Social realism is work produced by painters, printmakers, photographers, writers, filmmakers and some musicians that aims to draw attention to the real socio-political conditions of theworking class as a means to critique the power structures behind these conditions. While the movement's characteristics vary from nation to nation, it almost always uses a form of descriptive or critical realism.[1]
The term is sometimes more narrowly used for anart movement that flourished in theinterwar period as a reaction to the hardships and problems suffered by common people after theGreat Crash. In order to make their art more accessible to a wider audience, artists turned to realist portrayals of anonymous workers as well as celebrities as heroic symbols of strength in the face of adversity. The goal of the artists in doing so was political as they wished to expose the deteriorating conditions of the poor and working classes and hold the existing governmental and social systems accountable.[2]
Social realism should not be confused withsocialist realism, the official Soviet art form that was institutionalized byJoseph Stalin in 1934 and was later adopted by allied Communist parties worldwide. It is also different fromrealism as it not only presents conditions of the poor, but does so by conveying the tensions between two opposing forces, such as between farmers and their feudal lord.[1] However, sometimes the terms social realism and socialist realism are used interchangeably.[3]
Social realism, as an art movement that became prominent in the United States in theinterwar period, as a reaction to the increasing hardship for ordinary people, was influenced by the social realist tradition in France which had existed for decades.[4]
Social realism traces back to 19th-century EuropeanRealism, including the art ofHonoré Daumier,Gustave Courbet andJean-François Millet. Britain'sIndustrial Revolution aroused concern for the poor, and in the 1870s the work of artists such asLuke Fildes,Hubert von Herkomer,Frank Holl, andWilliam Small were widely reproduced inThe Graphic.
In Russia,Peredvizhniki or "Social Realism" was critical of thesocial environment that caused the conditions pictured, and denounced theTsarist period.Ilya Repin said that his art work aimed "to criticize all the monstrosities of our vile society" of the Tsarist period. Similar concerns were addressed in 20th-century Britain by theArtists' International Association,Mass Observation and theKitchen sink school.[1]
Social realist photography draws from the documentary traditions of the late 19th century, such as the work ofJacob A. Riis, and Maksim Dmitriyev.[1]
In about 1900, a group ofRealist artists led byRobert Henri challenged the AmericanImpressionism and academics, in what would become known as theAshcan school. The term was suggested by a drawing byGeorge Bellows, captionedDisappointments of the Ash Can, which appeared in thePhiladelphia Record in April 1915.[5]
In paintings, illustrations, etchings, and lithographs, Ashcan artists concentrated on portrayingNew York's vitality, with a keen eye on current events and the era's social and political rhetoric. H. Barbara Weinberg ofThe Metropolitan Museum of Art has described the artists as documenting "an unsettling, transitional time that was marked by confidence and doubt, excitement and trepidation. Ignoring or registering only gently harsh new realities such as the problems of immigration and urban poverty, they shone a positive light on their era."[5]
Notable Ashcan works includeGeorge Luks'Breaker Boy andJohn Sloan'sSixth Avenue Elevated at Third Street. The Ashcan school influenced the art of theDepression era, includingThomas Hart Benton's muralCity Activity with Subway.[1]
The term dates on a broader scale to theRealist movement in French art during the mid-19th century. Social realism in the 20th century refers to the works of the French artistGustave Courbet and in particular to the implications of his 19th-century paintingsA Burial At Ornans andThe Stone Breakers, which scandalized FrenchSalon–goers of 1850,[6] and is seen as an international phenomenon also traced back to European realism and the works ofHonoré Daumier andJean-François Millet.[1] The social realist style fell out of fashion in the 1960s but is still influential in thinking and the art of today.
In the more limited meaning of the term, Social Realism with roots in EuropeanRealism became an importantart movement during theGreat Depression in the United States in the 1930s. As an American artistic movement it is closely related toAmerican scene painting and toRegionalism. American Social Realism includes the works of such artists as those from theAshcan School includingEdward Hopper, andThomas Hart Benton,Will Barnet,Ben Shahn,Jacob Lawrence,Paul Meltsner,Romare Bearden,Rafael Soyer,Isaac Soyer,Moses Soyer,Reginald Marsh,John Steuart Curry,Arnold Blanch,Aaron Douglas,Grant Wood,Horace Pippin,Walt Kuhn,Isabel Bishop,Paul Cadmus,Doris Lee,Philip Evergood,Mitchell Siporin,Robert Gwathmey,Adolf Dehn,Harry Sternberg,Gregorio Prestopino,Louis Lozowick,William Gropper,Philip Guston,Jack Levine,Ralph Ward Stackpole,John Augustus Walker and others. It also extends to the art of photography as exemplified by the works ofWalker Evans,Dorothea Lange,Margaret Bourke-White,Lewis Hine,Edward Steichen,Gordon Parks,Arthur Rothstein,Marion Post Wolcott,Doris Ulmann,Berenice Abbott,Aaron Siskind, andRussell Lee among several others.[citation needed]
In Mexico, the painterFrida Kahlo is associated with the social realism movement. Also in Mexico was theMexican muralist movement that took place primarily in the 1920s and 1930s; and was an inspiration to many artists north of the border and an important component of the social realism movement. The Mexican muralist movement is characterized by its political undertones, the majority of which are of aMarxist nature, and the social and political situation of post-revolutionary Mexico.Diego Rivera,David Alfaro Siqueiros,José Clemente Orozco, andRufino Tamayo are the best known proponents of the movement.Santiago Martínez Delgado,Jorge González Camarena,Roberto Montenegro,Federico Cantú Garza, andJean Charlot, as well as several other artists participated in the movement.
Many artists who subscribed to social realism werepainters withsocialist (but not necessarilyMarxist) political views. The movement therefore has some commonalities with the socialist realism used in theSoviet Union and theEastern Bloc, but the two are not identical – social realism is not anofficial art, and allows space forsubjectivity. In certain contexts, socialist realism has been described as a specific branch of social realism.
Social realism has been summarized as follows:
Social Realism developed as a reaction against idealism and the exaggerated ego encouraged by Romanticism. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution became apparent; urban centers grew, slums proliferated on a new scale contrasting with the display of wealth of the upper classes. With a new sense of social consciousness, the Social Realists pledged to "fight the beautiful art", any style which appealed to the eye or emotions. They focused on the ugly realities of contemporary life and sympathized with working-class people, particularly the poor. They recorded what they saw ("as it existed") in a dispassionate manner. The public was outraged by Social Realism, in part, because they didn't know how to look at it or what to do with it.[7]
Social realism in the United States was inspired by the muralists active inMexico after theMexican Revolution of 1910.
Social realist photography reached a culmination in the work ofDorothea Lange,Walker Evans,Ben Shahn, and others for theFarm Security Administration (FSA) project, from 1935 to 1943.[1]
AfterWorld War I, the booming U.S. farm economy collapsed fromoverproduction, falling prices, unfavorable weather, and increasedmechanization. Many farm laborers were out of work and many small farming operations were forced into debt. Debt-ridden farms were foreclosed by the thousands, andsharecroppers and tenant farmers were turned from the land. WhenFranklin D. Roosevelt entered office in 1932, almost two million farm families lived in poverty, and millions of acres of farm land had been ruined from soil erosion and poor farming practices.[8]
The FSA was aNew Deal agency designed to combat rural poverty during this period. The agency hiredphotographers to provide visual evidence that there was a need, and that FSA programs were meeting that need. Ultimately this mission accounted for over 80,000black and white images, and is now considered one of the most famous documentary photography projects ever.[9]
ThePublic Works of Art Project was a program to employ artists during theGreat Depression. It was the first such program, running from December 1933 to June 1934. It was headed byEdward Bruce, under theUnited States Treasury Department and funded by theCivil Works Administration.[10]
Created in 1935, theWorks Progress Administration was the largest and most ambitiousNew Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry outpublic works projects,[11] including the construction of public buildings and roads. In much smaller but more famous projects the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects.[11] Many of the artists employed under the WPA are associated with social realism. Social realism became an importantart movement during theGreat Depression in the United States in the 1930s. As an American artistic movement encouraged byNew Deal art, social realism is closely related toAmerican scene painting and toRegionalism.[12]
In Mexico, the painterFrida Kahlo is associated with the social realism movement. TheMexican muralist movement that took place primarily in the 1920s and 1930s was an inspiration to many artists north of the border and an important component of the social realism movement. The Mexican muralist movement is characterized by its political undertones, the majority of which are of aMarxist nature, and the social and political situation of post-revolutionary Mexico.Diego Rivera,David Alfaro Siqueiros,José Clemente Orozco, andRufino Tamayo are the best known proponents of the movement.Santiago Martínez Delgado,Jorge González Camarena,Roberto Montenegro,Federico Cantú Garza, andJean Charlot, as well as several other artists participated in the movement.[13]
Many artists who subscribed to social realism werepainters withsocialist (but not necessarilyMarxist) political views. The movement therefore has some commonalities with theSocialist Realism used in theSoviet Union and theEastern Bloc, but the two are not identical – Social Realism is not anofficial art, and allows space forsubjectivity. In certain contexts, socialist realism has been described as a specific branch of social realism.[13]
With the onset ofabstract expressionism in the 1940s, social realism had gone out of fashion.[14] SeveralWPA artists found work with theUnited States Office of War Information during WWII, making posters and other visual materials for the war effort.[15] After the war, although lacking attention in the art market, many social realist artists continued their careers into the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and into the 2000s; throughout which, artists such asJacob Lawrence,Ben Shahn,Bernarda Bryson Shahn,Raphael Soyer,Robert Gwathmey,Antonio Frasconi,Philip Evergood, Sidney Goodman, andAaron Berkman continued to work with social realist modalities and themes.[16]
Whether in and out of fashion, social realism and socially conscious art-making continues today within thecontemporary art world, including artistsSue Coe, Mike Alewitz,Kara Walker,Celeste Dupuy Spencer,Allan Sekula, Fred Lonidier, and others.[16]
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Muralists active in Mexico after the Mexican Revolution of 1910 created largely propagandizing murals which emphasized a revolutionary spirit and a pride in the traditions of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, and includedDiego Rivera'sHistory of Mexico from the Conquest to the Future,José Clemente Orozco'sCatharsis, andDavid Alfaro Siqueiros'sThe Strike. These murals also encouraged social realism in otherLatin American countries, fromEcuador (Oswaldo Guayasamín'sThe Strike) toBrazil (Cândido Portinari'sCoffee).[1]
In Belgium, early representatives of social realism are found in the work of 19th century artists such asConstantin Meunier andCharles de Groux.[17][18] In Britain, artists such as the AmericanJames Abbott McNeill Whistler, as well as English artistsHubert von Herkomer andLuke Fildes had great success with realist paintings dealing with social issues and depictions of the "real" world. Artists in Western Europe also embraced social realism in the early 20th century, including Italian painter and illustratorBruno Caruso, German artistsKäthe Kollwitz,George Grosz,Otto Dix, andMax Beckmann; Swedish artistTorsten Billman; Dutch artistsCharley Toorop andPyke Koch; French artistsMaurice de Vlaminck,Roger de La Fresnaye,Jean Fautrier, andFrancis Gruber and Belgian artistsEugène Laermans andConstant Permeke.[1][19][20]
The political polarization of the period resulted in social realism's distinction fromsocialist realism becoming less obvious in public opinion, and by the mid-20th centuryabstract art had replaced it as the dominant movement in both Western Europe and the United States.[1]
Realism, a style of painting that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see, was a very popular art form inFrance around the mid- to late-19th century. It came about with the introduction ofphotography – a new visual source that created a desire for people to produce things that look "objectively real". Realism was heavily againstromanticism, a genre dominating French literature and artwork in the mid-19th century. Undistorted by personal bias, Realism believed in the ideology of external reality and revolted against exaggeratedemotionalism. Truth and accuracy became the goals of many realists asGustave Courbet.[21]
_-_Volga_Boatmen_(1870-1873).jpg)
The FrenchRealist movement had equivalents in all other Western countries, developing somewhat later. In particular, thePeredvizhniki orWanderers group in Russia who formed in the 1860s and organized exhibitions from 1871 included many realists such asIlya Repin and had a great influence on Russian art.
From that important trend came the development ofsocialist realism, which was to dominateSoviet culture and artistic expression for over 60 years. Socialist realism, representingsocialist ideologies, was an art movement that represented social and political contemporary life in the 1930s, from a left-wing standpoint. It depicted subjects of social concern; theproletariat struggle – hardships of everyday life that the working class had to put up with, and heroically emphasized the values of the loyal communist workers.
The ideology behind social realism, communicated by depicting the heroism of the working class, was to promote and spark revolutionary actions and to spread the image of optimism and the importance of productiveness. Keeping people optimistic meant creating a sense ofpatriotism, which would prove very important in the struggle to produce a successful socialist nation. The Unions Newspaper, theLiteraturnaya Gazeta, described social realism as "the representation of the proletarian revolution". During Joseph Stalin's reign, it was considered most important to use socialist realism as a form ofpropaganda in posters, as it kept people optimistic and encouraged greater productive effort, a necessity in his aim of developingRussia into an industrialized nation.
Vladimir Lenin believed that art should belong to the people and should stand on the side of the proletariat. "Art should be based on their feelings, thoughts, and demands, and should grow along with them",[22] said Lenin. He also believed that literature must be part of the proletariat's common cause.[22] After the revolution of 1917, leaders of the newly formed communist party were encouraging experimentation of different art types. Lenin believed that the style of art the USSR should endorse would have to be easy to understand (ruling out abstract art such assuprematism andconstructivism) for the masses ofilliterate people in Russia.[23][24][25]
A wide-ranging debate on art took place;[when?] the main disagreement was between those who believed in "Proletarian Art" which should have no connections with past art coming out of bourgeois society, and those (most vociferouslyLeon Trotsky) who believed that art in a society dominated by working-class values had to absorb all the lessons of bourgeois art before it could move forward at all.
The taking of power by Joseph Stalin's faction had its corollary in the establishment of an official art: on 23 April 1932, headed by Stalin, an organization formed by the central committee of the Communist Party developed theUnion of Soviet Writers. This organization endorsed the newly designated ideology of social realism.
By 1934, all other independent art groups were abolished, making it nearly impossible for someone not involved in the Union of Soviet Writers to get work published. Any literary piece or painting that did not endorse the ideology of social realism was censored or banned. This new art movement, introduced under Joseph Stalin, was one of the most practical and durable artistic approaches of the 20th century. With the communist revolution came also a cultural revolution. It also gave Stalin and his Communist Party greater control over Soviet culture and restricted people from expressing alternative geopolitical ideologies that differed to those represented in socialist realism. The decline of social realism came with thedissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.[citation needed]
Social realism in cinema found its roots inItalian neorealism, especially the films ofRoberto Rossellini,Vittorio De Sica,Luchino Visconti and to some extentFederico Fellini.[26][27]
EarlyBritish cinema used the common social interaction found in the literary works ofCharles Dickens andThomas Hardy.[28] One of the first British films to emphasize realism's value as a social protest wasJames Williamson'sA Reservist Before the War, and After the War in 1902. The film memorializedBoer War serviceman coming back home to unemployment. Repressive censorship during 1945–54 prevented British films from displaying more radical social positions.[28]
AfterWorld War I, the British middle-class generally responded to realism and restraint in cinema, while the working-class generally favored Hollywood genre movies. Thus realism carried connotations of education and high seriousness. These social and aesthetic distinctions would soon become running themes as social realism is now associated with the arthouse auteur, while mainstream Hollywood films are shown at the multiplex.[28]
ProducerMichael Balcon revived this distinction in the 1940s, referring to the British industry's rivalry with Hollywood in terms of "realism and tinsel". Balcon, the head ofEaling Studios, became a key figure in the emergence of a national cinema characterized by stoicism and verisimilitude. Critic Richard Armstrong said: "Combining the objective temper and aesthetics of the documentary movement with the stars and resources of studio filmmaking, 1940s British cinema made a stirring appeal to a mass audience."[28]
Social realism in cinema was reflecting Britain's transforming wartime society. Women were working alongside men in the military and its munitions factories, challenging pre-assigned gender roles. Rationing, air raids and unprecedented state intervention in the life of the individual encouraged a more social philosophy and worldview. Social realist films of the era includeTarget for Tonight (1941),In Which We Serve (1942),Millions Like Us (1943), andThis Happy Breed (1944). HistorianRoger Manvell wrote, "As the cinemas [closed initially because of the fear of air raids] reopened, the public flooded in, searching for relief from hard work, companionship, release from tension, emotional indulgence and, where they could find them, some reaffirmation of the values of humanity."[28]
In the postwar period, films likePassport to Pimlico (1949),The Blue Lamp (1949), andThe Titfield Thunderbolt (1952) reiterated gentle patrician values, creating a tension between the camaraderie of the war years and the burgeoning consumer society.[28]
Sydney Box's arrival as head ofGainsborough pictures in 1946 saw a transition from theGainsborough melodramas, which had been successful during the war years, to social realism. Issues such as short-term sexual relationships, adultery, and illegitimate births flourished during the Second World War[29] and Box, who favoured realism over what he termed as "flamboyance fantasy",[30] brought these and other social issues, such aschild adoption,juvenile delinquency, anddisplaced persons to the fore with films such asWhen the Bough Breaks (1947),Good-Time Girl (1948),Portrait from Life (1948),The Lost People (1949), andBoys in Brown (1949). Films of new rapidly expanding forms of leisure byworking class families in postwar Britain were also represented by Box inHoliday Camp (1947),Easy Money (1948), andA Boy, a Girl and a Bike (1949).[31] Box remained determined on making social realism films, even after Gainsborough closed in 1951, when he said in 1952 "No film has yet been made of theTolpuddle Martyrs,the Suffragette Movement, theNational Health Service as it is today, or the scandals of the patent medicines, oil control in the World, or armaments manufactured for profit."[32] However, he would not go on to make these types of stories into films, instead focusing on issues related to abortion, teenage prostitution,bigamy,child neglect,shoplifting, anddrug trafficking in films such asStreet Corner (1953),Too Young to Love (1959), andSubway in the Sky (1959).[33]
ABritish New Wave movement emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. British auteurs likeKarel Reisz,Tony Richardson, andJohn Schlesinger brought wide shots and plain speaking to stories of ordinary Britons negotiating postwar social structures. Relaxation of censorship enabled film makers to portray issues such as prostitution, abortion, homosexuality, and alienation. Characters included factory workers, office underlings, dissatisfied wives, pregnant girlfriends, runaways, the marginalized, the poor, and the depressed. The New Wave protagonist was usually a working-class male without bearings in a society in which traditional industries and the cultures that went with them were in decline.[28]
Mike Leigh andKen Loach also make contemporary social realist films.[34]
Social realism was also adopted byHindi films of the 1940s and 1950s, includingChetan Anand'sNeecha Nagar (1946), which won thePalme d'Or at thefirst Cannes Film Festival, andBimal Roy'sTwo Acres of Land (1953), which won the International Prize at the1954 Cannes Film Festival. The success of these films gave rise to theIndian New Wave, with earlyBengali art films such asRitwik Ghatak'sNagarik (1952) andSatyajit Ray'sThe Apu Trilogy (1955–59). Realism inIndian cinema dates back to the 1920s and 1930s, with early examples includingV. Shantaram's filmsIndian Shylock (1925) andThe Unaccpected (1937).[37]
Sources:[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]
The following incomplete list of artists have been associated with social realism:
| Artist | Nationality | Field(s) | Years active |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abbot, Berenice | American | photography | 1923–1991 |
| Anand, Chetan | Indian | film | 1944–1997 |
| Barnet, Will | American | painting, illustration, printmaking | 1930–2012 |
| Bearden, Romare | American | painting | 1936–1988 |
| Beckmann, Max | German | painting, printmaking, sculpture | unknown–1950 |
| Bellows, George | American | painting, illustration | 1906–1925 |
| Benton, Thomas Hart | American | painting | 1907–1975 |
| Billman, Torsten | Swedish | printmaking, illustration, painting | 1930–1988 |
| Bishop, Isabel | American | painting, graphic design | 1918–1988 |
| Blanch, Arnold | American | painting, etching, illustration, printmaking | 1923–1968 |
| Bloch, Julius | American | painting | 1888–1966 |
| Bogen, Alexander | Polish/ Israeli | painting, etching, illustration, printmaking | 1916–2010 |
| Bourke-White, Margaret | American | photography | 1920s–1971 |
| Brocka, Lino | Filipino | film | 1970–1991 |
| Cadmus, Paul | American | painting, illustration | 1934–1999 |
| Camarena, Jorge González | Mexican | painting, sculpture | 1929–1980 |
| Caruso, Bruno | Italian | painting, illustration, printmaking | 1943–2012 |
| Castejón, Joan | Spanish | painting, sculpture, illustration | 1945–present |
| Charlot, Jean | French | painting, illustration | 1921–1979 |
| Chua Mia Tee | Singaporean | painting | 1956–1976 |
| Counihan, Noel | Australian | painting, printmaking | 1930s–1986 |
| Curry, John Steuart | American | painting | 1921–1946 |
| Dehn, Adolf | American | lithography, painting, printmaking | 1920s–1968 |
| Delgado, Santiago Martínez | Colombian | painting, sculpture, illustration | 1925–1954 |
| de la Fresnaye, Roger | French | painting | 1912–1925 |
| de Vlaminck, Maurice | French | painting | 1893–1958 |
| Dix, Otto | German | painting, printmaking | 1910–1969 |
| Douglas, Aaron | American | painting | 1925–1979 |
| Evans, Walker | American | photography | 1928–1975 |
| Evergood, Philip | American | painting, sculpture, printmaking | 1926–1973 |
| Fautrier, Jean | French | painting, sculpture | 1922–1964 |
| Garza, Federico Cantú | Mexican | painting, engraving, sculpture | 1929–1989 |
| Ghatak, Ritwik | Indian | film, theatre | 1948–1976 |
| Gropper, William | American | lithography, painting, illustration | 1915–1977 |
| Grosz, George | German | painting, illustration | 1909–1959 |
| Gruber, Francis | French | painting | 1930–1948 |
| Guayasamín, Oswaldo | Ecuadorian | painting, sculpture | 1942–1999 |
| Guston, Philip | American | painting, printmaking | 1927–1980 |
| Gwathmey, Robert | American | painting | unknown–1988 |
| Henri, Robert | American | painting | 1883–1929 |
| Hine, Lewis | American | photography | 1904–1940 |
| Hirsch, Joseph | American | painting, illustration, printmaking | 1933–1981 |
| Hopper, Edward | American | painting, printmaking | 1895–1967 |
| Kahlo, Frida | Mexican | painting | 1925–1954 |
| Koch, Pyke | Dutch | painting | 1927–1991 |
| Kollwitz, Käthe | German | painting, sculpture, printmaking | 1890–1945 |
| Kuhn, Walt | American | painting, illustration | 1892–1939 |
| Lamangan, Joel | Filipino | film, television, theater | 1991–present |
| Lange, Dorothea | American | photography | 1918–1965 |
| Lawrence, Jacob | American | painting | 1931–2000 |
| Lee, Doris | American | painting, printmaking | 1935–1983 |
| Lee, Russell | American | photography | 1936–1986 |
| Levine, Jack | American | painting, printmaking | 1932–2010 |
| Lozowick, Louis | American | painting, printmaking | 1926–1973 |
| Luks, George | American | painting, illustration | 1893–1933 |
| Marsh, Reginald | American | painting | 1922–1954 |
| Meltsner, Paul | American | painting | 1913–1966 |
| Montenegro, Roberto | Mexican | painting, illustration | 1906–1968 |
| Myers, Jerome | American | painting, drawing, etching, illustration | 1867–1940 |
| Ochs, Phil | American | songwriting | 1961–1975 |
| Orozco, José Clemente | Mexican | painting | 1922–1949 |
| O'Hara Mario | Filipino | film | 1976–2012 |
| Parks, Gordon | American | photography, film | 1937–2006 |
| Pippin, Horace | American | painting | 1930–1946 |
| Portinari, Candido | Brazilian | painting | 1928–1962 |
| Prestopino, Gregorio | American | painting | 1930s–1984 |
| Ray, Satyajit | Indian | film | 1947–1992 |
| Reisz, Karel | British | film | 1955–1990 |
| Richardson, Tony | British | film | 1955–1991 |
| Rivera, Diego | Mexican | painting | 1922–1957 |
| Rothstein, Arthur | American | photography | 1934–1985 |
| Roy, Bimal | Indian | film | 1935–1966 |
| Schlesinger, John | British | film | 1956–1991 |
| Shahn, Ben | American | painting, illustration, graphic art, photography | 1932–1969 |
| Siporin, Mitchell | American | painting | unknown–1976 |
| Siqueiros, David Alfaro | Mexican | painting | 1932–1974 |
| Siskind, Aaron | American | photography | 1930s–1991 |
| Sloan, John French | American | painting | 1890–1951 |
| Soyer, Isaac | American | painting | 1930s–1981 |
| Soyer, Moses | American | painting | 1926–1974 |
| Soyer, Raphael | American | painting, illustration, printmaking | 1930–1987 |
| Stackpole, Ralph | American | sculpture, painting | 1910–1973 |
| Steichen, Edward | American | photography, painting | 1894–1973 |
| Sternberg, Harry | American | painting, printmaking | 1926–2001 |
| Tamayo, Rufino | Mexican | painting, illustration | 1917–1991 |
| Toorop, Charley | Dutch | painting, lithography | 1916–1955 |
| Ulmann, Doris | American | photography | 1918–1934 |
| Walker, John Augustus | American | painting | 1926–1967 |
| Williamson, James | British | film | 1901–1933 |
| Wilson, John Woodrow | American | lithography, sculpture | 1945–2001 |
| Wolcott, Marion Post | American | photography | 1930s–1944 |
| Wong, Martin | American | painting | 1946–1999 |
| Wood, Grant | American | painting | 1913–1942 |
| İlhan, Attilâ[67] | Turkish | poetry | 1942–2005 |
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