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Social Democratic Party (Portugal)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Centre-right political party in Portugal

Social Democratic Party
Partido Social Democrata
AbbreviationPPD/PSD[1]
PresidentLuís Montenegro
Secretary-GeneralHugo Soares
FounderFrancisco Sá Carneiro
Founded6 May 1974; 51 years ago (1974-05-06)
Legalized17 January 1975; 50 years ago (1975-01-17)[1]
HeadquartersRua de S. Caetano à Lapa, 9,
1249-087Lisboa
NewspaperPovo Livre
Youth wingSocial Democratic Youth
Women's wingSocial Democratic Women
Workers wingSocial Democratic Workers
Membership(2025)Increase 91,500[2]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right
National affiliation
European affiliationEuropean People's Party
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party Group
International affiliationCentrist Democrat International
International Democrat Union (formerly)
Colours Orange
Anthem
"Paz, Pão, Povo e Liberdade"[4]
"Peace, Bread, People and Freedom"
Assembly of the Republic
89 / 230
European
Parliament
6 / 21
Regional
parliaments
46 / 104
Local government
(Mayors)
136 / 308
Local government
(Parishes)[5]
1,445 / 3,216
Election symbol
Party flag
Flag of the Social Democratic Party
Website
psd.pt

TheSocial Democratic Party (Portuguese:Partido Social Democrata[pɐɾˈtiðususiˈaldɨmuˈkɾatɐ],PSD) is aliberal-conservative[6][7][8]political party in Portugal that is currently the country's ruling party. Commonly known by its colloquialinitials PSD, onballot papers its initials appear as its official form PPD/PSD, with the first three letters coming from the party's original name, theDemocratic People's Party (Partido Popular Democrático,PPD). A party of thecentre-right,[9][10][11] the PSD is one of the threemajor parties inPortuguese politics, its rivals being theSocialist Party (PS) on thecentre-left and thefar-rightChega (CH) party.

The PSD was founded in 1974, two weeks after theCarnation Revolution. In 1976, the party adopted its current name. In 1979, the PSD allied with centre-right parties to form theDemocratic Alliance and wonthat year's election. One year later, the party's founder and then Prime Minister,Francisco Sá Carneiro died in aplane crash. After the1983 general election, the party formed agrand coalition with the Socialist Party, known as theCentral Bloc, before winning the1985 general election under new leaderAníbal Cavaco Silva, who shifted the party to the right. Cavaco Silva served asPrime Minister for ten years, instituting majoreconomic liberalisation and winning twolandslide victories. After he stepped down, the PSD lost the1995 election. The party was returned to power underJosé Manuel Durão Barroso in2002, but was defeated in the2005 election. The party was able to return to power after the2011 elections and four years later was able to win a plurality in the2015 legislative election, winning 107 seats in theAssembly of the Republic in alliance with theCDS – People's Party, but being unable to form aminority government and went back to the opposition. Nine years later,in 2024, the party returned to power as a minority government, under a rebrandedDemocratic Alliance coalition, alongside CDS–PP and thePeople's Monarchist Party (PPM), a mandate that was renewed inMay 2025. The party elected its current leader,Luís Montenegro, on 28 May 2022. Since the 2024 election, Montenegro has been the incumbentPrime Minister of Portugal.

Originally asocial democratic party, the PSD became the maincentre-right,conservative party in Portugal.[9] The PSD is a member of theEuropean People's Party and theCentrist Democrat International. Until 1996, the PSD belonged to theEuropean Liberal Democrat and Reform Party andLiberal International.[9] The party publishes the weeklyPovo Livre (Free People) newspaper.

History

[edit]

Foundation

[edit]
Francisco Sá Carneiro (1934–1980), PSD founder and Prime Minister (1980).

The Social Democratic Party was born on 6 May 1974, whenFrancisco Sá Carneiro,Francisco Pinto Balsemão andJoaquim Magalhães Mota publicly announced the formation of what was then called the PPD, the Democratic People's Party (Portuguese:Partido Popular Democrático). On 15 May, the party's first headquarters were inaugurated inLargo do Rato, Lisbon. This was followed, on 24 June, by the formation of the first Political Committee, consisting ofFrancisco Sá Carneiro,Francisco Pinto Balsemão,Joaquim Magalhães Mota,Barbosa de Melo,Mota Pinto,Montalvão Machado,Miguel Veiga,Ferreira Júnior,António Carlos Lima,António Salazar Silva,Jorge Correia da Cunha,Jorge Figueiredo Dias andJorge Sá Borges.

ThePovo Livre publication was founded, its first issue being published on 13 July 1974, led by its first two directors,Manuel Alegria andRui Machete. The PPD's first major meeting was held in thePavilhão dos Desportos, Lisbon, on 25 October, and a month later the party's first official congress took place.

On 17 January 1975, 6300 signatures were sent to the Supreme Court so that the party could be approved as a legitimate political entity, which happened a mere eight days later.

In 1975, the PPD applied unsuccessfully to join theSocialist International,[12] with its membership attempt vetoed by theSocialist Party.[13]

Alberto João Jardim was the co-founder of theMadeiran branch of the PSD, and governed the autonomous archipelago for decades, running as a member of the party.

Democratic Alliance governments

[edit]

The Democratic People's Party participated in a number of coalition governments in Portugal between 1974 and 1976, following theCarnation Revolution. This is seen as a transitional period in Portuguese politics, in which political institutions were built and took time to stabilize. In 1976, the party adopted its current name. In 1979, the PSD formed an electoral alliance, known as theDemocratic Alliance (AD), with the Democratic and Social Centre (now called thePeople's Party, CDS-PP) and a couple of smaller right-wing parties. The AD won the parliamentary elections towards the end of 1979, and the PSD leader,Francisco Sá Carneiro, became Prime Minister. The PSD would be part of all governments until 1995. The AD increased its parliamentary majority in new elections called for 1980, but was devastated by the death of Sá Caneiro in an air crash on 4 December 1980.Francisco Pinto Balsemão took over the leadership of both the Social Democratic Party and the Democratic Alliance, as well as the Prime Ministership, but lacking Sá Carneiro's charisma, he was unable to rally popular support.

The Democratic Alliance was dissolved in 1983, and in parliamentary elections that year, the PSD lost to theSocialist Party (PS). Falling short of a majority, the Socialists formed agrand coalition, known as theCentral Bloc, with the PSD. Many right-wingers in the PSD, includingAníbal Cavaco Silva, opposed participation in the PS-led government, and so, when Cavaco Silva was elected leader of the party on 2 June 1985, the coalition was doomed.

Cavaco Silva governments (1985–1995)

[edit]
Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister 1985–1995, meetingUS PresidentRonald Reagan in 1988.

The PSD won a plurality (but not a majority) in thegeneral election of 1985, and Cavaco Silva became Prime Minister.Economic liberalization and tax cuts ushered in several years of economic growth. After a motion of no confidence was approved, early elections were called forJuly 1987, which resulted in a landslide victory for the PSD, who captured 50.2 percent of the popular vote and 148 of the 250 parliamentary seats – the first time that any political party in Portugal had mustered an absolute majority in a free election. While the PSD had been very popular going into the election, the size of its victory far exceeded the party's most optimistic projections. A strong economy, growing above 7 percent in 1988, ushered a big convergence between Portugal and other EU countries.

The PSD won a historic third term in the1991 election, with a slightly higher vote share than four years earlier, 50.6 percent. Theearly 1990s recession hit Portugal in 1993 and high levels of unemployment adding to this fiscal adjustments, eroded the popularity of the Cavaco Silva's government. The anti-tolls riots in25 de Abril Bridge in June 1994 and the violent response from security forces, further undermined Cavaco Silva's position.[14] In early 1995, Cavaco Silva announced he would not run for a fourth term as Prime Minister.[15]

Post-Cavaco Silva

[edit]

After Cavaco Silva stepped down as leader in January 1995, in the following month, in the PSD congress, the party electedFernando Nogueira as leader. The PSD lost the1995 election to the PS. In 1996, Cavaco Silva ran for the presidency of the republic, but he failed to defeat former Lisbon MayorJorge Sampaio. Sampaio won 53.9 percent to Cavaco's 46.1 percent. The party, for the first time in 16 years, was out of government. In 1996,Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was elected party leader, and held that post until 1999. At the time, the party reviewed its membership database, resulting in a correction from 183,000 in 1996 to 77,000 in 1999.[16] Rebelo de Sousa resigned in April 1999 and shortly after,José Manuel Durão Barroso was elected party leader. The party was again defeated in the1999 elections. The party made a big comeback in the2001 local elections by winning several cities, likeLisbon,Porto andSintra, from the PS and, some, against all odds and predictions.[17] This PSD result led the thenPrime MinisterAntónio Guterres (PS) to resign and the country was led to snap general elections inMarch 2002.[18]

First PSD/CDS coalition government (2002–2005)

[edit]
Durão Barroso, Prime Minister 2002–2004, in a press briefing withTony Blair,George W. Bush andJosé Maria Aznar in 2003.

The PSD made a comeback in2002, defeating the PS by a 40 to 38 percent margin. Despite falling short of a majority, it won enough seats to form a coalition with the CDS-PP and its leader,José Manuel Durão Barroso, became Prime Minister. During his term, Barroso aligned Portugal with theUnited Kingdom, theUnited States andSpain in the support for the2003 American-led invasion of Iraq, hosting a summit inLajes Field, which divided public opinion.[19]

In the2004 European Parliament election, the PSD formed an electoral coalition with CDS-PP, the first since 1980, but was soundly defeated by the PS by 45 to 33 percent margin. A few days after the election, Durão Barroso announced his resignation from the office of Prime Minister in order to become President of theEuropean Commission, leaving the way forPedro Santana Lopes, by thenMayor of Lisbon and a man with whom he was frequently at odds, to become leader of the party and Prime Minister.

Back in opposition (2005–2011)

[edit]

In theparliamentary election held on 20 February 2005, Santana Lopes led the PSD to its worst defeat since 1983. With a negative swing of more than 12 percent, the party won only 75 seats, a loss of 30. The rival Socialist Party had won anabsolute majority, and remained in government after the2009 parliamentary election, albeit without an absolute majority, leaving the PSD in opposition.

Manuela Ferreira Leite, the first woman to lead a major party in Portuguese democracy and the still only woman to ever lead the PSD.

The PSD-supported candidateAníbal Cavaco Silva won the Portuguese presidential elections in 2006 and again in 2011. After the 2005 elections,Luís Marques Mendes was elected leader of the party. Internal infighting weakened Marques Mendes and, in September 2007, Marques Mendes was defeated byLuís Filipe Menezes by a 54% to 42% margin. Menezes was also incapable of dealing with his internal opposition and, after just six months in the job, Menezes resigned. On 31 May 2008,Manuela Ferreira Leite became the first female leader of a major Portuguese party. She won 38 percent of the votes, against the 31% ofPedro Passos Coelho and the 30% ofPedro Santana Lopes.

In theEuropean Parliament election held on 7 June 2009, the PSD defeated the governing socialists, capturing 31.7 percent of the popular vote and electing eight MEPs, while the Socialist Party only won 26.5 percent and elected seven MEPs.

Although this was expected to be a "redrawing of the electoral map", the PSD has still defeatedlater that year, though the PS lost its majority.Pedro Passos Coelho was elected leader in March 2010, with 61 percent of the votes.

Second PSD/CDS coalition government (2011–2015)

[edit]

Growing popular disenchantment with the government's handling of the economic crisis coupled with the government's inability to secure the support of other parties to implement the necessary reforms to address the crisis, forced the Socialist Party Prime MinisterJosé Sócrates to resign, leading to afresh election on 5 June 2011. This resulted in a non-absolute majority for the PSD, leading to a coalition government with the CDS-PP, which served a full term until the2015 general election. During this term, many austerity policies were put into practice to reduce the budget deficit but, ultimately, created unemployment and a recession that lasted until mid 2013. Since that date, the economy recovered starting to grow between 1 and 2 percent per trimester.

In the2015 general election, the PSD and CDS-PP ran in a joint coalition, calledPortugal Ahead, led byPedro Passos Coelho andPaulo Portas. The coalition won the elections by a wide margin over the Socialists, capturing 38.6 percent of the votes while the Socialists captured only 32 percent, although the coalition lost 25 MPs and a more than 11 percent of the votes, thus falling well short of an absolute majority. ThePSD/CDS-PP coalition was asked by the then President of the Republic,Aníbal Cavaco Silva, to form a government with Passos Coelho as Prime Minister.

Back in opposition (2015–2024)

[edit]
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, party leader between 1996–1999 andPresident of the Republic since 2016.

The second PSD/CDS government was duly formed and took the oath of office on 30 October 2015, but fell after a no-confidence motion was approved two weeks later. Its 11 days of rule make it the shortest-lived government since Portugal has been a democracy holding free elections. After that, the PSD returned to the opposition benches, and the Socialist Party was able to form an agreement withBE andCDU to support a PS minority government led byAntónio Costa. Pedro Passos Coelho continued as party leader, but a weak opposition strategy led to bad polling numbers for the PSD. All of this culminated with the results of the2017 local elections. In these elections, the PSD achieved their worst results ever, winning just 98 mayors and 30 percent of the votes. Passos Coelho announced he would not run for another term as PSD leader. On 13 January 2018,Rui Rio defeatedPedro Santana Lopes by a 54 to 46 percent margin and became the new party leader. After 10 years of Cavaco Silva as President of the Republic, the PSD-supported candidate,Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, was elected President in2016, and reelected in2021.

In order to avoid bankruptcy due to mounting debt, in 2017, the party, alongside thePortuguese Socialist Party, thePortuguese Communist Party,BE and the ecologist partyPEV, voted in favour of abolishing party fundraising limits, thereby opening all Portuguese parties toprivate political donorship, that they are not obligated to disclose.[20][21][22][23] The new proposal was reluctantly approved by the Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.[24]

During his first year in the leadership, Rio faced big internal opposition and, in January 2019, Rio won a motion of confidence presented byLuís Montenegro. In theEP 2019 elections, the PSD achieved their worst result ever in a national election, winning just 22 percent of the votes. The party recovered a lot of ground in theOctober 2019 general elections, achieving 28 percent of the votes, against the 36 percent of the PS. Nonetheless, Rio's leadership was, once again, challenged and he faced, in atwo round leadership contest in January 2020,Luís Montenegro andMiguel Pinto Luz. Rio won the 1st round with 49% of the votes and defeated Luís Montenegro in the 2nd round by 53 to 47 percent margin, thus being reelected as party leader.

In theAzores 2020 regional elections, the PSD was able to return to power, after 24 years in opposition, by forging a controversial deal with CHEGA, plus CDS, PPM and IL.[25] The PSD won almost 34 percent of the votes, while the PS fell more than 7 pp, compared with 2016, to 39 percent, an unexpected result, and overall the right wing parties had a 1-seat majority over all the left.[26] After 2020, the PSD controls the governments of Portugal's only two autonomous regions.

Luís Montenegro, leader since 2022 and Prime Minister since 2024.

The2021 local elections were quite positive for the PSD, despite not winning the most mayors in the country as a whole.[27] The party, and its led-coalitions, won a combined 32 percent of the votes and were able to win, from the PS, several cities likeCoimbra,Funchal andBarcelos. The main gain of the PSD was thevictory in Lisbon, whereCarlos Moedas defeated, against all odds and predictions, the PS incumbent mayorFernando Medina.[28] In October 2021, disagreements between the PS and BE-CDU led to the rejection of the 2022 budget and the calling of asnap general election for 30 January 2022.[29] Despite a close race predicted by polls, the PSD suffered a big setback by winning just 29% of the votes and seeing the PS gaining a surprise absolute majority, with 41% of the votes.[30] After the election, PSD leaderRui Rio opened the process to elect a new party leader.[31] On 28 May 2022,Luís Montenegro waselected party leader by a landslide, gathering more than 72 percent of the votes.[32]

Return to power (2024–present)

[edit]

Following António Costa's resignation due to an investigation around alleged corruption involving the award of contracts for lithium and hydrogen businesses,[33] asnap election was called for 10 March 2024. For this election, PSD, CDS–PP and PPM decided to contest the election in a joint alliance calledDemocratic Alliance (AD). On election day, the AD won by a narrow 29 to 28 percent margin over the Socialist Party, and formed a minority government.[34] Three months later, in the2024 European Parliament elections, the AD coalition was narrowly defeated by the Socialists, 31 to 32 percent.

A new election was called forMay 2025, after a vote of confidence in the AD minority government was rejected, following the revelations of theSpinumviva case involving Luís Montenegro.[35] The AD coalition was again the winner, with a stronger mandate, gathering nearly 32 percent of the votes and 91 seats.[36]

Ideology

[edit]
PSD (then called PPD) meeting in 1975.

Historical evolution

[edit]

The party was founded based on classicalsocial democracy[9] and was acentre[37][38] tocentre-left[39] party. It later became a catch-allcentre-right party. The party has been described asliberal-conservative,[7][8]conservative,[9][40] orconservative-liberal,[41] withChristian democratic,[42]liberal[39] andeconomically liberal elements.[39][43][44]

Factions

[edit]

The PSD is frequently referred to as a party that is not ideology-based, but rather a power party (partido do poder).[45] It frequently adopts a functionalbig tent party strategy to win elections.[45] Due to this strategy, which most trace to Cavaco Silva's leadership,[46] the party is made up of many factions, mostly centre-right (includingliberal democrats,Christian democrats andneoconservatives) as well as quasi-social-democrats and former communists:

Portuguese social democrats
The main faction when the party was created, throughout the party's history rightist politicians joined them to have a greater chance of gaining power and influencing the country's politics (see liberals, conservatives, right-wing populists and neoliberals). They do not follow traditional social democracy, but Portuguese social democracy as defined byFrancisco Sá Carneiro's actions and writings, which includes a degree of centrist andleftist populism. They followed a kind of anti-class struggle party/cross-class party strategy. All the other members of the party claim to follow this line. Among its representatives were most of the leaders between Francisco Sá Carneiro and Cavaco Silva,Alberto João Jardim (also a founding member and an anti-neoliberal) and to an extentLuís Filipe Menezes (who called the PSD the "moderate left party")[47] identified himself with a centre-left matrix and a united left strategy and defended a more open party on issues like abortion.[48] José Mendes Bota is another left-wing populist.[49] The Portuguese social-democrats are centered around theGrupo da Boavista (Boavista Group).
European-style social-democrats
Follow traditionalsocial democracy. They share with the Portuguese social democrats their presence at the creation of the party and "a non-Marxist progressivist line".[50] Many of them (former party leader António Sousa Franco, party co-founder Magalhães Mota, writer and feministNatália Correia) supported theOpções Inadiáveis (Pressing Options) manifesto,[51] and then left to create the Independent Social Democrat Association (Associação Social Democrata Independente, ASDI)[52] and the Social Democrat Movement (Movimento Social Democrata, MSD),[53] forming electoral coalitions (later merging with) theSocialist Party during the 1970s–1980s. Some took part in theDemocratic Renovator Party. A later example of a European-style Social democrat leaving the party for the Socialists is activist and politicianHelena Roseta. The ones still in the party adapted to its current right-wing outlook or Portuguese social democracy. They today include former communists-turned centre-leftists, likeZita Seabra. Durão Barroso might have moved fromThatcherism to social democracy.[54] Ironically, both Social Democrat factions were represented in the 2008 party elections byManuela Ferreira Leite, economically neoliberal andsocially conservative (often compared toThatcher).
Agrarianism
The other main faction at creation. The PSD was always more successful in the Northern and rural areas of the country. When Sousa Franco and hisSPD-inspired social democrats started their break with the rest of the party he referred to a division between "a rural wing, led by Sá Carneiro, and an urban wing, more moderate and truly social democratic, close to the positions ofHelmut Schmidt"[55] Due to the electoral influence of ruralism on the PSD's politics they may be seen inside of or influencing most factions.
Liberals (classical andsocial)
Due to theSalazarist connotation of the term right-wing[56] and all terms connected (liberal and conservative) after theCarnation Revolution, the little attractiveness ofeconomic liberalism in European politics,[57] no specific liberal or conservative party was formed in post-1974 Portugal, except the experiences of theCatholic Action-monarchist Liberal Party in 1974[58] and the centrist liberal Democratic Renovator Party, so they started working inside the PSD. This strategy of joining "socialism and liberalism under the same hat"[45] was especially successful during Cavaco Silva's leadership, when the party gave up its candidacy to theSocialist International and became member of theLiberal International andEuropean Liberal Democrat and Reform Party andLiberal and Democratic Reformist Group, leaving the international and the European party and group in 1996 to join theChristian Democrat International (today Centrist Democrat International), theEuropean People's Party and theEuropean People's Party-European Democrats. Since then, the liberal-social democrat rift (or even the liberal-conservative-populist-social democrat rift) has plagued the party's cohesion and actions.[59][60] Durão Barroso (a former revolutionary Maoist who switched sides in the 1980s) is sometimes referred to as the most pure liberal of the party.[61] In terms of social liberals, some try to link both social democracy and social liberalism to the PSD,[62] to refer to the early PSD as liberal[63] or partly social liberal[64] party and social liberalism is sometimes identified with thesocial market economy tradition the party traditionally supported.[65] Even members of the Portuguese Social Liberal Movement admit the traditional and current presence of social liberals (and other liberals) on the PSD.[66]
Christian democrats
Some claim the PSD as the party of Christian Democracy from the beginning,[67] or having these currents as part of its legacy.[64] Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa is one of the main preachers of Christian Democracy inside the PSD. As isPaulo Rangel.[68] In October 2024, then Prime Minister and leader of the PSD also mentioned that the government and party were "not Liberal from beginning to end but Social Democratic and Christian Democrat".[3]
Right-wing populists
Distinct fromradical right-wing populists, the populist centre and centre-left social democrats (like João Jardim and Sá Carneiro), the populist overlappers (like Cavaco Silva), and theEurosceptic populists of theDemocratic and Social Centre–People's Party (CDS-PP). They aresocial-economicliberal conservative/conservative liberal and moderateculturallyreligious conservatives and internationalistnational conservatives. Their main representative is Pedro Santana Lopes. Though the main right-wing populists were present at the founding of the party (like Santana Lopes), they were clearly right-wing, recruited when their abilities were noticed in educated circles and universities,[69] with minor agreements with Sá Carneiro's philosophy. Frequently as the PSD is a bipartisanship party, right-wing populists from the CDS-PP join the party. Luís Filipe Meneses is frequently described as a populist but he tried to lead the party back to a left line,[70] and does not identify or act like the liberal conservative/conservative liberal populists.
Conservatives
With the post-revolutionary opposition to the right (see above in liberal) no specific conservative party was founded in Portugal; conservatives acted inside the CDS-PP and the PSD. Frequently linked with the neoliberals, pure conservatives are rare in the party as the usual partisan or politician of the party is economically moderate, butsocially conservative. One of the rare exceptions of a pure conservative in this party was former party member and MPVasco Pulido Valente, who is highly elitist and a culturalpurist (unlike most of the party's partisans, who have various degrees of populism ormeritocracy), highly conservative andtraditionalist.[71]
Neoconservatives
Mostly former communists and leftists who supported the policies of theBush administration and defend similar views in Portuguese politics. The main example isJosé Pacheco Pereira[72][73] (though his support of theBush doctrine on the2003 American-led invasion of Iraq is sometimes challenged.[74] They are frequently referred to as "Cavaco-ists" due to their support of cavacoism's legacy and candidates representative of it, like Cavaco Silva himself and Ferreira Leite, defending the position that they should take a hard stance on the left and its social liberalism).[75]
Neoliberals
Neoliberal tendencies were introduced inPortuguese economy by Cavaco Silva, removing socialism from the constitution and finishing the de-collectivization of the economy started with Sá Carneiro. Cavaco (a self-describedneo-Keynesian) never employed a totallyReaganite orThatcherite strategy, maintaining a social democrat matrix and many (right and left-wing) populist andneo-Keynesian policies. Alberto João Jardim described the inconsistent neoliberalism of the PSD as "thoseChicago Boys have some funny ideas, but when election time arrives the oldKeynesianism is still what counts".[76] Cavaco Silva and Durão Barroso are both sometimes referred to as the closest to neo-liberal leaders of the party.[77] The main pure representative of the streak is Manuela Ferreira Leite, but even she called herself a social democrat and explained "I'm not certainly liberal, I'm also not populist"[78] and lead the social democratic factions during internal party rifts, though she accepts the nickname "Portuguese iron lady" and comparisons to Thatcher if "[it] means [...] an enormous intransigence on values and in principles, of not abdicating from these values and from these principles and of continuing my way independently of the popularity of my actions and the effects on my image".[78] The main group (officiallynon-partisan) associated with the neoliberal faction of the PSD is theProjecto Farol (Lighthouse Project).[79]
Overlappers
The average PSD voter and partisan since Cavaco Silva's leadership. Cavaco himself, though a self-described Neo-Keynesian, an early member of the party since its centre-left days and a man with social-liberal and centrist populist economic policy tendencies, he is personally a social conservative (opposingsame-sex marriage[80] andabortion) and a practicing Catholic.[81] As such, Cavacoism should be considered a "hybrid" or apolitical syncretism.[82] A similar case isVasco Graça Moura, who claims to be an economic social democrat but opposes gay people serving in the military and is a self-described "centre-leftreactionary".[83] The overlappers are mainly represented in the forums gathered by the District of Oporto section of the party, which during the2009 European elections tried to gather the ideas of all factions.
Centrists
Not to be confused with overlappers. Still indecisive between (traditional or Portuguese) social democracy, social liberalism or any other kind of centrism.
Transversalists
Arepragmatic although open to privatization and civil society alternatives to thesocial state, in speech they move closer to the centre-left origins of the party and are generally proud of them.[84] The main representative of this faction isPedro Passos Coelho, who claims to be neither left nor right, but that "the real issues are between old and new",[85] though his opponents identified him as a liberal (in theconservative-liberal or neoliberal European sense) since the 2008 party election, though he recalled the many meanings of liberal and recalled theleft liberalism of theUnited States Democratic Party,[86] being even called "PSD's Obama" by supporters. Centrists and transversalists inside the party share the think tankConstruir Ideias (Building Ideas), which Passos Coelho founded and leads.[79] They mix (like the closely allied centrists) calls to privatization with others to more social justice, government regulation and arbitration and strategic governmental involvement in the economy. This faction is in constant rift with the more socially right-wing ones (who have been leading the party for a long time) and also with the overlappers whose hybrid approach they refuse, over the future of the party and its future ideological and philosophical alignments.

Election results

[edit]

Assembly of the Republic

[edit]

Seat share in the Portuguese legislative elections

ElectionLeaderVotes%Seats+/-Government
1975Francisco Sá Carneiro1,507,28226.4 (#2)
81 / 250
Constituent assembly
19761,335,38124.4 (#2)
73 / 263
Decrease8Opposition
1979Democratic Alliance
80 / 250
Increase7Coalition
1980
82 / 250
Increase2Coalition
1983Carlos Mota Pinto1,554,80427.2 (#2)
75 / 250
Decrease7Coalition[a]
1985Aníbal Cavaco Silva1,732,28829.9 (#1)
88 / 250
Increase13Minority[b]
19872,850,78450.2 (#1)
148 / 250
Increase60Majority
19912,902,35150.6 (#1)
135 / 230
Decrease13Majority
1995Fernando Nogueira2,014,58934.1 (#2)
88 / 230
Decrease47Opposition
1999José Manuel Durão Barroso1,750,15832.3 (#2)
81 / 230
Decrease7Opposition
20022,200,76540.2 (#1)
105 / 230
Increase24Coalition[c]
2005Pedro Santana Lopes1,653,42528.8 (#2)
71 / 230
Decrease34Opposition
2009Manuela Ferreira Leite1,653,66529.1 (#2)
81 / 230
Increase10Opposition
2011Pedro Passos Coelho2,159,18138.7 (#1)
108 / 230
Increase27Coalition[d]
2015Portugal Ahead
89 / 230
Decrease19Coalition[e]
Opposition
2019Rui Rio1,454,28327.8 (#2)
79 / 230
Decrease10Opposition
20221,618,38129.1 (#2)
77 / 230
Decrease2Opposition
2024Luís MontenegroDemocratic Alliance
78 / 230
Increase1Coalition[f]
2025
89 / 230
Increase11Coalition[f]

Presidential

[edit]
ElectionCandidateFirst roundSecond roundResult
Votes%Votes%
1976SupportedAntónio Ramalho EanesWonGreen tickY
1980António Soares Carneiro2,325,48140.2 (#2)LostRed XN
1986Diogo Freitas do Amaral2,629,59746.3 (#1)2,872,06448.8 (#2)LostRed XN
1991SupportedMário SoaresWonGreen tickY
1996Aníbal Cavaco Silva2,595,13146.1 (#2)LostRed XN
2001Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral1,498,94834.7 (#2)LostRed XN
2006Aníbal Cavaco Silva2,773,43150.5 (#1)WonGreen tickY
20112,231,95653.0 (#1)WonGreen tickY
2016Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa2,413,95652.0 (#1)WonGreen tickY
20212,531,69260.7 (#1)WonGreen tickY
2026Luís Marques MendesTBDTBDTBDTBDTBD

European Parliament

[edit]
ElectionLeaderVotes%Seats+/-EP Group
1987Pedro Santana Lopes2,111,82837.5 (#1)
10 / 24
LDR
1989António Capucho1,358,95832.8 (#1)
9 / 24
Decrease1
1994Eurico de Melo1,046,91834.4 (#2)
9 / 25
Steady0EPP
1999José Pacheco Pereira1,078,52831.1 (#2)
9 / 25
Steady0EPP-ED
2004João de Deus PinheiroForward Portugal
7 / 24
Decrease2
2009Paulo Rangel1,131,74431.7 (#1)
8 / 22
Increase1EPP
2014Portugal Alliance
6 / 21
Decrease2
2019725,39921.9 (#2)
6 / 21
Steady0
2024Sebastião BugalhoDemocratic Alliance
6 / 21
Steady0

Regional Assemblies

[edit]
RegionElectionLeaderVotes%Seats+/-Government
Azores2024José Manuel BolieiroPSD/CDS/PPM
23 / 57
Increase2Coalition[g]
Madeira2025Miguel Albuquerque62,05943.4 (#1)
23 / 47
Increase4Coalition[h]

Organization

[edit]

Party leaders

[edit]
Main article:President of the Social Democratic Party (Portugal)

List of leaders

[edit]
Leader[i]FromTo
1stFrancisco Sá Carneiro24 November 197425 May 1975
2ndEmídio Guerreiro25 May 197528 September 1975
—
Francisco Sá Carneiro(2nd time)28 September 197511 November 1977
3rdAntónio de Sousa Franco11 November 1977[87]15 April 1978
4thJosé Menéres Pimentel15 April 19782 July 1978
—
Francisco Sá Carneiro(3rd time)2 July 19784 December 1980
5thFrancisco Pinto Balsemão13 December 198027 February 1983
6thNuno Rodrigues dos Santos27 February 198325 March 1984
7thCarlos Mota Pinto25 March 198410 February 1985
8thRui Machete10 February 198519 May 1985
9thAníbal Cavaco Silva19 May 198519 February 1995
10thFernando Nogueira19 February 199531 March 1996
11thMarcelo Rebelo de Sousa31 March 19961 May 1999
12thJosé Manuel Durão Barroso2 May 199930 June 2004
13thPedro Santana Lopes30 June 200410 April 2005
14thLuís Marques Mendes8 April 200512 October 2007
15thLuís Filipe Menezes12 October 200720 June 2008
16thManuela Ferreira Leite20 June 20089 April 2010
17thPedro Passos Coelho9 April 201016 February 2018
18thRui Rio16 February 20181 July 2022
19thLuís Montenegro1 July 2022[88]Incumbent

Graphical timeline

[edit]

List of secretaries-general (second-in-command)

[edit]
National headquarters of the Social Democratic Party in S. Caetano à Lapa street,Estrela,Lisbon.

Source:[89]

List of Parliamentary leaders

[edit]

Source:[90]

Prime ministers

[edit]

Presidents of the Republic

[edit]

Symbols

[edit]

Logos

[edit]

The orange color is dominant in the PSD symbols and flags since 1974 and the logo is characterized by three arrows, inspired in theThree Arrowspolitical symbol from the GermanSocial Democratic Party during the 1930s againstNazism. In the PSD logo, the three arrows represent freedom, equality and solidarity - a traditional social democratic motto, with its roots in the French Revolution.[91]

  • Party logo, 1974–1987
    Party logo, 1974–1987
  • Party logo, 1987–1996
    Party logo, 1987–1996
  • Party logo, 1999–2008
    Party logo, 1999–2008
  • Party logo, 1997–1999, 2008–2011
    Party logo, 1997–1999, 2008–2011
  • Current logo, since 2011
    Current logo, since 2011

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Central Bloc government (PS-PSD).
  2. ^Confidence & supply gov't:PSD ⇐ (CDS–PRD).
  3. ^Coalition government (PSD-CDS–PP).
  4. ^Coalition government (PSD-CDS–PP).
  5. ^ Minority government (2015); Opposition (2015–2019).
  6. ^ab MinorityCoalition government (PSD-CDS–PP).
  7. ^ Minority coalition governmentPSD-CDS–PP-PPM
  8. ^Coalition government (PSD-CDS–PP).
  9. ^ Leaders until 31 October 1976 had the title of General-Secretary,[92] which from then on became the title of the second-in-command, with the leader's title being the one of President.

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ab"Montenegro diz que "este Governo não é liberal" e vê no SNS "trave-mestra" do sistema de saúde".observador.pt. Retrieved27 May 2025.
  4. ^"Os hinos que se cantavam nas primeiras eleições".
  5. ^"Mapa interactivo: veja como votaram as freguesias à sua volta".publico.pt. 13 October 2025. Retrieved13 October 2025.
  6. ^Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019)."Portugal".Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved8 October 2019.
  7. ^abJosep M. Colomer (2008)."Spain and Portugal: Rule by Party Leadership". In Josep M. Colomer (ed.).Comparative European Politics (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 187.ISBN 978-1-134-07354-2.
  8. ^abOppelland, Torsten (2007)."Das Parteiensystem der Europäischen Union". In Oskar Niedermayer; Richard Stöss; Melanie Haas (eds.).Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas. Springer-Verlag. p. 373.ISBN 978-3-531-90061-2.
  9. ^abcdeAlmeida, Dimitri (2012).The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus. Taylor & Francis. p. 99.ISBN 978-1-136-34039-0.
  10. ^Freire, André (2007)."The Party System of Portugal". In Oskar Niedermayer; Richard Stöss; Melanie Haas (eds.).Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas. Springer-Verlag. p. 373.ISBN 978-3-531-90061-2.
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External links

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