This is alist ofmembranophones used in theCaribbean musicarea, including the islands of theCaribbean Sea, as well as the musics ofGuyana,Suriname,French Guiana,Belize,Honduras, andBermuda. It only includes membranophones that are indigenous to the local music area or are a vital and long-standing part of local culture. It does not include membranophones that are, for example, a part of Western style orchestras, nor does it includetrap sets and other common membranophones used in popular music recordings of many genres across the world. Almost all membranophones aredrums andpercussion instruments.[1][2]
TheHornbostel-Sachs number is given after each instrument.[3]
| Instrument | Tradition | Hornbostel–Sachs classification | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| agbe | Seechekere | - | |
| agida[4][5] | Suriname | 211.212 | Afro-Surinamesebass drum that sets a steady beat for folk music, played with a stick, of the set withapinti andtumao, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin, used in spiritual ceremonies, where it is associated with snake spirits |
| akete | Seekété | - | |
| alcagüete | Seealcahuete | - | |
| alcahuete[6][7] alcagüete | Dominican Republic | 211.211.2-7 | One of the smaller drums used in the ensembles calledpalos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked |
| amelé | Seeokónkolo | - | |
| apinti[4][5] | Suriname | 211.211.2 | Principal Afro-Surinamese drum of the set withagida andtumao,tenor drum, decorated with carvings, and used for communication by Surinamese slaves and for religious purposes in connection with sky and ancestor spirits, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin |
| arobapá[8][9] endóga | Cuba | 211.21-814 | Drum used in Afro-CubanAbakuá societies, smallenkomo drum of thebiankomeko ensemble, along with thekuchiyeremá andbiapá, and the tallerbonkó enchemiyá |
| assotor[10] | Haiti | 211.211.2 | 5-to-6-foot-tall (1.5 to 1.8 m) cylindrical drum with three windows near the base so the drummer (or pair of drummers) can play it easily, decorated with brightly colored kerchiefs (foulas) |
| atabales | Seepalos | - | |
| baboula[11][12] | Grenada | 211.221.1 | Open-bottomed, goatskin-headed, made from barrels or tree trunks, smaller partner of thetambou, used in thebelair dance |
| balaban[13][14] jumbie drum | Montserrat | 211.311 | Small goatskin frame drum, played with the back of the hand, front of the fingers and the palm, used to attract spirits for thejumbie dance |
| balsié[15] | Dominican Republic | 2 | Small double-headed drum, used inmerengue only in the south of the country |
| bamboula[16] | Virgin Islands | 211.211.2 | Played by two drummers, one using two sticks and the other hands and feet, used in dance genre of the same name (bamboula) |
| bandu | Seekbandu | - | |
| bari[17][18][19] | Bonaire and Curaçao | 211.22 | Single-headed, made from a wooden barrel, often from theherring industry, with a skin frame, played two-handed |
| barrel drum[9] | Cuba | 211.222.2-7 | Barrel drum variant of abatá drum, often with the system of lacing replaced by nailing the heads to the drum, most common inMatanzas Province |
| barriles[20] buleador,primo,repicador,subidor | Puerto Rico | 211.221.2 | Barrel drums, covered with lightly stretched skins, consists of largebuleador drums and smallersubidor drums, used inbomba |
| bas a dé fas, tambou[21] | Guadeloupe | 211.212.2 | Bass drum, double-headed, played with sticks, used in Carnival, specificallymizik a mas Byé Fò |
| bas a yon fas, tambou[21][22] | Guadeloupe | 211.221-7 | Bass barrel drum, one-headed, laced, and played with sticks, used in Carnival, specificallymizik a mas a Sen Jan |
| bas, tambou di[22][23][24][25] boula,tambou dibass,tambou dibas,tambou bas | Martinique andGuadeloupe | 211.311 | Small frame drum played with both striking and rubbing, used in indoor music, andquadrilles,ladja andgwo ka, and in theTamil music ofIndo-Caribbean Martinique |
| bas, tambou | Seefoulé, tambou | - | |
| bas, tambou | Seebas, tambou di | - | |
| bas, tambou | Seebas a yon fas, tambou | - | |
| base, tambou di | Seebas, tambou di | - | |
| bass drum[26] | Antigua and Barbuda | 211.211.2 | Bass drum, accompaniment to stilt dancers andChristmas music |
| bass drum[27] | Barbados | 211.212.1 | Double-headed drum that keeps the ground rhythm and is slung across the drummers' shoulder, used intuk bands |
| bass drum[11] | Grenada | 211.212.1 | Double-headed bass drum, played with a hard stick in one hand for the lower head, and a soft mallet in the other hand for the upper head, used to accompanyquadrilles |
| bass drum[28][29][30][31][32] repeater (Maroon only) | Jamaica | 211.212.1 | Double-headedbass drum, carried with a strap and leader of marching bands, played with a covered stick inNyabinghi ceremonies, used inmarching bands, andRastafarian andMaroon music |
| basstumbadora[33] true conga | Cuba | 211.22.2 | Largest barrel-shaped hand drum of thetumbadora family |
| basse[10] | Haiti | 211.311 | Goatskin-headedtambourine, used in secular music |
| batá drums[9][34] | Cuba | 211.26-813 | Family of three drums:iyá,itótele andokónkolo, used inLucumi religious rites, all goblet-shaped and with two goatskin heads calledtcha-tchás, sometimes with a nut inside (coco-Africano), both for aural and spiritual reasons |
| batta[35] | Guyana | 2 | Afro-Guyanesebass drum, used in folk music traditions |
| baydum[36] | Indo-Trinidadian | 211.212.1 | Double-headed bass drum, used inMuslimHosay (Hosein) rituals, now widespread among Afro-Trinidadians and others |
| bélé[22][23][24][37] | Martinique | 211.251.2-91(+22) | Single-headed, open-bottomed conical drum with a hole in the barrel and a goatskin head, stretched by a rope hoop, wrapped in more rope, used in all African-derived Martinican dances and as a symbol of Afro-Martinican identity, includingtambour bélé,kalenda, anddanmyé, also used to synchronize collective labor in northern Martinique, and is a part of most Martinican ruralwork songs, uses a plucking string in the northern region |
| bélé, tambou[38] | Dominica | 211.221.2-86+22 | Single-headed barrel drum, covered at one end by goatskin, stretched with rope and pegs, and played barehanded, accompaniesbélé, features a plucked strings across the head |
| bélé, tambou | Seeka | - | |
| bemba[36] bembe | Trinidad and Tobago | 211.212.2 | Cylindrical drums with double skins, smallest of the set withconga andoumalay drums |
| bembe | Seebemba | - | |
| bench drum | Seegumbe | - | |
| biankomeko[8][9] | Cuba | - | Afro-CubanAbakuá drum ensemble, consisting of four drums:bonkó enchemiyá andenkomo:biapá,arobapá, andkuchiyeremá |
| biapá[8][9] tétendóga | Cuba | 211.21-814 | Smallenkomo drum of thebiankomeko ensemble, along with thebiapá,arobapá, andkuchiyeremá, and the tallerbonkó enchemiyá |
| Big Drum[39][40] | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Carriacou (Grenada) andSaint Kitts and Nevis | - | Music and dance ritual, which includes drums traditionally made of tree trunks, now often of rum kegs |
| bigi doon | Seegaan doon | - | |
| biola[9] | Cuba | 211.321 | Unstrungbanjo with a drumhead attached |
| bomba[41] | Puerto Rico | 211.221.2 | Barrel-shapedbass drum, used in genre of the same name (bomba) |
| bombos[9] | Cuba | 211.212.1 | European-style bass drum, used incomparsa, a pre-Easter procession |
| boncó | Seebonkó enchemiyá | - | |
| bongo[9][33][35][41][42][43] | Cuba | 211.211.1 | Drums of unequal size played in a pair and held between the knees, originally used in Cuban folk music of various kinds, also used in music ofPuerto Rico and across the area, especiallyGuyana |
| bonkó enchemiyá[8] bonko enchemi,bonko,boncó | Cuba | 211.21-814 | Largest drum of thebiankomeko ensemble, along with theenkomo:biapá,arobapá, andkuchiyeremá |
| bonko | Seebonkó enchemiyá | - | |
| bonko enchemi | Seebonkó enchemiyá | - | |
| boom | Seekettle | - | |
| boom boom | Seekeg | - | |
| boula[21][22][23][25][37] | Guadeloupe | 211.221.2 | Single-headed hand drum, similar totambou bèlè and played transversally and single-handed, produces lower sounds and the basic rhythms of the music, used ingwo ka, Carnival, wrestling matches and wakes |
| boula[11][12][44] tambou dibas,bulla,bula | Carriacou | 211.221.2 | Hand drum, formerly made of barrels, now more often rum casks; narrower and lower-tuned cousin of thekata, used in theBig Drum tradition, barrel contains a hole on the side, skin is stretched by a hoop wrapped in cloth |
| boula[10][45] bula | Haiti | 211.221.2-7 | Cowskin hand drum, with the head pegged in place around a decorative collar, used inrada along withsegon andmanman drums |
| boula[36] | Trinidad and Tobago | 211.222-92 | Double-headed barrel drum, played open handed, drum heads attached with hoops, accompanieskalenda stick fighting |
| bula | Seeboula (Carriacou, Haiti) | - | |
| bulla | Seeboula (Carriacou) | - | |
| buleador[20] primo,repicador,burlador | Puerto Rico | 211.221.2 | Larger, barrel-shaped hand drums, covered with tight animal skin stretched using pegs, used inbomba |
| burlador | Seebuleador | - | |
| cachimbo[44][46] | Cuba | 211.211.2 | Smallestyuka tubular drum, along withcaja andmula |
| caja[44][46] | Cuba | 211.211.2 | Largestyuka tubular drum, along withcachimbo andmula, played by two people, one striking the bass and the other hitting the body with a pair of sticks |
| cast | Seeplaying cast | - | |
| chan, tambou[22] | Guadeloupe | 2 | Small and high pitched drums, played with sticks, used in Carnival, specificallymizik a mas a Sen Jan |
| circular | Seesnare drum (Jamaica) | - | |
| conga[9][37][42][43][47] tumbadora,tumba,requinto,quinto,ricardo,niño,supertumba,super quinto,tres golpes,salidor,true conga | OriginallyCuban, now found throughout the Caribbean, especiallyPuerto Rico,Haiti and theDominican Republic | 211.221.1-7 | Tall, narrow and single-headed barrel drum, open at the bottom, played bycongueros, traditionally wood, now oftenfiberglass, animal-skin heads can be tuned; also used in popular genres fromsalsa toripsaw |
| conga | Seepetwo | - | |
| conga[35][36] | Trinidad and Tobago | 211.212.2 | Cylindrical drums with double skins, middle-sized drum of the set withbembe andoumalay drums; since introduced toGuyana |
| conga[15] | Dominican Republic | 211.212.2 | Cylindrical folk drums |
| conguito[15] | Dominican Republic | 211.212.2 | Cylindrical folk drums with a low bass tone, smaller version of theconga |
| cot | Seekata | - | |
| cotchíerima | Seekuchiyeremá | - | |
| cut drum | Seekata | - | |
| cutter[36] | Trinidad and Tobago | 211.221-92 | Single-headed barrel drum, played open handed, drum heads attached with hoops, accompanieskalenda stick fighting |
| cutter | Seekata | - | |
| débonda, tambou[22][24] doumbedoum | Guadeloupe andMartinique | 211.222.1 | Double-headed barrel drum, used inchouval bwa and Carnival music |
| dholak[36][48] | Indo-Caribbean | 211.212.1 | Double-headed drum, used inchutney |
| dibas, tambou | Seebas, tambou di | - | |
| dibass, tambou | Seebas, tambou di | - | |
| djembe[37] | Guadeloupe | 211.261.2 | Skin-covered hand drum, goblet-shaped and played bare-handed, used ingwo ka moderne |
| doumbedoum | Seedèbonda, tambou | - | |
| dup[11] | Grenada | 211.221.2 | Bass drum made from a cardboard barrel, used inparang |
| ekué[49][50] ecue | Cuba | 231.13-814 | Single-headed three-leggedfriction drum used inAbakuá ceremonies, played by rubbing a stick over the membrane, which is attached using wedges whose tightness can be modified |
| enómo | Seeenkomo | - | |
| endóga | Seearobapá | - | |
| enko | Seeenkomo | - | |
| enkomo[8][9] enko,enómo | Cuba | 211.21-814 | Small cylindrical, or slightly tapered, goatskin-headed drums of thebiankomeko ensemble, consisting of three types:biapá,arobapá, andkuchiyeremá |
| foulé, tambou[22] | French Guiana | 211.221.2-92 | Large barrel drum, used in Creole instrumental ensembles andkaseko, plays a basic rhythm accompanied by thetambou koupé, head typically made of goatskin, attached with a vine or iron hoop |
| French drum | Seehun | - | |
| French reel[13][14] jumbie drum,woowoo | Montserrat | 211.311 | Goatskin frame drum, played with the back of the hand, front of the fingers and the palm, used to attract spirits for thejumbie dance |
| funde[29][30][31][51] fundeh | Jamaica | 211.211.1 | Cylindrical drum, one-headed, held between players' legs and performed by tapping with the hand or fingers, originally used inBurru cult rituals, now also common inNyabinghi ceremonies |
| funde[35] | Guyana | 211.21 | Afro-Guyanesecylindrical drum |
| fundeh | Seefunde | - | |
| gaan doon[22] | French Guiana | 2 | Largebass drum that leads dances, used by the AlukuóMaroons |
| ganbo[10] | Haiti | 211.211.1 | Bamboo stomping tubes, sometimes played in groups |
| gombay | Seegumbe | - | |
| gombey[52][53] | Bermuda | 211.211.2 | Afro-Bermudan drum, related to the Bahamiangoombay, used in the genre of the same name (gombey) |
| gonde[45] | Haiti | 211.251.2-7 | Cowskin hand drum, played with a hand and a bow, in a set withkatabo andtambou manman |
| goombah | Seegumbe | - | |
| goombay[47][54] | Bahamas andTurks and Caicos | 211.211.2-7 | Goatskin-headed drum traditionally made from improvised materials (especially discarded barrels), goatskin is tuned by heating it with a candle and attached with nails, used in the Bahamian genre of the same name (goombay) |
| goombay | Seegumbe | - | |
| goombey | Seegumbe | - | |
| gragé, tambou[22] | French Guiana | 211.3 | Frame drum, used in Creole dance accompaniment for a dance of the same name (gragé) |
| groska | Seegwo ka | - | |
| gumbay | Seegumbe | - | |
| gumbe[32][55][56] gumbay,goombeh,goombah,goombay,gombay, bench drum | French Guiana andJamaica | 211.31 | SmallMaroon-derived goatskin square-framed drum, introduced toSierra Leone |
| gumbay | Seegumbe | - | |
| gwo ka[21][23][37] also used synonymously withka | Guadeloupe | - | Family of hand drums, used inlewoz and other traditions, as well aszouk |
| harp[29] | Jamaica | - | Generic term for drums used in ceremonies calledgrounations; these include the bass drum,funde andkété |
| hun[9] French drums | Cuba | - | Family of four drums used in the Haitian-CubanArada ceremonies, consisting ofhugán,xumpé,hun-hogúlo andhuní |
| hugán[9] French drum | Cuba | 211.22-861 | Largest of the four drums used in the Haitian-CubanArada ceremonies, along withxumpé,hun-hogúlo andhuní |
| hun-hogúlo[9] French drum | Cuba | 211.22-861 | Second-smallest of the four drums used in the Haitian-CubanArada ceremonies, along withhugán,xumpé andhuní |
| huní[9] French drum | Cuba | 211.22-861 | Smallest of the four drums used in the Haitian-CubanArada ceremonies, along withhugán,xumpé andhun-hogúlo |
| ich, tambou[57] | Saint Lucia | 2 | Smaller drum used inKélé rituals, literallychild drum |
| ikónkolo | Seeokónkolo | - | |
| itótele[9][34] | Cuba | 211.26-813 | Intermediate-sizedbatá goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with skin, along with theiyá andokónkolo; wax-like substance calledida orfardela sometimes used to produce a duller sound |
| iyá[9][34] | Cuba | 211.26-813 | Largestbatá goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with goatskin, along with theitótele andokónkolo; red wax-like substance calledida orfardela is used to produce a duller sound, wrapped with bells and belts (chaguoro ortchaworo) |
| juba[10] martinique | Haiti | 211.21-92 | Shorter and squatter variety ofpetwo |
| jumbie drum | SeeFrench reel,balaban | - | |
| ka[21][23][24][25] also used synonymously withgwo ka | Guadeloupe andMartinique | 211.221 | Single-headed drums, used in Carnival, specificallymizik a mas a Kongo, made from a barrel with goatskin heads tighted by cord |
| ka[57] | Saint Lucia | 211.221 | Barrel drum with a goatskin head, used in various folk forms, includingchanté siay,jwé dansé andjwé gém |
| ka | Seetambou | - | |
| kanmougé, tambou[22] | French Guiana | 211.211.1 | Open-bottomed and single-headed drum, played transversally and carved from a single fragment of wood, used in Creole dance accompaniment forkanmougé andmayouri dances, played in pairs with the lead called the "female" type and the support the "male" |
| kata[11][12][44] cut drum, cutter, cot | Carriacou | 211.211.2 | Hand drum, formerly made of barrels, now more often rum casks; wider and higher-tuned cousin of theboula, used in theBig Drum tradition, barrel contains a hole on the side, skin is stretched by a hoop wrapped in cloth |
| katabo[45] | Haiti | 211.251.2-7 | Cowskin hand drum, played with two sticks, in a set withgonde andtambou manman |
| kbandu[51][58][59] bandu | Jamaica | 211.211.1+111.231 | Large, low-pitched, plays a 4/4 rhythm, covered with a goat skin, used inKumina ceremonies, where it plays a steady rhythm, and is often used several at a time, open end sometimes banged with sticks |
| keg[16] boom boom | Virgin Islands | 211.212.1 | Double-headed bass drum, used inmasquerades and fife and drum ensembles |
| kété[28][29][30][31] akete | Jamaica | 211.21 | Small skinny cylindrical drum, improvised, used inNyabinghi celebrations, played with bare hands, also used indub poetry |
| kettle[13] boom | Montserrat | 211.221 | Goatskin deep-barreled drum, used in Carnival and other celebrations |
| kettle drum[26] | Antigua and Barbuda | 211.11 | Kettle drum, accompaniment to stilt dancers andChristmas music |
| kettle drum[52][53] | Bermuda | 211.11 | Central use in Bermudan traditions, derived from Britishkettle drum, especially common ingombey |
| kettle drum[16] | Virgin Islands | 211.11 | Snare drum, used in fife and drum ensembles |
| Kimbisa drum[9] | Cuba | 211–864 | Tall drum with goatskin head, held in place by cords, wedges and hoops, used in theKimbisa culture |
| kinfuiti[43] | Cuba | 231.12 | Friction drum, single-headed, with a stick inserted and rubbed to produce the sound, used in theKimbisa tradition |
| kittle[35] boom | Guyana | 211.11 | Kettle drum, used inmasquerades |
| koupé, tambou[22] | French Guiana | 211.221.2-92 | Small barrel drum, used in Creole instrumental ensembles andkaseko, used to improvise for dancing while thetambou foulé plays a basic rhythm, head typically made of goatskin, attached with a vine or iron hoop |
| kromanti[30] | Jamaica | 211.21 | Cylindrical drum, used by theMaroons ofMoore Town |
| kuchiyeremá[8][9] cotchíerima | Cuba | 211.21-814 | Smallenkomo drum of thebiankomeko ensemble, along with thearobapá andbiapá, and the tallerbonkó enchemiyá |
| lapo kabwit[38] | Dominica | - | Any kind of Dominican or Grenadan folk drum |
| lélé, tambou[38] | Dominica | 211.211.2 | Cylindrical drum, small and wooden with goatskin at one end, strapped across the shoulder and played with two sticks, used inchanté mas |
| loango[10] loangue | Haiti | 211.21-92 | Taller and narrower variety ofpetwo |
| loangue | Seeloango | - | |
| maké | Seemarkeur | - | |
| makuta | Seeyuka | - | |
| makyé | Seemarkeur | - | |
| manman, tambou[57] | Saint Lucia | 2 | Larger drum used inKélé rituals, literallymother drum |
| mamnan, tambou[10][45] | Haiti | 211.251.2-7 | Hand drum with a cowhide head, pegged in place and with a decorated collar, used in many Afro-Haitian musics, used inrada,petwo and other folk traditions |
| marassas[10] | Haiti | 211.212.2 | Cylindrical drum that comes in pairs, traditionally made from wood or a two-gallon container with both top and bottom removed and replaced with heads, played with fingers |
| markeur[21][22][23][25][37] makyé,marqueur,maké | Guadeloupe | 211.221.2 | Single-headed hand drum, small, high-pitched, played upright and one-handed, and held between the legs, interacts with dancers by responding to movement and improvises with theboula drum, used ingwo ka, Carnival, wrestling matches and wakes |
| marqueur | Seemarkeur | - | |
| martinique | Seejuba | - | |
| matrimonial | Seewacharaca | - | |
| mongó[7] | Dominican Republic | 211.3 | Small rural folk handheld frame drum |
| moyen | Seesegon | - | |
| mula[44][46] | Cuba | 211.211.2 | Intermediate-sizedyuka tubular drum, along withcaja andcachimbo |
| ngoma | Seeyuka | - | |
| niño[33] | Cuba | 2 | Smallest drum of theconga family |
| Nyabinghi | Seekété | - | |
| okónkolo[9][34] ikónkolo,amelé | Cuba | 211.26-813 | Smallestbatá goblet-shaped drum, made of wood and covered with skin, along with theitótele andiyá |
| oumalay[36] | Trinidad and Tobago | 211.212.2 | Cylindrical drums with double skins, middle-sized drum of the set withbembe andconga drums |
| omele | Seeoumalay | - | |
| pailas[60] | Dominican Republic | 211.12 | Kettledrum, played in pairs, made from containers used to boil sugarcane juice, with tension lugs to adjust the tightness of the single-head, closed bottom |
| palo auxiliar[6][7] | Dominican Republic | 211.211.2-7 | One of the smaller drums used in the ensembles calledpalos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked |
| palo major[7][15] | Dominican Republic | 211.211.2-7 | Larger folklong drum made from a tree trunk, used singly in ensembles calledpalos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked |
| palo menor[7][15] | Dominican Republic | 211.211.2-7 | Smaller folklong drum made from a tree trunk, used singly in ensembles calledpalos, of the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with single skin heads either pegged or tacked |
| palos[6][7] atabale | Dominican Republic | 211.211.2-7 | Ensembles that include a number of drums, include the types ofpalo andalcahuete, used in the Afro-Dominican religious ceremonies, played either in pairs or trios, with skin heads either pegged or tacked |
| pandereta[33] pandero | Puerto Rico | 211.3 | Handheld frame drum, used inplena, adapted from European tambourine |
| pandero | Seepandereta | - | |
| panderos[7][15] | Dominican Republic | 211.3 | Small rural folk handheld frame drum |
| Pétro | Seepetwo | - | |
| petwo[10][61] conga,Pétro | Haiti | 211.21-92 | Cylindrical drum headed with cowskin, attached with cords, comes in two varieties:loango andjuba |
| pikin doon[22] | French Guiana | 2 | Medium-sized drum that supports dancers, played in pairs, with one played solo, and both played bare-handed, used among the AlukuóMaroons |
| playing cast[51][58][59] playin kya,cast | Jamaica | 211.211.1+111.231 | Small, high-pitched, plays complex, syncopated rhythms, covered with a goat skin, used inKumina, open end sometimes struck with sticks |
| playin kya | Seeplaying cast | - | |
| podya[4] | Suriname | 2 | Small, skin-covered bass drum, common among the rural Afro-Surinamese |
| prenting | Seekromanti | - | |
| primo | Seesubidor | - | |
| pump[27] | Barbados | 2 | Long drum, made from a hollow tree trunk with goat or sheep skin on either end |
| pump[18] | St Maarten | 211.31 | Goatskin frame drum, sometimes played in pairs or larger groups, usually using both hands |
| quinto[9][33] | Cuba | 211.221 | Smallest barrel-shaped hand drum, made out of a box with two sloping sides, of thetumbadora family, plays the most intricate rhythms of the group, not always characterized as atumbadora orconga drum |
| rada[61] | Haiti | 2 | Drum headed with cowskin, attached with wooden pegs |
| ralé[45] | Haiti | 2 | Goatskin drum, used alongsidetambou manman, used inpetwo andYaYa TiKongo rhythms |
| rattle | Seesnare drum (Jamaica) | - | |
| repeater | Seebass drum (Jamaica), snare drum (Jamaica) | - | |
| repeater | Seekété | - | |
| repeater[51] | Jamaica | 2 | Used in theBurru rituals, now imported to Rastafarian music |
| repicador | Seesubidor | - | |
| requinto drum[62] | Puerto Rico | 211.25 | Small conical hand drum, improvises over the other drum rhythms, used inplena |
| ricardo | Seeconga | - | |
| ripsaw drum[47] | Turks and Caicos andBahamas (Cat Island only) | 2 | Goat- or cow-skin drum, heated to produce a pitch |
| round | Seesnare drum (Jamaica) | - | |
| Saba drum[18] | Saba | 211.22 | Made from kegs or barrels, and attached to a skin frame secured by wood, rope and pegs |
| salidor | Seeconga | - | |
| scratch band barrel drum[16] | Virgin Islands | 211.222 | Double-headed barrel drum, used inscratch bands |
| second | Seesegon | - | |
| segon[10][45] | Haiti | 211-7 | Cowskin hand drum with artistic collars, used inrada along withboula andmanman drums |
| segundo | Seeconga | - | |
| side drum | Seesnare drum | - | |
| skratji[63][64] | Suriname | 2 | Large Afro-Surinamese bass drum with acymbal on top, used inkaseko |
| snare drum[52][53] | Bermuda | 211.212.1 | Central use in Bermudan traditions, generally played in pairs, used ingombey |
| snare drum[27] kettle | Barbados | 211.212.1 | Doubled headed side snare drum, used intuk bands |
| snare drum[9] | Cuba | 211.212.1 | Snare drum used incomparsa pre-Easter celebrations |
| snare drum[28][30][32] side drum,Maroon only: repeater, rattle, round, circular | Jamaica | 211.212.1 | Snare drum played with wooden sticks, carried with a strap, used inmarching bands andMaroon music |
| snare drum[64] | Suriname | 211.212.1 | Snare drum, used inkaseko |
| stave drum[9] | Cuba | 211.261.2-813 | Drum with straight but sloping sides, closest to being a classicgoblet drum, variation on abatá drum |
| subidor[20][65] primo,repicador | Puerto Rico | 211.22 | Smaller, barrel-shaped hand drums, covered with tight animal skin, used inbomba |
| super quinto | Seeconga | - | |
| supertumba | Seeconga | - | |
| tambora[6][15][18][66] | Dominican Republic originally, now also common onSt Maarten | 211.222 | Double-headed barrel drum of African origin, played with a stick on one head and a bare hand on the other |
| tambou[11] | Grenada andDominica | 211.221.1 | Open-bottomed, goatskin-headed, made from barrels or tree trunks, larger partner of thebaboula, accompanies thebelair dance |
| tambou[23] | Martinique andGuadeloupe | - | Generic term for drums |
| tambour[67] | Puerto Rico | 211.211.2 | Long drum, made from a hollowed-out tree trunk and topped with animal skin |
| tambourine[10] | Haiti | 212.211 | Miniature version of the tymbale, beaten with two sticks |
| tambú[18][68] tambu | Curaçao | 211.211.2 | Long drum, made from a hollow log, used intambú |
| tanbou | Seetambou | - | |
| tanbou[45] | Haiti | Barrel drum made from hardwood and topped with animal skin | |
| tassa[36] | Indo-Trinidadian, now commonplace | 211.11 | Kettle drum with a goatskin head, used in theMuslimHosay (Hosein) ritual |
| tenbal, tambou[57] | Saint Lucia | 211.212.1 | Snare drum, used in cockfights,séwinal, merry-go-rounds, other celebrations |
| tenor drum[28] | Jamaica | 2 | Carried with a strap, used inmarching bands |
| tétendóga | Seebiapá | - | |
| timbales[9] tymbales | Cuba | 211.211.1 | European-derived open-bottomed twin drum, played using sticks |
| tom[25] | Guadeloupe | 211.212.1 | Cylindrical drum like thetom-tom drum, [played with sticks |
| tombas[25] | Guadeloupe | 211.212.1 | Bass drum, played with sticks |
| toombah[26] tumtum | Antigua and Barbuda | 2 | Small drum, decorated with shells and tin |
| tres golpes | Seeconga | - | |
| tres por dos[33] | Cuba | 211.22 | Medium-sized barrel-shaped hand drum of thetumbadora family |
| true conga | Seebass tumbadora | - | |
| tumba[9][33] | Cuba | 211.221-7 | Largest variety of theconga family, stave drum with a cowskin head |
| tumbadora[33] bass tumbadora, true conga,tres por dos,quinto | Cuba | 211.22.2 | Cubanconga drum, barrel-shaped hand drum |
| tumao[4][5] | Suriname | 211.211.2 | Intermediate drum of the set, withagida andapinti, played with one hand, pitch can be varied based on the location of the head struck, made from hollow logs with heads of skin |
| tumtum | Seetoombah | - | |
| tumtum[27] | Barbados | 211.212.1 | Hollowed-out tree trunk with skins at either end |
| tun[22] | French Guiana | 2 | Small drum, used among the AlukuóMaroons |
| twavay, tambou[38] | Dominica | 22 | Small barrel frame drum, headed with goatskin; a cord with an attached bead is placed on the drumskin to add a buzzing quality to the sound, used to accompanywork songs |
| tymbale[10] | Haiti | 212.212.1 | Large two-headed hooped drum, carried with a strap and sometimes with an attached board called anassot |
| tymbales | Seetimbales | - | |
| uyó[9] | Cuba | 23 | Abakuafriction drum, details of construction are kept secret |
| woowoo | SeeFrench reel | - | |
| xumpé[9] French drum | Cuba | 211.22-861 | Second-largest of the four drums used in the Haitian-CubanArada ceremonies, along withhugán,hun-hogúlo andhuní |
| yuka[44][46] makuta,ngoma,tambor de yuka | Cuba | 211.211.2 | Class of three folk tubular drums:caja,mula, andcachimbo |
| zesse[10] | Haiti | 22 | Cylindrical drum used in the dance of the same name, has a wire stretched across the single goatskin head |
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) cited inDickerson, Ronald Eric (1999)."Musical Play Across Ethnic Boundaries in Western Jamaica"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on February 27, 2008. RetrievedMarch 4, 2007.