| Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf | |
|---|---|
![Sitting osiride statuette of Sobekemsaf II, likely from Thebes.[1]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aStatuette_Sobekemsaf_Petrie_b.png) | |
| Pharaoh | |
| Reign | c.1570s BC |
| Predecessor | Sobekemsaf I |
| Successor | Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef |
| Consort | Nubkhaes II |
| Children | Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef,Nubkheperre Intef |
| Father | Sobekemsaf I |
| Dynasty | 17th Dynasty of Egypt |
Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II was anEgyptian king who reigned during theSecond Intermediate Period, when Egypt was fragmented and ruled by multiple kings.
His throne name, Sekhemre Shedtawy, means "Powerful is Re; Rescuer of the Two Lands".[2] It is now believed by Egyptologists that Sobekemsaf II was the father of bothSekhemre-Wepmaat Intef andNubkheperre Intef based on an inscription carved on a doorjamb discovered in the ruins of a 17th Dynasty temple at Gebel Antef in the early 1990s which was built underNubkheperre Intef. The doorjamb mentions a king Sobekem[saf] as the father of Nubkheperre Intef/Antef VII--(Antef begotten of Sobekem...)[3] He was in all likelihood the Prince Sobekemsaf who is attested as the son and designated successor of kingSobekemsaf I on Cairo Statue CG 386.[4]
In theSecond Intermediate Period (SIP) there were two kings with the nomen Sobekemsaf: Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf andSekhemre Wadjkhau Sobekemsaf. In addition there is a prenomenSekhemre Shedwaset, Powerful is Ra, Rescuer of Waset (gr. Thebes), which may be a local variation of Sekhemre Shedtawy. The names imply a time of turmoil where the city and land was in need of rescue. There were also a King's Son Sobekemsaf. Several private individuals and officials also had the name Sobekemsaf, like the reporter of ThebesSobekemsaf who was the brother of aQueen Nubkhaes. The latter seem to have ascended the throne following the fall of the late 13th Dynasty, as her uncle High StewardNebankh had servedNeferhotep I andSobekhotep IV. It is unclear if there were one or two queens named Nubkhaes. Attestations of Nubkhes (I) does not preserve the name of her husband, and the Papyrus Abbott assumes that Nubkhaes (II) found in the tomb of Sobekemsaf was his wife. The numbering of Sobekemsaf I and Sobekemsaf II can be confused, Ryholt (1997) has Sekhemre Shedtawy as Sobekemsaf I.
A list of attestations is provided by Ryholt 1997:393 File 17/2. In the preserved attestations only the prenomen and nomen are preserved.
Note that attestations with the nomen Sobekemsaf may belong to one of two kings, Sobekemsaf I or Sobekemsaf II.
A series of attestations date to Ramesses IX at the end of the 20th Dynasty,
TheAbbott andLeopold-Amherst Papyruses, which are dated to Year 16 ofRamesses IX, state that this king's royal pyramid tomb was violated and destroyed by tomb robbers. The confessions and tomb robbery trials of the men responsible for the looting of Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf's tomb are detailed in the latter papyrus which is dated to Year 16, III Peret day 22 of Ramesses IX. This document relates that a certain Amenpnufer, son of Anhernakhte, a stonemason from the Temple of Amun Re "fell into the habit of robbing the tombs [of noblemen in West Thebes] in company with the stonemason Hapiwer" and mentions that they robbed Sobekemsaf's tomb along with six other accomplices in Year 13 of Ramesses IX.[11] Amenpnufer confesses that they
...went to rob the tombs...and we found the pyramid of [king] Sekhemre Shedtaui, the son of Re Sebekemsaf, this being not at all like the pyramids and tombs of the nobles which we habitually went to rob.[11]
In his trial, Amenpnufer testifies that he and his companions dug a tunnel into the king's pyramid with their copper tools:
Then we broke through the rubble...and we found this god (king) lying at the back of his burial-place. And we found that the burial-place of Nubkhaes, his queen, situated beside him...We opened their sarcophagi and their coffins in which they were, and found the noble mummy of this King equipped with a falcon; a large number of amulets and jewels of gold were upon his neck, and his head-piece of gold was upon him. The noble mummy of this King was completely bedecked with gold, and his coffins were adorned with gold and silver inside and out and inlaid with all kinds of precious stones. We collected the gold on the noble mummy of this god...and we collected all that we found on her (the Queen) likewise; and we set fire to their coffins. We took their furniture...consisting of articles of gold, silver and bronze, and divided them amongst ourselves...Then we crossed over to Thebes. And after some days the District Superintendent of Thebes heard that we had been stealing in the west, and they seized me and imprisoned me in the office of the Mayor of Thebes. And I took the twentydeben of gold which had fallen to me as my portion and gave them to Khaemope, the scribe of the quarter attached to the landing place of Thebes. He released me, and I rejoined my companions, and they compensated me with a portion once again. Thus I, together, with other thieves who are with me, have continued to this day in the practice of robbing the tombs of the nobles and the [deceased] people of the land who rest in the west of Thebes.[12]
Amenpnufer states that the treasures taken from the two royal mummies amounted to "160 deben of gold" or 32 lbs (14.5 kg).[13] The document ends with the conviction of the thieves—with a probable death sentence—and notes that a copy of the official trial transcripts was dispatched to Ramesses IX inLower Egypt. Amenpnufer himself would have been sentenced to death byimpalement, a punishment which "was reserved for [only] the most heinous crimes" in Ancient Egypt.[14]
The Tomb of Sobekemsaf has not been located. According to theAbbott Papyrus and theLeopold-Amherst Papyrus, which is dated to Year 16 ofRamesses IX, Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf was buried along with his chief Queen Nubkhaes (II) in his royal pyramid tomb in the necropolis in the west opposite Thebes, most likely atDra' Abu el-Naga'.
He was once thought to belong to the lateThirteenth Dynasty, but is today believed to be placed as a king of theSeventeenth Dynasty of Egypt.
The German Egyptologist Daniel Polz, who rediscoveredNubkheperre Intef's tomb at Dra Abu el Naga', strongly maintains that Nubkheperre Intef ruled very late in the 17th Dynasty, which means that Sekhemre Wadjkhau Sobekemsaf (I) cannot have intervened between the Intef line of kings and the Ahmoside family of kings: Senakhtenre, Seqenenre and Kamose. Polz's hypothesis that Nubkheperre Intef ruled late in the 17th Dynasty is supported "by the evidence of the box of Minemhat, who was governor ofCoptos" in Year 3 of Nubkheperre Intef[15] "which was part of the funerary equipment of an Aqher who lived underSeqenenre [Tao]."[16] This discovery strongly suggests that the reigns of Nubkheperre Intef and Seqenenre Tao were separated by only a few years in time rather than 15 to 20 years at a time when few pharaohs enjoyed long reigns in the 17th Dynasty. The late Middle Kingdom German EgyptologistDetlef Franke (1952–2007) also supported this view in an article which was published in 2008—a year after his death—where he wrote:
Ryholt believed that Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf intervened between the line of Intef kings and the accession ofSenakhtenre—the first 17th Dynasty kings from the Ahmoside family line. Polz argues that Sekemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf was instead the father of Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf (II) and the grandfather of the Intef kings since a statue of Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf shows that his eldest son was also named Sobekemsaf as Anthony Spalinger notes.[18] This means that Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf ruled on the throne before the Intef kings took power early in the 17th Dynasty—and that he would beSobekemsaf I instead and the father of Sobekemsaf II. Since Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf (II) himself is known to be the father of Nubkheperre Intef, this means that both he and Sobekemsaf I ruled Egypt before Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef and Nubkheperre Intef assumed the throne. Sobekemsaf II would, therefore, be the son ofSobekemsaf I and the father of his two immediate successors:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef andNubkheperre Intef.
| Preceded by | Pharaoh of Egypt Seventeenth Dynasty | Succeeded by |
