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Sister republics (French:république sœur,pronounced[ʁepybliksœʁ]ⓘ) wererepublics established by theFrench First Republic or local pro-French revolutionaries during theFrench Revolutionary Wars. Though nominally independent, sister republics were heavily reliant on French protection, making them in effectclient states of France. This became particularly evident after theFirst French Empire was established in 1804, after which France annexed several sister republics and transformed the remainder into monarchies ruled by members of theHouse of Bonaparte.
TheFrench Revolution was a period of social and political upheaval in France from 1789 until 1799. The Republicans who overthrew the monarchy were driven by ideas ofpopular sovereignty,rule of law, andrepresentative democracy. The Republicans borrowed ideas and values fromWhiggism andEnlightenment philosophers. The French Republic supported the spread of republican principles in Europe. According to Paul D. Van Wie, most of thesesister republics became a means of controlling occupied lands as client regimes through a mix of French and local power.[1]
| Flag | Name | Duration | Location | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Subalpine Republic | 1800–1802 | Piedmont | Annexed by the French Republic. |
| Piedmontese Republic | 1798–1799 | Piedmont | Predecessor to the Subalpine Republic. Conquered by Austro-Russian troops, later reconquered by Napoleon. |
 | Republic of Alba | 1796 | Alba | Predecessor to the Piedmontese Republic; reconquered by theKingdom of Sardinia. |
 | Parthenopean Republic | 1799 | Naples | Reconquered by theSanfedisti for the King of Naples and Sicily. |
 | Republic of Pescara | 1799 | Pescara | Reunited with theKingdom of Naples. |
 | Roman Republic | 1798–1799 | Papal States | Ended with the restoration of thePapal States. |
 | Anconine Republic | 1797–1798 | Ancona | Joined the Roman Republic. |
 | Tiberina Republic | 1798–1799 | Perugia | Joined the Roman Republic. |
 | Ligurian Republic | 1797–1805 | Genoa | Annexed by the French Empire. |
 | Republic of Lucca | 1799, 1800–1805 | Lucca | Replaced by thePrincipality of Lucca and Piombino. |
 | Italian Republic (Napoleonic) | 1802–1805 | Northern Italy | Transformed into theKingdom of Italy (Napoleonic). |
 | Cisalpine Republic | 1797–1802 | Northern Italy | Transformed into the Italian Republic. |
 | Cispadane Republic | 1796–1797 | Emilia-Romagna | Merged with the Transpadane Republic to form the Cisalpine Republic. |
| Bolognese Republic | 1796 | Bologna | Annexed by the Cispadane Republic. | |
 | Transpadane Republic | 1796–1797 | Lombardy | Merged with the Cispadane Republic to form the Cisalpine Republic. |
 | Republic of Crema | 1797 | Crema | Annexed by the Cisalpine Republic. |
| Republic of Bergamo | 1797 | Bergamo | Annexed by the Cisalpine Republic. | |
| Republic of Brescia | 1797 | Brescia | Annexed by the Cisalpine Republic. | |
| Provisional Municipality of Venice | 1797–1798 | Venice | Ceded to theAustrian Empire by theTreaty of Campo Formio. | |
 | Republic of Bouillon | 1794–1795 | Bouillon (modern-dayBelgium) | Annexed by the French First Republic. |
 | Republic of Liège | 1789–1791 | Prince-Bishopric of Liège (modern-dayBelgium) | Dissolved after restoration of the Prince-Bishopric; later annexed by France. |
| Rauracian Republic | 1792–1793 | Basel (modern-daySwitzerland) | Annexed by the French First Republic. | |
| Lémanique Republic | 1798 | Vaud (modern-daySwitzerland) | Joined theHelvetic Republic as the Canton of Léman. | |
| Republic of Mainz | 1793 | Rhenish Hesse and Palatinate (modern-dayGermany) | Collapsed upon the Prussian reconquest of Mainz. | |
 | Batavian Republic | 1795–1806 | Netherlands | Replaced by theKingdom of Holland. |
 | Cisrhenian Republic | 1797 | West bank of the Rhine (modern-dayGermany) | Proclaimed but not fully established; area annexed by France. |
 | Irish Republic (1798) | 1798 | Connacht (Ireland) | Proclaimed during theIrish Rebellion of 1798; collapsed with the defeat of the Franco-Irish force. |
 | Helvetic Republic | 1798–1803 | Switzerland | Dissolved by Napoleon'sAct of Mediation. |
| Altamura | 1799 | Altamura (Kingdom of Naples) | Crushed by Neapolitan royalist forces (the Sanfedisti). | |
 | Astese Republic | 1797 | Asti | Short-lived, suppressed and absorbed by the Cisalpine Republic. |
| Reggiana Republic [it] | 1796 | Reggio Emilia | Annexed by the Cispadane Republic. | |
 | Rhodanic Republic | 1802–1810 | Valais (modern-daySwitzerland) | Transformed into theRepublic of Valais under French influence, later annexed. |
| Sister republics |
|  Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Napoleonic creations |
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