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Small Swords Society

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Militant rebel organisation in Qing China (1840-55)

Small Swords Society

Traditional Chinese

小刀會

Simplified Chinese

小刀会

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Xiǎodāohuì Xiǎo Dāo Huì
Wade–Giles	Hsiao-tao Hui Hsiao Tao Hui

Small Swords Society orSmall Sword Society was a political and military organisation active inShanghai, China, and neighbouring areas amid theTaiping Rebellion, between about 1840 and 1855.^[1] Members of the society, rebelling against theQing dynasty, occupied old Shanghai^[2] and many of the surrounding villages.^[3] Chinesegentry andmerchants took refuge in the British and Frenchconcessions, which were regarded as the only safe places. The rebels briefly allied with the British and American forces in the concessions after Qing forces attacked the concessions during theBattle of Muddy Flat.^[4] The rebellion was suppressed and the society expelled from Shanghai in February 1855.^[2]^[5]

History

[edit]

Headquarters of the Small Swords Society in Shanghai

The organization was founded in 1850 during the upheavals leading to theTaiping Rebellion, its original leader being a Singaporean-born merchant with British citizenship, Chen Qingzhen (Chinese:陈庆真), inXiamen,Fujian Province, many among its leadership also being English-speaking Singapore Chinese.^[6] It was one of a number of rebel groups to arise during this period, either affiliated with or proclaiming support for the Taiping administration. The society consisted mainly of natives fromGuangdong andFujian, including Li Shaoqing, Li Xianyun and Pan Yiguo, directors of some of thehuiguan or native place associations of Shanghai.^[7] They were opposed to bothBuddhism andDaoism, issuing proclamations against both faiths. Some of these proclamations were translated for an English-speaking audience byAlexander Wylie.^[8] The Small Swords Society was a variant of the Heaven and Earth Societies (Tiandihui) that organised theRed Turban Rebellion inGuangdong province, and used their symbolism.^[9]

The Society succeeded in seizingXiamen,Tong'an,Zhangzhou, andZhangpu in Fujian province, but was forced to withdraw after heavy fighting, continuing resistance at sea until 1858.^[10] While in Xiamen, they allied with forces of theRed Turban Rebellion inHumen to seize the city ofHuizhou, nearGuangzhou,Guangdong province, helping to galvanise that insurrection.^[11]

In 1851 the Society occupied theChinese city of Shanghai without invading the foreign concessions. Thecircuit intendant was forced to flee.^[12] Large numbers of Chinese refugees from surrounding areas flooded into the foreign concessions in this period, dramatically increasing the population there and giving rise to the prevalentlongtang orshikumen-style housing which came to dominateShanghai by the early 20th Century.^[13]

The Small Sword Society in Shanghai initially declared the re-establishment ofDa Ming Guo (Chinese:大明国), theGreat Ming State, and elected Liu Lichuan as leader, who wrote to the Heavenly King of theTaiping Tianguo to join his rebellion, subsequently adopting the Taiping Tianguo name. The society took steps to issue currency, encourage trade and stabilise the food supply.^[14]

Conflict broke out between the Fujian and Guangdong factions, over whether they should leave with the loot they had acquired. At first, the British and American authorities remained neutral, while the French supported the imperial government. However, some British and American sailors joined up with the Small Swords Society. When French troops were sent in to support Qing imperial troops, this caused the situation of Westerners fighting Westerners. The British and American authorities then declared the sailors' actions illegal and joined in support for the imperial armies. The society's forces tried to break out from the siege but was destroyed in February 1855.^[15] Remnant forces regrouped with the Taiping army.^[16]

The Society's headquarters were in theYu Garden of Shanghai, at the heart of the old city and today a popular tourist attraction and shopping district. There is a small museum displaying artefacts of the Society in the gardens.^{[citation needed]}

References

[edit]

^Albert Feuerwerker (1970).Chinese Communist Studies of Modern Chinese History. Volume 11 of Harvard East Asian monographs. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University East Asian Research Center.ISBN 9780674123014. p. 102–3.
^^a ^bAlasdair Moore (2004).La Mortola: In the Footsteps of Thomas Hanbury London: Cadogan Guides.ISBN 9781860111402.
^Ruth Hayhoe, Yongling Lu (1996).Ma Xiangbo and the mind of modern China 1840-1939. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.ISBN 9781563248313. pp. 17–18.
^Lanning, G; Couling, S (1921).The History Of Shanghai Vol. I. Shanghai Municipal Council. p. 310.
^Dillon, Michael, ed. (1998).China: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary. London: Curzon Press. p. 292.ISBN 0-7007-0439-6.
^Ter Haar, B. J. (2000).Ritual and Mythology of the Chinese Triads Brill's Scholars' List Scholar's List Series Volume 41 of Sinica Leidensia Series. BRILL. pp. 350–351.ISBN 9004119442.
^Johnson, Linda Cooke (1995).Shanghai: from market town to treaty port, 1074-1858. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 267–291.
^"Small Sword proclamations".Chinese Works (Wade collection). Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved9 January 2017.
^Faure, David;Liu, Kwang-ching; Hon-Chun Shek, Richard (2004).Heterodoxy in Late Imperial China. University of Hawaii Press. p. 365.ISBN 0824825381.
^Jimei District Website at theWayback Machine (archived 2007-09-28)
^Wakeman, Frederic (1997).Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861 (Reprint, revised ed.). University of California Press. pp. 137–138.ISBN 0520212398.
^Hamashita, Takeshi (2002). "Tribute and Treaties: East Asian Treaty Ports Networks in the Era of Negotiation, 1834-1894".European Journal of East Asian Studies.1 (1):59–87.doi:10.1163/157006102775123030.
^Zhao, Chunlan (2004). "From Shikumen to new-style: a rereading of lilong housing in modern Shanghai".The Journal of Architecture.4:49–76.doi:10.1080/1360236042000197853.S2CID 144325990.
^Xiaobing Li (2012).China at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 414.ISBN 978-1598844160.
^Gao, James Z. (2009).Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949) Volume 25 of Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras. Scarecrow Press. p. 331.ISBN 978-0810863088.
^Li, Xiaobing (2012).China at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 415.ISBN 978-1598844153.

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v t e Taiping Rebellion
Battles and campaigns	Jintian Changsha Wuchang 1st Nanjing Western Expedition Northern Expedition Eastern Expedition 1st Jiangnan Tianjing incident Sanhe 2nd Jiangnan Ningbo Anqing Shanghai Guanzhong Cixi Changzhou 3rd Nanking Hubei Fujian
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom leaders	Hong Xiuquan Hong Tianguifu Hong Xuanjiao Yang Xiuqing † Feng Yunshan † Xiao Chaogui † Wei Changhui † Hong Rengan Shi Dakai Li Xiucheng Chen Yucheng Li Shixian † Qin Rigang
Other rebel leaders	Zhang Lexing † (Nian Rebels) Su Sanniang Qiu Ersao † (Red Turban rebels)
Qing dynasty leaders and personnel	Xianfeng Emperor Empress Dowager Cixi Zeng Guofan Sengge Rinchen Guanwen Li Hongzhang Luo Bingzhang Jirhangga † Zuo Zongtang Zhang Guoliang † He Chun † Xiang Rong † Frederick Townsend Ward † Auguste Protet †
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