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Six sonatas for various instruments

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chamber music by Claude Debussy

Claude Debussy'sSix sonatas for various instruments (French:Six sonates pour divers instruments) was a projected cycle of sonatas that was interrupted by the composer's death in 1918, after he had composed only half of the projected sonatas. He left behind his sonatas forcello and piano (1915), flute, viola and harp (1915), and violin and piano (1916–1917).

History

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From 1914, the composer, encouraged by the music publisherJacques Durand, intended to write a set of six sonatas for various instruments, in homage to the French composers of the 18th century. The effects of theFirst World War and an interest in baroque composersCouperin andRameau inspired Debussy as he was writing the sonatas.

Durand, in his memoirs entitledQuelques souvenirs d'un éditeur de musique, wrote the following about the sonatas' origin:

After his famous String Quartet, Debussy had not written any more chamber music. Then, at the Concerts Durand, he heard again the Septet with trumpet by Saint-Saëns and his sympathy for this means of musical expression was reawoken. He admitted the fact to me and I warmly encouraged him to follow his inclination. And that is how the idea of the six sonatas for various instruments came about.[1]

In a letter to the conductor Bernard Molinari, Debussy explained that the set should include "different combinations, with the last sonata combining the previously used instruments". His death on 25 March 1918 prevented him from carrying out his plan, and only three of the six sonatas were completed and published by Durand, with a dedication to his second wife,Emma Bardac.

Sonatas

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Sonata for cello and piano

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Main article:Cello Sonata (Debussy)

The sonata for cello and piano,L. 135, was written in 1915, and is notable for its brevity, most performances not exceeding 11 minutes. It is a staple of the modern cello repertoire and is commonly regarded as one of the finest masterpieces written for the instrument.[2]

The work has threemovements:

  1. Prologue: Lent, sostenuto e molto risoluto
  2. Sérénade: Modérément animé
  3. Finale: Animé, léger et nerveux

The final two movements are joined by anattacca. Instead ofsonata form, Debussy structures the piece in the style of the eighteenth-century monothematic sonata, and was particularly influenced by the music ofFrançois Couperin.

The piece makes use ofmodes and whole-tone and pentatonicscales, as is typical of Debussy's style. It also uses many types of extended cello technique, including left-handpizzicato,spiccato andflautando bowing, false harmonics and portamenti. The piece is considered technically demanding.

Whether descriptive comments related tocharacters of theCommedia dell'arte were actually given by Debussy to cellistLouis Rosoor remains unclear.[3]

Sonata for flute, viola and harp (or Piano)

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The sonata for flute, viola, and harp (or Piano),L. 137, was also written in 1915.

The first performance of the Sonata took place in Boston, at Jordan Hall in the New England Conservatory, on 7 November 1916. The performers were members of a wind ensemble called the Longy Club, which had been founded by the principal oboist of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, George Longy. The first performance in France was a private one that occurred on 10 December 1916, at the home of Debussy's publisher, Jacques Durand.[4] The first public performance in France was thought to be at a charity concert on 9 March 1917.[5] However, Thompson (1968) reported a performance of the sonata at London'sAeolian Hall byAlbert Fransella,Harry Waldo Warner andMiriam Timothy on 2 February 1917 as part of a concert otherwise given by theLondon String Quartet. A typical performance lasts between 17 and 18 minutes.

According toLéon Vallas (1929),[6] Debussy initially planned this as a piece for flute, oboe and harp. He subsequently decided that the viola's timbre would be a better combination for the flute than the oboe's, so he changed the instrumentation to flute, viola and harp.

The work has three movements:

  1. Pastorale: Lento, dolce rubato
  2. Interlude: Tempo di Minuetto
  3. Finale: Allegro moderato ma risoluto

This instrumentation offlute, viola and harp was formerly rare, but later became a standard ensemble, largely influenced by this work.

Sonata for violin and piano

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The sonata for violin and piano in G minor,L. 140, was written in 1917. It was the composer's last major composition and is notable for its brevity; a typical performance lasts about 13 minutes. The premiere took place on 5 May 1917, the violin part played byGaston Poulet, with Debussy himself at the piano. It was his last public performance.[7]

The work has three movements:

  1. Allegro vivo
  2. Intermède: Fantasque et léger
  3. Finale: Très animé

The unfinished sonatas

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Debussy wrote in the manuscript of his violin sonata that the fourth sonata should be written for oboe,horn, andharpsichord,[8] and the fifth for trumpet, clarinet, bassoon and piano.[9]

For the final and sixth sonata, Debussy envisioneda concerto where the sonorities of the "various instruments" combine, with the gracious assistance of the double bass,[9][10] making the instrumentation of the six sonatas as follows:

Instrumentation in theSix Sonatas
Sonata 1Sonata 2Sonata 3Sonata 4Sonata 5Sonata 6
Double bass
TrumpetTrumpet
ClarinetClarinet
BassoonBassoon
OboeOboe
HornHorn
HarpsichordHarpsichord
ViolinViolin
FluteFlute
ViolaViola
Harp (or Piano)Harp
CelloCello
PianoHarp (or Piano)PianoPianoPiano

Influence and legacy

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The idea of combining the instruments oboe,horn, andharpsichord, inspiredThomas Adès to write hisSonata da Caccia, and the combination of the instruments trumpet, clarinet, bassoon and piano, inspiredMarc-André Dalbavie to write hisAxiom.[11]

The Australian composerLyle Chan has written three sonatas for the same combinations of instruments as in the three unfinished Debussy sonatas.[12]

Bibliography

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  • Lockspeiser, Edward; Halbreich, Harry (1980).Claude Debussy (in French). Paris: Fayard. p. 823.ISBN 2-213-00921-X.

References

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Notes
  1. ^Roger Nichols (ed.),Debussy Remembered (Faber and Faber, 1992), p. 242.
  2. ^Sensbach 2001, p. 282
  3. ^Moray Welsh. « Behind the Moon-eyed Mask ».The Strad (April – June 1992)Archived 22 March 2018 at theWayback Machine and Antoine Pery. « Louis Rosoor et l'interprétation de laSonate pour violoncelle et piano de Debussy », Cahiers Debussy n° 39 / 2015,Centre de documentation Claude DebussyArchived 18 June 2017 at theWayback Machine, June 2016 (fr).
  4. ^Nichols, Roger (28 April 1998).Nichols, Roger:The Life of Debussy (2001) p 158. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-57887-5.Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved26 January 2020.
  5. ^Walker 1988
  6. ^Cited inWalker 1988
  7. ^Sleeve note of the Supraphon CD (SU 3547-2 101)
  8. ^Léon VallasClaude Debussy et son temps. éd. Albin Michel, 1958 – 441 pages.page 412.
  9. ^abHenry PrunièresLa Revue musicale, Numéros 258 à 259. Éditions Richard-Masse, 1964.page 140Archived 22 May 2021 at theWayback Machine.
  10. ^Christian GoubaultClaude Debussy : la musique à vif. éd. Minerve, 2006. 236 pagesISBN 2-86931-102-8.page 44Archived 22 May 2021 at theWayback Machine.
  11. ^"The Debussy "Six" – Music Mondays".newmusicusa.org. 24 August 2016.Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved24 August 2016.
  12. ^Australian National Academy of Music, "Music Makers", Vol. 26, May 2018, p. 3[full citation needed]
Sources

External links

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Sheet music

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