–Hatta airport was awarded byAga Khan Award for Architecture as one of the best examples of integrating the terminal building pavilions with lush tropical garden harmoniously.[392]
^"Kemayoran Tower – News". Department of Communication, Informatics and Public Relations of Jakarta Capital City. 28 August 2012. Archived fromthe original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved4 June 2015.
^"Riwayat Pembangunan Cengkareng".Angkasa (in Indonesian). No. 4. January 2002. Archived from the original on 22 January 2002. Retrieved18 August 2015.
^Peng, Xi (20 December 2025)."昆明=雅加达客运航线正式复航" [The Kunming-Jakarta passenger route has officially resumed operation] (in Chinese). Retrieved11 January 2026.
^"Informasi Perusahaan".Angkasa Pura II.Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved16 September 2010.Kantor Pusat PT (Persero) Angkasa Pura II Bandara Internasional Jakarta Soekarno–Hatta
^"Offices".Sriwijaya Air. Archived fromthe original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved9 January 2021.Head Office Sriwijaya Air And NAM Air Sriwijaya Air Tower Jl. Atang Sanjaya No. 21 Soekarno Hatta Airport Tangerang - Banten, Indonesia
Names inbold are international airports; names of international airports marked with‡ haveVisa on Arrival (VoA) facility Names of airports marked with⬠ are exclusively or also served as military airbases
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Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (Soetta / SHIA)
