With a consolidated land area of 2,870.3 square miles (7,434 square kilometers) and total area (including water) of 4,811.4 square miles (12,461 km2), Sitka is thelargest city by total area in the U.S.
As part ofRussia, it was known asNew Archangel (Russian:Ново-Архангельск,romanized: Novo-Arkhangelsk).[5]
The current name,Sitka (derived fromSheetʼká, a contraction of theTlingitShee Atʼiká),[6] means "People on the Edge of Shee", withShee being the Tlingit name forBaranof Island (the Tlingit name for the island isSheetʼ-ká Xʼáatʼl but is often contracted toShee).[5]
New Archangel, 1805The Russian-American Company's capital at Novo Arkhangelsk in 1837Gajaa Héen (Old Sitka),c. 1827. The new Russian palisade atop "Castle Hill" (Noow Tlein) that surrounded the Governor's Residence had three watchtowers, armed with 32 cannons, for defense againstTlingit attacks.
Russian explorers settledOld Sitka in 1799, naming it theFort of Archangel Michael (Russian:форт Архангела Михаила,romanized: Fort Arkhangela Mikhaila). The governor ofRussian America,Alexander Baranov, arrived under the auspices of theRussian-American Company, a colonial trading company chartered by Russian emperorPaul I. In June 1802, Tlingit warriors destroyed the original settlement, killing many of the Russians, with only a few managing to escape.[7]: 37–39 Baranov was forced to levy 10,000rubles in ransom to Captain Barber of the British sailing shipUnicorn for the safe return of the surviving settlers.[8][9]
Baranov returned to Sitka in August 1804 with a large force, includingYuri Lisyansky'sNeva. The ship bombarded the Tlingit fortification on the 20th but was not able to cause significant damage. The Russians then launched an attack on the fort and were repelled. Following two days of bombardment, the Tlingit "hung out a white flag" on the 22nd, deserting the fort on the 26th.[7]: 44–49
Following their victory at theBattle of Sitka in October 1804, the Russians established the settlement calledNew Archangel, named afterArkhangelsk. As a permanent settlement, New Archangel became the largest city in the region. The Tlingit re-established their fort on theChatham Strait side ofPeril Strait to enforce a trade embargo with the Russian establishment. In 1808, with Baranov still governor, Sitka was designated the capital of Russian America.[10]
The originalCathedral of Saint Michael was built in Sitka in 1848 and became the seat of theRussian Orthodox bishop of Kamchatka, the Kurile and Aleutian Islands, and Alaska. The original church burned to the ground in 1966, losing its handmade bells, the large icon of theLast Supper that decorated the top of the royal doors, and the clock in the bell tower. Also lost was the large library containing books in theRussian,Tlingit, andAleut languages. Although the church was restored to its original appearance, one exception was its clock face, which is black in photographs taken before 1966, but white in subsequent photos.[11]
Swedes, Finns and other nationalities of Lutherans worked for the Russian-American Company,[12] which led to the creation of a Lutheran congregation. TheSitka Lutheran Church building was built in 1840 and was the firstProtestant church on thePacific coast. After the transition to American control, following the purchase of Alaska from Russia by the United States in 1867, the influence of other Protestant religions increased, andSaint-Peter's-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church was consecrated as "the Cathedral of Alaska" in 1900.[13]
Group of Distinguished Chiefs in Sitka (1868)Looking past downtown Sitka, upIndian River valley, in an 1886 postcard. Probably taken from Castle Hill.Sitka in 1901
Sitka was the site of the transfer ceremony for theAlaska Purchase on October 18, 1867. Russia was going through economic and political turmoil after it lost theCrimean War to Britain,France, and theOttoman Empire in 1856, and decided it wanted to sell Alaska before British Canadians tried to conquer the territory. Russia offered to sell it to the United States. Secretary of StateWilliam Seward had wanted to purchase Alaska for quite some time, as he saw it as an integral part ofManifest Destiny and America's reach to the Pacific Ocean.[14] While the agreement to purchase Alaska was made in April 1867, the actual purchase and transfer of control took place on October 18, 1867. The cost to purchase Alaska was $7.2 million, at 2 cents per acre.
Sitka served as both the U.S. Government Capital of the Department of Alaska (1867–1884) and District of Alaska (1884–1906). The seat of government was relocated north toJuneau in 1906 due to the declining economic importance of Sitka relative to Juneau, which gained population in theKlondike Gold Rush.
TheAlaska Native Brotherhood was founded in Sitka in 1912 to address racism against Alaska Native people in Alaska.[15] By 1914, the organization had constructed theAlaska Native Brotherhood Hall on Katlian Street, which was named after a Tlingit war chief in the early period of Russian colonization.[16]
In 1937, the United States Navy established the first seaplane base in Alaska onJaponski Island, across theSitka Channel from the town.[17] In 1941, construction began on Fort Ray, an army garrison to protect the naval air station.[17] Both the army and navy remained in Sitka until the end of WWII, when the army base was put into caretaker status. The naval station in Sitka was deactivated in June 1944.[17] A shore boat system was then established to transfer the approximately 1,000 passengers a day until the O'Connell Bridge was built in 1972.[18]
The Alaska Pulp Corporation was the first Japanese investment in the United States after WWII. In 1959, it began to produce pulp harvested from theTongass National Forest under a 50-year contract with the US Forest Service.[19] At its peak, the mill employed around 450 people before closing in 1993.
Sitka's Filipino community established itself in Sitka before 1929. It later became institutionalized as the Filipino Community of Sitka in 1981.[20]
Sitka has become a destination for visitingcruise ships.[22] In May 2025, a special referendum on restricting cruise ship tourism took place in the town with 3,000 votes cast.[22] The referendum was less than 10 percent from their all-time high for a special election and some 73% of the voters rejected the limits on cruise ships with only 27% voting in favor of the proposed limits.[22]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the borough is the largestincorporated city by area in the U.S., with a total area of 4,811 square miles (12,460.4 km2), of which 2,870 square miles (7,400 km2) is land and 1,941 square miles (5,030 km2), comprising 40.3%, is water. As a comparison, this is almost four times the size of the state ofRhode Island.
Sitka displaced Juneau, Alaska, as the largest incorporated city by area in the United States upon the 2000 incorporation with 2,874 square miles (7,440 km2) of incorporated area. Juneau's incorporated area is 2,717 square miles (7,040 km2).Jacksonville, Florida, is the largest city in area in the contiguous 48 states at 758 square miles (1,960 km2).
Sitka has anoceanic climate (Köppen:Cfb) with moderate, but generally cool, temperatures and abundant precipitation. The average annual precipitation is 131.74 inches (3,350 mm); average seasonal snowfall is 33 inches (84 cm), falling on 233 and 19 days, respectively. The mean annual temperature is 45.3 °F (7.4 °C), with monthly means ranging from 36.4 °F (2.4 °C) in January to 57.2 °F (14.0 °C) in August.
The climate is relatively mild when compared to other parts of the state. Only 5.1 days per year see highs at or above 70 °F (21 °C); conversely, there are only 10 days with the high not above freezing.[23] The winters are extremely mild compared to inland areas of similar and much more southerly parallels, due to the intense maritime moderation. The relatively mild nights ensure that four months stay above the 50 °F (10 °C) isotherm that normally separates inland areas from being boreal in nature. Due to the mild winter nights,hardiness zone is high for the latitude (from 6b to 8a).
The highest temperature ever recorded was 88 °F (31.1 °C) on July 30, 1976, and July 31, 2020. The lowest temperature ever recorded was −1 °F (−18.3 °C) on February 16–17, 1948.[23]
Climate data for Sitka, Alaska (Japonski Island, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1944–present)
Mount Edgecumbe, a 3,200-foot (980 m) "historically active"[27]stratovolcano, is located on southernKruzof Island, approximately 24 km (15 mi) west of Sitka and can be seen from the city on a clear day.
[a] swarm of earthquakes was detected in the vicinity of Mount Edgecumbe volcano beginning on Monday, April 11, 2022. There were hundreds of small quakes in the swarm, though the large majority were too small to locate. Over the past few days, earthquake activity has declined and is currently at background levels.
[...]
The recent swarm inspired an in-depth analysis of the last 7.5 years of ground deformation detectable with radar satellite data. Analysis of these data from recent years reveals a broad area, about 17 km (11 mi) in diameter, of surface uplift centered about 2.5 km (1.6 mi) to the east of Mt Edgecumbe. This uplift began in August 2018 and has been continuing to the present at a rate of up to 8.7 cm/yr (3.4 in/yr) in the center of the deforming area. Deformation has been constant since 2018, and there has not been an increase with the recent earthquake activity. The total deformation since 2018 is about 27 cm (11 in). [...] The coincidence of earthquakes and ground deformation in time and location suggests that these signals are likely due to the movement of magma beneath Mount Edgecumbe, as opposed to tectonic activity. Initial modeling of the deformation signal shows that it is consistent with an intrusion of new material (magma) at about 5 km (3.1 mi) below sea level. The earthquakes likely are caused by stresses in the crust due to this intrusion and the substantial uplift that it is causing.
Intrusions of new magma under volcanoes do not always result in volcanic eruptions. The deformation and earthquake activity at Edgecumbe may cease with no eruption occurring. If the magma rises closer to the surface, this would lead to changes in the deformation pattern and an increase in earthquake activity. Therefore, it is very likely that if an eruption were to occur it would be preceded by additional signals that would allow advance warning.[28]
Sitka first reported on the1880 census as an unincorporated village. Of 916 residents, there were 540 Tlingit, 219 Creole (Mixed Russian and Native) and 157 Whites reported.[31] It was the largest community in Alaska at that census. In 1890, it fell to second place behind Juneau. It reported 1,190 residents, of whom 861 were Native, 280 were White, 31 were Asian, 17 Creole, and 1 Other.[32] In 1900, it fell to 4th place behind Nome, Skagway and Juneau. It did not report a racial breakdown.[33]
In 1910, Sitka was reported as two separate communities based on race: the village with mostly non-natives (population 539) and the part of the village with natives (population 500).[34] Separately, they placed as the 15th and 17th largest communities. United, they would be 8th largest. For the purposes of comparison and the fact that the village was not officially politically/racially divided except by the census bureau report, the combined total (1,039) is reported on the historic population list. In 1913, Sitka was incorporated as a city, rendering the division by the census bureau for 1910 moot. In 1920, Sitka became the 4th largest city in the territory.[35] In 1930, it fell to 7th place with 1,056 residents. Of those, 567 reported as Native, 480 as White and 9 as Other.[36] In 1940, it rose to 5th place, but did not report a racial breakdown.[37]
In 1950, it reported as the 9th largest community in Alaska (6th largest incorporated city).[38] It did not report a racial breakdown. At statehood in 1960, it became the 6th largest community (5th largest incorporated city). With the annexations increasing its population to 3,237, it reported a White majority for its first time: 2,160 Whites, 1,054 Others (including Natives) and 23 Blacks.[39] In 1970, it fell to 14th place overall (though 7th largest incorporated city) with 3,370 residents. Of those, 2,503 were White, 676 Native Americans, 95 Others, 74 Asians and 22 Blacks.[40] In 1980, Sitka rose to 4th largest city with 7,803 residents (of whom 5,718 were non-Hispanic White, 1,669 were Native American, 228 were Asian, 108 were Hispanic (of any race), 87 were Other, 44 were Black and 7 were Pacific Islander).[41]
In 1990, Sitka fell to 5th largest (4th largest incorporated) with 8,588 residents. 6,270 were non-Hispanic White; 1,797 were Native American; 315 were Asian; 209 were Hispanic (of any race); 60 were Other; 39 were Black and 18 Pacific Islanders.[42] In 2000, Sitka retained its 5th largest (and 4th largest incorporated) position. In 2010, it slipped to 7th largest community overall (but still remained the 4th largest incorporated city).
There were 3,545 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.6% were non-families. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.01.[43]
Sitka city and borough, Alaska – Racial composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
In 2010, Sitka's two largest employers were theSoutheast Alaska Regional Health Consortium (SEARHC), employing 482 people, and the Sitka School District, which employs 250 people. However, there are more people employed in the seafood industry than in any other sector. An estimated 18% of Sitka's population earns at least a portion of their income from fishing and seafood harvesting and processing. Many Sitkans hunt and gathersubsistence foods such as fish, deer, berries, seaweeds and mushrooms for personal use.[48]
Within the total 2010 population of 8,881 residents, an estimated 7,161 were over 16 years of age. Of residents aged 16 and over, an estimated 4,692 were employed within the civilian labor force, 348 were unemployed (looking for work), 192 were employed in the armed forces (U.S. Coast Guard), and 1,929 were not in the labor force. The average unemployment rate between 2006 and 2010 was 6.9%. The median household income in 2010 inflation adjusted dollars was $62,024. An estimated 4.3% of all families / 7% of all residents had incomes below the poverty level "in the past twelve months"(2010).[49]
Sitka's electrical power is generated by dams atBlue Lake andGreen Lake, with supplemental power provided by burning diesel when electric demand exceeds hydro capacity. In December 2012 the Blue Lake Expansion project began, which added 27 percent more electricity for the residents of Sitka. The project was completed in November 2014.[50]
Sitka is the 6th largest port by value of seafood harvest in the United States.[48] International trade is relatively minor, with total exports and imports valued at $474,000 and $146,000, respectively, in 2005 by theAmerican Association of Port Authorities.[51] The port has the largest harbor system in Alaska with 1,347 permanent slips.
DuringRussian rule, Sitka was a busy seaport on the west coast of North America,[52] mentioned a number of times byDana in his popular account of an 1834 sailing voyageTwo Years Before the Mast. After the transfer of Alaska to U.S. rule, the Pacific Coast Steamship Company began tourist cruises to Sitka in 1884. By 1890, Sitka was receiving 5,000 tourist passengers a year.[53]
Old Sitka Dock,[54] located at Halibut Point, one mile south of theOld Sitka State Historical Park, commemorating the 1800s Russian settlement, and six miles north of downtown Sitka, is a private deep water port offering moorage facilities.[55] A 470-foot-long floating dock for vessels up to 1100 feet was constructed there by its owners in 2012 and was first used in 2013.[56] In Spring 2016, Holland America Line agreed to dock its ships at the Old Sitka Dock.[57] Since then, the majority of the cruise ships calling on Sitka berth at the Old Sitka Dock, with the remainder anchoring offshore in Crescent Harbor and tendering their passengers to downtown Sitka. In the 2017 season, there were 136 cruise ship calls at Sitka with more than 150,000 passengers in total; of these fewer than 30,000 were tendered.[58] The number of cruise ships visitors to Sitka more than doubled over two seasons in the years 2022 and 2023.[22] At its peak, the city can receive some 13,000 visitors a day, exceeding the number of residents.[22]
On October 18, Alaska celebratesAlaska Day to commemorate the Alaska purchase. The City of Sitka holds an annual Alaska Day Festival. This week-long event includes a reenactment ceremony of the signing of the Alaska purchase, as well as interpretive programs at museums and parks, special exhibits, aircraft displays and film showings, receptions, historic sites and buildings tours, food, prose writing contest essays, Native and other dancing, and entertainment and more. The first recorded Alaska Day Festival was held in 1949.[60]
The City and Borough of Sitka is a Unified Home Rule[63][64] city.The home rule charter of the City and Borough of Sitka was adopted on December 2, 1971,[65] for the region of the Greater Sitka Borough, which included Japonski Island andPort Alexander andBaranof Warm Springs on Baranof Island. The city was incorporated on September 24, 1963.[66] On October 23, 1973, the city of Port Alexander was detached from the borough.[67]
Sitka hosts one active post-secondary institution, the University of Alaska Southeast-Sitka Campus, located on Japonski Island in an old World War II hangar.Sheldon Jackson College, a smallPresbyterian-affiliated private college, suspended operations in June 2007, after several years of financial stress.[68]Outer Coast College, a private liberal arts college established in 2015, is currently in development as an undergraduate institution founded on the former campus of Sheldon Jackson College.
Mt. Edgecumbe High School, a State of Alaska-runboardinghigh school for rural, primarily Native students, is located on Japonski Island adjacent to University of Alaska Southeast.
One private school is available in Sitka: Sitka Adventist School.[70]
Sitka Public Library, formerly Kettleson Memorial Library, is the public library for Sitka. It receives about 100,000 guests annually and houses a collection of 75,000 books, audiobooks, music recordings, reference resources, videos (DVD and VHS), as well as an assortment of Alaskan and national periodicals. Its annual circulation is 133,000. The library is well known by visitors for its view. The large windows in front of the reading area look south acrossEastern Channel towards the Pyramids.
Until its closing, Sitka was also home to Stratton Library, the academic library of Sheldon Jackson College.[71]
Sitka is served by theDaily Sitka Sentinel, one of the few remaining independently owned daily newspapers in the state. Sitka also receives circulation of theCapital City Weekly, a weekly regional newspaper based out of Juneau.
Alaska's first newspaper following the Alaska purchase, theSitka Times, was published by Barney O. Ragan on September 19, 1868. Only four issues were published that year, as Ragan cited a lack of resources available at the time. The paper resumed publishing the following year as theAlaska Times. In 1870, it moved toSeattle, where the year following it was renamed theSeattle Times (not to be confused withthe modern-day newspaper of the same name).[72]
Sitka has three radio stations, public radio stationKCAW (Raven Radio), and commercial radio stationsKIFW, andKSBZ. Sitka previously had a Presbyterian Church ownedKSEW.
KTNL-TV (MeTV) broadcasts out of Sitka on Channel 13 (Cable 6) serving Southeast Alaska. Additionally,KSCT-LP (NBC) Channel 5,KTOO (PBS) Channel 10,[73] andKJUD (ABC/CW) serve the region. There was a previous NBC affiliate in the Region,KSA-TV, available to cable systems, which is now defunct.
The Alaska Marine Highway system fast ferry 'Chenega' at Sitka
Sitka is only accessible by boat or plane as it is on a pair of islands in the Pacific Ocean. Vehicles are usually brought to Sitka via theAlaska Marine Highway ferry system or the barge. However, a vehicle is not an absolute necessity in Sitka, as there are only 14 miles (23 kilometers) of road from one end of the island to another. Almost everything is within walking distance from the downtown area, which is where the majority of employers are situated. Public transportation is also available.
Delays in fall and winter due to Sitka's weather are frequent. The airport is located on Japonski Island, which is connected to Baranof Island by theO'Connell Bridge. The O'Connell Bridge, completed in 1972, was the first vehicular cable-stayed bridge in the United States. TheSitka Seaplane Base is aseaplane landing area situated in the Sitka Channel, adjacent to the airport.
Ferry travel back and forth to Juneau, Ketchikan and other towns in Southeast Alaska is provided through theAlaska Marine Highway System. The ferry terminal is located 7 miles (11 km) north of downtown and a ferry ticket costs about $89 per person each way to Juneau (as of February 2023). Vehicles, pets and bicycles can also be taken on the ferry for an additional charge.
Sitka's location on the outer coast of the Alaska Panhandle is removed from routes running through Chatham Strait. The tides of Peril Strait allow mainline vessels through only at slack tide.[74]
Alaska Marine Lines, a barge and freight company, has the ability to move cars to other communities connected to the mainland by road systems.
In 2008, theLeague of American Bicyclists awarded Sitka the bronze level in bicycle friendliness, making Sitka the firstbicycle-friendly community in Alaska. In 2013, the Walk Friendly Communities[75] program awarded Sitka with a bronze award, making Sitka the first Alaska community with a Walk Friendly Communities designation. Sitka is the only Alaska community to have both a Bicycle Friendly Community and a Walk Friendly Communities designation.
There is currently one hospital serving Sitka, Edgecumbe Hospital, which sits on Japonski Island across Sitka Harbor from the city. The facility is part of the Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium, or SEARHC, a non-profit tribal health consortium of 18 Native communities. The hospital serves as a regional referral center for people throughout Southeast Alaska, and also provides primary outpatient care. Numerous specialty clinics are offered at the hospital that are not available in the smaller communities such as neurology, orthopedic, dermatology, ophthalmology and denture clinics.
The former Sitka Community Hospital was purchased by the Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium (SEARHC) in April 2019, and now functions as a long-term care facility for patients of Edgecumbe hospital.[76]
The flora and fauna of Sitka and its surrounding area are popular. Day cruises and guided day trips (hiking) are large enterprises in Sitka.Floatplane "flightseeing" excursions are a way to view the area's sights from above.
Kayaking is a popular activity and small guided day excursions are offered locally.
There are a number of maintained trails in the Sitka area, many of which are accessible from Sitka's road system.
The dormant volcanoMount Edgecumbe is also a popular mountain to summit and features a seven-mile (11 km) trail up to the top. Guided day-trips are available, but the trip does not require much knowledge to undertake.
Louis L'Amour pennedSitka, his fictional account of the events surrounding the United States' purchase of the Alaska Territory from the Russians for $7.2 million in 1867.
Sitka is the opening setting inIvan Doig's 1982 historical fiction,The Sea Runners.
Sitka is mentioned in Chapter 53 ofJames Clavell's 1993 historical fiction about Japan,Gai-Jin.
Mystery authorJohn Straley described Sitka as "...an island town where people feel crowded by the land and spread out on the sea."
Part of the action in the novelCésar Cascabel byJules Verne takes place in Sitka in May–June 1867, during the transfer of ownership to the United States.
Sitka is featured in the episode "Z-9000" of the Argentine TV seriesLos simuladores as the place where its antagonist, Lorenzo, is sent to keep him away from his wife whom he used to assault, under the pretext that a clone of him is trying to kill him.
Sitka is the name of one of the characters in the Disney filmBrother Bear (2004).
Sitka was featured in a 2012 episode of the Travel Channel's popular seriesBizarre Foods,[82] starringAndrew Zimmern. In this episode Zimmern ate herring eggs, stink heads, and sea cucumbers.
Sitka was named one of theTop 20 Small Towns to Visit in 2013[83] bySmithsonian magazine.
^From November 1867 to February 1873, the earliest American settlers in Sitka established and conducted affairs under a "provisional city government", as Alaskan communities were prohibited from legally incorporating until theU.S. Congress passed legislation allowing them to do so in 1900. Mayors of Sitka under this government included William Sumner Dodge andJohn Henry Kinkead. SeeAtwood, Evangeline;DeArmond, Robert N. (1977).Who's Who in Alaskan Politics.Portland, Oregon:Binford & Mort for the Alaska Historical Commission. p. 24.;Wheeler, Keith (1977). "Learning to cope with 'Seward's Icebox'".The Alaskans.Alexandria, Virginia:Time–Life Books. pp. 57–64.ISBN0-8094-1506-2.
^"Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field changes from 'dormant' to 'active' – what does that mean?".Alaska Volcano Observatory. May 9, 2022. RetrievedJune 2, 2022.The Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field (MEVF) is now classed as 'historically active' by the standards of the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) because it is experiencing deformation related to the presence of magma intruding three miles below the surface.
^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. RetrievedJune 11, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. RetrievedJune 11, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on August 29, 2017. RetrievedJune 11, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on August 29, 2017. RetrievedJune 11, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on July 23, 2017. RetrievedJune 11, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on July 23, 2017. RetrievedJune 11, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. RetrievedJune 11, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on August 18, 2017. RetrievedJune 11, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on August 30, 2017. RetrievedJune 11, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Bunten, Alexis Celeste (2008). "Sharing Culture or Selling Out?: Developing the commodified persona in the heritage industry".American Ethnologist.35 (3). American Anthropological Association: 382.doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00041.x.ISSN0094-0496.
Andrews, C.L. (1944).The Story of Alaska. Caldwell, Ohio: The Caxton Printers, Ltd.
Fedorova, Svetlana G. (1973).The Russian Population in Alaska and California: Late 18th century – 1867 (trans. & ed. by Richard A. Pierce and Alton S. Donnelly). Kingston, Ontario: Limestone Press.ISBN0-919642-53-5.
Hope, Herb (2000). "The Kiks.ádi Survival March 1804". InAndrew Hope III; Thomas F. Thornton (eds.).Will the Time Ever Come? A Tlingit Source Book. Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Knowledge Network. pp. 48–79.
Nordlander, David J. (1994).For God & Tsar: A Brief History of Russian America 1741–1867. Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association.ISBN0-930931-15-7.
Vaillant, John (2006).The Golden Spruce: A True Story of Myth, Madness and Greed. Vintage Canada.ISBN978-0-676-97646-5.
Wharton, David (1991).They Don't Speak Russian in Sitka: A New Look at the History of Southern Alaska. Menlo Park, California: Markgraf Publications Group.ISBN0-944109-08-X.
Wilber, Glenn (1993).The Sitka Story: Crown Jewel of Baranof Island. "Land of Destiny"—Alaska Publications.
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