Kneeling man carrying lamp with both hands in the Đông Sơn period
During theHồng Bàng period, the society was divided into three classes consisting of kings, citizens and slaves. A slave, the lowest class, served the aristocracy.
During theChinese domination period, Vietnamese girls were sold as sex slaves to the Chinese.[1] A large trade developed where the native girls of Nam Viet were enslaved and brought north to the Chinese.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Southern Yue girls were sexually eroticized in Chinese literature and in poems written by Chinese who were exiled to the south.[8]
During theLý dynasty, Vietnam raided theSong dynasty to capture and enslave Chinese subjects, who were forced to serve in the Vietnamese army as soldiers.[9] Vietnamese Buddhist Temples received Cham slaves who were prisoners of war.[10]
Phỗng statue, carved in the shape of slaves captured by the Vietnamese after the conquest of other lands
After theCham–Vietnamese War (1471) Cham prisoners were given as slaves to Vietnamese estates.[11] They were all eventually ordered to be killed due to a royal order.[12][13]
EmperorLê Thánh Tông was aggressive in his relations with foreign countries including China and Malacca and cracked down on foreign trade and contacts, enforcing an isolationist policy. A large amount of trade between Guangdong and Vietnam happened during his reign. Early accounts recorded that the Vietnamese captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course and detained them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to becomeeunuch slaves to the Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that the Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in trade between China and Vietnam instead of actually being blown off course by the wind and they were punished as part of a crackdown on illegal foreign trade by Vietnam.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Records show that the Vietnamese performedcastration in a painful procedure by removing the entire genitalia with both penis and testicles being cut off with a sharp knife or metal blade. The procedure was agonizing since the entire penis was cut off.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28] The young man's thighs and abdomen would be tied and others would pin him down on a table. The genitals would be sterilized with pepper water and then cut off. A tube would be then inserted into the urethra to allow urination during healing. Anyfacial hair such as the beard would fall off and the eunuch's voice would become like a girl's.[29] The eunuchs served as slaves to the Vietnamese palace women in the harem like the consorts,concubines, maids, Queen, and Princesses, doing most of the work.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The only man allowed in the Palace was the Emperor, the only others allowed were his women and the eunuchs since they were not able to have sexual relations with the women. The eunuchs were assigned to do work for the palace women like massaging and applying make up to the women and preparing them for sex with the Emperor.[36][37][38][39]
Several Malay envoys from theMalacca Sultanate were attacked and captured in 1469 by Annam (Vietnam) as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured.[40][41][42][43][44]
A 1472 entry in theMing Shilu reported that when some Chinese fromNanhai county escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out up to 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries.[45][46][47][48] China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration.[49][50]
A 1499 entry in the Ming Shilu recorded that thirteen Chinese men fromWenchang including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling fromHainan toGuangdong's Qin subprefecture (Qinzhou), after which they ended up near the coast of Vietnam, during theChenghua Emperor's rule (1447–1487). Twelve of them were enslaved to work as agricultural laborers, while the youngest,Wu Rui (吳瑞) was selected for castration since he was the only young man and he became a eunuch attendant at theVietnamese imperial palace in Thăng Long. After years of service, he was promoted at the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to a military position in northern Vietnam. A soldier told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped toLongzhou. The local chief planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese, but Wu was rescued by thePingxiang magistrate and then was sent toBeijing to work as a eunuch in the palace.[51][52][53][54][55]
TheĐại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (nowQuảng Ninh Province) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong.[56][57][58][59][60] This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured.[52]
Since the 1980s, somewomen from Vietnam have become victims ofkidnapping, thebride-buying trade,human trafficking andprostitution in China.[62] The present-day struggle of the Vietnamese female victims of "bride-brokers" can be summarized by the larger-than-life poem known as "The Tale of Kieu", which narrates the story of a female protagonist of Vietnam who was purchased by foreigners and was violated, yet kept fighting back against her captors and offenders.[62]
Human traffickers, such as inBangkok, trick, kidnap and detain the women for the purpose of raping them, making themsurrogate mothers, and selling their babies to clients inTaiwan.[63]
^黄啟臣 (2008-03-16)."明代广东海上丝绸之路的高度发展". 國學網－－中國經濟史論壇(China Economic History Forum). Archived fromthe original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved26 July 2013.
^"明代广东海上丝绸之路的高度发展". 中國評論學術出版社(China Review Academic Publishers Unlimited). Retrieved26 July 2013.
^Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993). "Phần 26 (Bản kỷ thực lục Q2(a), Nhà Hậu Lê (1460 - 1472).)".Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch (1985 - 1992). Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành (1993). Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved26 July 2013.
^Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993). "DVSK Bản Kỷ Thực Lục 12: Nhà Hậu Lê (1460 - 1472) ... Phần 1(Đại Việt Sử Ký Bản Kỷ Thực Lục, Quyển XII [1a], Kỷ Nhà Lê, Thánh Tông Thuần Hoàng Đế)".Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch (1985 - 1992). Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành (1993). Retrieved26 July 2013.
