Thesociology of death (sometimes known associology of death, dying and bereavement ordeath sociology) explores and examines the relationships between society anddeath.[1]
The sociology of death can be defined as an interdisciplinary and relatively recent field of research concerned with the interactions of dying, death, and grief with society. It explores and examines both the micro to macro levels of interaction; from relationships of death upon individuals to its process across society.[4][5] The precise characterisation of the sociology of death is debated, but primarily revolves around the idea that death is asocial construct. Experiences both as an audience and participant of dying and death, are highly shaped by social factors.[6]
The development of the sociology of death can be attributed, at least within a Western concept of sociology, withHarriet Martineau.[6] Martineau's work, reflecting onsuicide, reaction from it by religion, to insights into national morals, through their bookHow to Observe Morals and Manners[7] (1838) helped establish a sociological methodology of death.[8][9]
InThe Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, Durkheim outlines: 'when someone dies, the group to which he belongs feels itself lessened and, to react against this loss, it assembles. Collective sentiments are renewed which then lead men to seek one another and to assemble together'.[11] Here, evidence to the sociological nature of dying and death are considered.[citation needed]
To an extent Weber is also attributed to the creation of a sociology of death. In their work onPuritan beliefs and the development of capitalism they outline that death, although the end of an individual, can be seen as a crucial moment where the development of society takes place within.[13] Through rituals and belief systems, common collective agreement of what society should be is born. In the Puritan case study, Weber's work leans on the afterlife belief ofpredestination – a belief system that Weber outlined helped to establish capitalist society.[12]
Precursory work, as seen above, had created a prototype field of research for the sociology of death to grow out from. Further work in the 1960s[4] grew into a defined interdisciplinary field from the 1990s with great outputs of research and offerings of academic courses on sociologically related issues around death.[6]
The sociology of death highlights distinct social considerations to explore aspects of dying, death, and grief that surround the emotional ending of human life. However, there are also cognitive, behavioural, and spiritual aspects to consider in the sociological examination of death.[10] The sociology of death has a distinct interdisciplinary nature that leans on closely associated fields of research with sociology.
The overlap of the scientific study of death and sociology have produced areas of research focused ondeathcare professionals,[16]near-death experiences,[17][18] to reducing pain and social suffering in dying.[19]
A common theme of research into the sociology of death is the taboo or perceived social taboo that surrounds death. "Death denial" culture and interaction within society is both a heavily researched and critiqued area.[20][21]
Throughout the world, mortality rates have steadily decreased decade upon decade[22][23] that has historically changed our meaning to death.[4] As age-related illness and diseases has become part of our lives, what makes a "good death" socially has altered along with advancements in medicine and technology.[24]
As a field of study, throughout course books to articles, a focus on Western societies has produced a Eurocentric and Western centric views of the sociology of death.[6][12]
^Van Brussel, Leen; Carpentier, Nico (2014).The social construction of death : interdisciplinary perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN978-1137391919.OCLC890435068.
^Seale, Clive (1998).Constructing death : the sociology of dying and bereavement. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.ISBN051100267X.OCLC47009903.
^abDurkheim, Emile (1915).The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated by Cosman, Carol. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2001). p. 339.ISBN978-0192832559.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Weber, Max (1905).The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit by Max Weber. Dover Publications Inc. (published 2003).ISBN978-0486427034.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
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