Sir John Duckworth | |
|---|---|
.jpg) 1810 portrait of Duchworth bySir William Beechey | |
| Born | 9 February 1748 |
| Died | 31 August 1817(1817-08-31) (aged 69) HMNB Devonport, England |
| Allegiance | Great Britain United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Navy |
| Service years | 1759–1817 |
| Rank | Admiral of the Blue |
| Commands | |
| Conflicts | |
| Awards | Naval Gold Medal Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Swords of Honour from London and Jamaica |
Admiral of the BlueSir John Thomas Duckworth, 1st Baronet,GCB (9 February 1748 – 31 August 1817) was aRoyal Navy officer, colonial administrator and politician who served in theSeven Years' War,American War of Independence,French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars andWar of 1812. In addition to serving as thegovernor of Newfoundland, he was also a member of theBritish House of Commons during his semi-retirement. Duckworth, a vicar's son, achieved much in a naval career that began at the age of 11.
Serving with most of the great names of the Royal Navy during the later 18th and early 19th centuries, he fought almost all of Britain's enemies on the seas at one time or another, including aDardanelles operation that would be remembered a century later during theFirst World War. He was in command at theBattle of San Domingo, the last greatfleet action of the Napoleonic Wars.[1]
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Born inLeatherhead,Surrey, England, Duckworth was one of five sons of Sarah Johnson and the vicar Henry Duckworth A.M. of Stoke Poges, County ofBuckinghamshire.[2] The Duckworths were descended from alanded family, with Henry later being installed asCanon of Windsor. John Duckworth briefly attendedEton College, but began his naval career in 1759 at the suggestion ofEdward Boscawen, when he entered theRoyal Navy as amidshipman onHMS Namur.[3]Namur later became part of the fleet underSir Edward Hawke, and Duckworth was present at theBattle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November 1759.
On 5 April 1764, he joined the 50-gunHMS Guernsey atChatham, after leavingHMS Prince of Orange, to serve with AdmiralHugh Palliser, then Governor of Newfoundland. He served aboardHMSPrincess Royal, on which he suffered aconcussion when he was hit by the head of another sailor, decapitated by acannonball.[4] He spent some months as an acting lieutenant, and was confirmed in the rank on 14 November 1771. He then spent three years aboard the 74-gunHMS Kent, thePlymouthguardship, under CaptainCharles Fielding. Fielding was given command of the frigateHMS Diamond in early 1776, and he took Duckworth with him as hisfirst lieutenant.[3]
Duckworth married Anne Wallis in July 1776, with whom he had a son and a daughter.
After some time in North America, where Duckworth was acquitted by court-martial for negligence after an accident atRhode Island on 18 January 1777 left five men dead[5], theDiamond was sent to join Vice-AdmiralJohn Byron's fleet in theWest Indies. Byron transferred him to his own ship,HMS Princess Royal, in March 1779, and Duckworth was present aboard her at theBattle of Grenada on 6 July 1779. Duckworth was promoted to commander ten days after this and given command of thesloop-of-warHMS Rover (1779).
After cruising offMartinique for a time, he was promoted topost captain on 16 June 1780 and given command of the 74-gunHMS Terrible. He returned to thePrincess Royal asflag-captain to Rear-AdmiralSir Joshua Rowley, with whom he went to Jamaica. He was briefly in command ofHMS Yarmouth, before moving intoHMS Bristol in February 1781, and returned to England with a trade convoy. In the years of peace before the French Revolution he was a captain of the 74-gunHMS Bombay Castle, lying at Plymouth.
Fighting against France, Duckworth distinguished himself both in European waters and in the Caribbean. He was initially in command of the 74-gunHMS Orion from 1793 and served in theChannel Fleet under AdmiralLord Howe. He was in action at theGlorious First of June.[3] Duckworth was one of few commanders specifically mentioned by Howe for their good conduct, and one of eighteen commanders honoured with theNaval Gold Medal, and the thanks of both Houses ofParliament.[3]
He was appointed to command the 74-gunHMS Leviathan in early 1794, and went out to the West Indies where he served under Rear-AdmiralSir William Parker. He was appointedcommodore at Santo Domingo in August 1796. In 1798 Duckworth was in command of a small squadron of four vessels.[a] He sailed for Minorca on 19 October 1798,[6][7] where he was a joint commander withSir Charles Stuart, initially landing his 800 troops in the bay of Addaya,[8] and later landing sailors and marines from his ships, which includedHMSCormorant andHMS Aurora, to support the Army. He was promoted torear-admiral of the white on 14 February 1799 followingMinorca's capture, and "Minorca" was later inscribed on hiscoat of arms. In June his squadron of four ships capturedCourageux.[9]
In April 1800 was in command of the blockading squadron offCádiz, and intercepted a large and rich Spanish convoy fromLima off Cádiz, consisting of two frigates (both taken as prizes) and eleven merchant vessels,[10] with his share of theprize money estimated at £75,000.[3] In June 1800 he sailed to take up his post as the newly appointed Commander-in-Chief atBarbados and theLeeward Islands Station, succeedingLord Hugh Seymour.[10][11]
Duckworth was nominated a Knight Companion of the most Honourable MilitaryOrder of the Bath in 1801 (and installed in 1803),[3] for the capture of the islands ofSt. Bartholomew,St. Martin, St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix and defeat of the Swedish and Danish forces stationed there on 20 March 1801.[4]
Lieutenant-GeneralThomas Trigge commanded the ground troops, which consisted of two brigades under Brigadier-Generals Fuller andFrederick Maitland, of 1,500 and 1,800 troops respectively. These included the64th Regiment of Foot (Lieutenant-ColonelEdward Pakenham), and the 2nd and 8th West Indies Regiments, two detachments of Royal Artillery, and two companies of sailors, each of about 100 men. The ships involved, in addition toLeviathan, includedHMS Andromeda,HMSUnite,HMS Coromandel,HMS Proselyte,HMSAmphitrite,HMS Hornet, thebrigHMS Drake,hired armed brigFanny, schoonerHMS Eclair, and tenderAlexandria.
Aside from the territory and prisoners taken during the operation, Duckworth's force took two Swedish merchantmen, a Danish ship (in ballast), three small French vessels, oneprivateer brig (12-guns), one captured English ship, a merchant-brig, four small schooners, and a sloop.[12]
From 1803 until 1804, Duckworth assumed command as the commander-in-chief of theJamaica Station,[13] during which time he directed the operations which led to the surrender of GeneralRochambeau and the French army,[14] following the successfulBlockade of Saint-Domingue. Duckworth was promoted tovice-admiral of the blue on 23 April 1804, and he was appointed a Colonel of Marines. He succeeded in capturing numerous enemy vessels and 5,512 French prisoners of war.[15] In recognition of his service, the Legislative Assembly of Jamaica presented Duckworth with a ceremonial sword and a gold scabbard, inscribed with a message of thanks.[15][b]
The merchants of Kingston provided a second gift, an ornamental tea kettle signifying Duckworth's defence of sugar and tea exports. Both sword and kettle were subsequently gifted to the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich.[15]
Duckworth remained inJamaica until 1805, returning to England that April aboardHMS Acasta.[7] On his return to England again, he was called to facecourt-martial charges brought by CaptainJames Athol Wood of HMSAcasta, who claimed that Duckworth had transgressed the 18th Article of War; "Taking goods onboard other than for the use of the vessel, except gold & etc."
Duckworth had apparently acquired some goods, and in wishing to transport them home in person reassigned Captain Wood to another vessel on Jamaica station knowing that the vessel was soon to be taken under command by another flag officer.
Consequently, Duckworth was able to take the goods to England as personal luggage, and Wood was forced to sail back as a passenger on his own ship. The court-martial was held on boardHMS Gladiator in Portsmouth on 25 April 1805, but the charge was dropped on 7 June 1805.[16][17]
In 1805 theAdmiralty decided that Duckworth should raise his flag aboardHMSRoyal George and sail to join Vice-AdmiralHoratio Nelson off Cádiz as third in command. However, thePlymouth Dockyards could not makeRoyal George ready to sail in time, and Duckworth was directed to raise his flag inHMSSuperb, with CaptainRichard Keats as his flag-captain.[18] Keats was to have been Nelson's second. TheSuperb was exiting the Channel when she intercepted thePickle carrying news of the victory and of Nelson's death and did not arrive off Cádiz until well after the battle. On the basis of the writings of ships boy Edward Trelawney some have said the delay was due to Duckworth's refusal to sail from Portsmouth until his favourite musicians had arrived from another ship. Correspondence between Duckworth and the Admiralty confirms his upset at being required to sail ‘without his comforts’, but that his final orders were not issued until 28 October whenSuperb had finally been released from the docks after an urgent refit.[19] They did not arrive off Cádiz until 15 November, after theBattle of Trafalgar had been fought. Duckworth was then ordered to take command of the West Indies squadron involved in the blockade of Cádiz, with seven sail of the line, consisting of five 74-gun ships, the 80-gunHMS Canopus and the 64-gunHMS Agamemnon, and two frigates.
Although known for a cautious character, he abandoned the blockade and sailed in search of aFrench squadron under AdmiralZacharie Allemand, which had been reported by a frigate offMadeira on 30 November, on his own initiative. While searching for the French, which eventually eluded him, he came across another French squadron on 25 December, consisting of six sail of the line and a frigate. This was the squadron under Contre-AdmiralJean-Baptiste Willaumez, heading for theCape of Good Hope, and pursued by Rear-AdmiralSir Richard Strachan. Duckworth gave chase and came within seven miles of the enemy, but at that point his ships being well separated, to the dismay and disappointment of the men, he decided not to risk engaging and abandoned the pursuit.[20]
Duckworth then set sail for the Leeward Islands to take on water, dispatching the 74-gunHMS Powerful to reinforce the East Indies squadron. There, atSaint Kitts, he was joined on 21 January 1806 by the 74-gun shipsHMS Northumberland andHMS Atlas commanded bySir Alexander Cochrane,[21] and on 1 February a brigKingfisher commanded byNathaniel Day Cochrane, which brought news of French atSan Domingo.[22][c] The French had a squadron of five ships: the 120-gunImperial, two 84-gun and two 74-gun ships and two frigates, under the command of Vice-AdmiralCorentin Urbain Leissègues which escaped fromBrest[23] and sought to reinforce the French forces at San Domingo with about 1,000 troops.[21][24] Arriving at San Domingo on 6 February 1806, Duckworth found the French squadron with its transports anchored in theOcca bay. The French commander immediately hurried to sea, forming aline of battle as they went. Duckworth gave the signal to form twocolumns of four and three ships of the line.[citation needed]
In the Battle of San Domingo, Duckworth's squadron defeated the squadron of French when
Duckworth at once made the signal to attack. Keats and his crew having accompanied Nelson in the pursuit of Villeneuve to the West Indies were still lamenting having missed Trafalgar. Keats silently suspended a portrait of Nelson from the mizzen stay before addressing the men in a manner intended to encourage enthusiasm for the cause in the coming battle. With the band playing ‘God save the King’ and ‘Nelson of the Nile’ theSuperb having made up all ground on the fleeing enemy fired her starboard broadside as she was laid up against the Imperiale, the largest ship in the French navy.[25] The conflict soon became general. In a severe action of two hours, two of the French ships were driven ashore and burnt with three others captured. Only the French frigates escaped.[26][27]
Despite this, it is thought that Duckworth was lucky to have with him captains who were used to working together instinctively and who consistent with the Nelson approach, had no need to wait for any central direction from the Admiral and the credit for the victory was due more to the initiative of the individual British captains.[28][23]
His victory over the French Admiral Leissègues off the coast ofHispaniola on 6 February together with Admiral Alexander Cochrane's squadron was a fatal blow to French strategy in theCaribbean region, and played a major part in Napoleon's eventualsale of Louisiana, and withdrawal from the Caribbean. It was judged sufficiently important to have theTower of London guns fire a salute.[29] San Domingo was added to Duckworth's coat of arms as words; a British sailor was added to thesupporters of the Arms in 1814.
| Annuity to Admiral Duckworth Act 1806 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
.svg) | |
| Long title | An Act to enable his Majesty to grant a certain annuity to vice-admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth, knight of the most honourable Order of the Bath, in consideration of the eminent services which he has rendered to his Majesty and the publick. |
| Citation | 46 Geo. 3. c. 40 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 5 May 1806 |
| Commencement | 5 May 1806 |
| Repealed | 6 August 1872 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1872 |
Status: Repealed | |
A promotion to vice-admiral of the white in April 1806 followed,[d][30] along with the presentation of a sword of honour by theHouse of Assembly of Jamaica, while his naval feats were acknowledged with several honours, including a sword of honour by the corporation of theCity of London.[16][e] A great dinner was also held in his honour as theMansion House.[31] On his return to England, Duckworth was granted a substantial pension of £1,000 by anact of Parliament, and thefreedom of the city of London.[3]
Santo Domingo was the last significantfleet action of the Napoleonic Wars which, despite negative claims made about his personality, displayed Duckworth's understanding of the role ofnaval strategy in the overall war by securing for Britain mastery of the sea, and thus having sea-oriented mentality having placed a British fleet in the right strategic position.[32] Duckworth also displayed the willingness of accept changing tactics employed by Nelson, and maintained the superiority of Britishnaval gunnery in battle. It was, however, widely thought that but for this graphic demonstration of British sea-power and significant victory he may well have faced a court martial for having abandoned his post off Cádiz without orders to do so.[33]
Duckworth was appointed second in command of theMediterranean Fleet in 1805[34] primarily on consideration by the Admiralty of having a senior officer in the forthcoming operations with theImperial Russian Navy. Sailing in the 100-gun first-rateHMSRoyal George with eight ships of the line and four smaller vessels, he arrived at the island ofTenedos with orders to take possession of the Ottoman fleet atConstantinople, thus supportingDmitry Senyavin's fleet in theDardanelles operation. Accompanying him were some of the ablest Royal Navy officers such asSidney Smith,Richard Dacres andHenry Blackwood but he was in doubt of having the capability to breach the shore batteries and reach the anchored Ottoman fleet. Aware of Turkish efforts to reinforce theshore artillery, he nevertheless took no action until 11 February 1807 and spent some time in the strait waiting for a favourable wind. In the evening of the same day Blackwood's ship,HMS Ajax accidentally caught fire while at anchor off Tenedos, and was destroyed, although her captain and most of the crew were saved and redistributed among the fleet.[35]
Finally, on 19 February, at theaction at Point Pisquies (Nagara Burun), a part of the British force encountered the Ottoman fleet which engaged first. One 64-gun ship of the line, four 36-gun frigates, five 12-gun corvettes, one 8-gun brig, and a gunboat were forced ashore and burnt by the part of the British fleet.[citation needed]
The British fleet consisted ofHMS Standard, under CaptainThomas Harvey,HMS Thunderer, under CaptainJohn Talbot,HMS Pompee, under flag captain Richard Dacres, andHMS Repulse, under CaptainArthur Kaye Legge, as well as the frigateHMS Active, under Captain Richard Hussey Mowbray, under the command of Rear-Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, commanding the rear division.[36] They took onecorvette and onegunboat, and the flags of the Turkish Vice-Admiral and Captain Pasha in the process, with adjacentfortifications destroyed bylanding parties from HMSThunderer, HMSPompée, and HMSRepulse, while its 31 guns werespiked by themarines.[37] The marines were commanded by Captain Nicholls of HMSStandard who had also boarded the Turkish ship of the line. There were eight 32 lb and 24 lb brass guns and the rest firing marble shot weighing upwards of 200 pounds.[38]
On 20 February, the British squadron under Duckworth, having joined Smith with the second division of ships under command of Rear-AdmiralSir Thomas Louis, reached the Ottoman capital, but had to engage in fruitless negotiations with the Sultan's representatives, advised by Napoleon'sambassadorSébastiani, and with the accompanying British ambassadorCharles Arbuthnot and Russian plenipotentiary Andrey Italinski, the latter being carried aboard onHMS Endymion, under the command of CaptainThomas Bladen Capel,[39] due to the secret instructions that were issued as part of his orders for the mission,[40] and therefore losing more time as the Turks played for time to complete their shore batteries in the hope of trapping the British squadron.[37]
Smith was joined a week later by Duckworth, who observed the four bays of the Dardanelles lined with five hundred cannon and one hundred mortars as his ships passed towards Constantinople. There he found the rest of the Turkish fleet of twelve ships of the line and nine frigates,[f] all apparently ready for action in Constantinople harbour. Exasperated by Turkish intransigence, and not having a significant force to land on the shore, Duckworth decided to withdraw on 1 March after declining to take Smith's advice to bombard the Turkish Arsenal and gunpowder manufacturing works. The British fleet was subjected to shore artillery fire all the way to the open sea, and sustaining casualties and damage to ships from 26-inch calibre (650 mm) guns firing 300–800 pound marble shot.[41][42]
Though blamed for indecisiveness, notably byThomas Grenville, theFirst Lord of the Admiralty,[43] Duckworth announced that
I must, as an officer, declare to be my decided opinion that, without the cooperation of a body of land forces, it would be a wanton sacrifice of the squadrons to attempt to force the passage[44]
After his departure from Constantinople,[7] he commanded the squadron protecting transports of theAlexandria expedition of 1807, but that was forced to withdraw after five months due to lack of supplies.[45] Duckworth summed up this expedition, in reflection on the service of the year by commenting that
Instead of acting vigorously in either one or the other direction, our cabinet comes to the miserable determination of sending five or six men-of-war, without soldiers, to the Dardanelles, and 5000 soldiers, without a fleet, to Alexandria.[46]
Soon after, he married again, on 14 May 1808 to Susannah Catherine Buller, a daughter ofWilliam Buller, theBishop of Exeter. They had two sons together before his death, she survived him, dying on 27 April 1840.[47]
Duckworth's career however did not suffer greatly, and in 1808 and 1810 he went on to sail inHMSSan Josef andHMSHibernia, some of the largestfirst-rates in the Royal Navy, as commander of theChannel Fleet,[48][49] In the summer of 1809 he served on the panel of judges at theCourt-martial of James, Lord Gambier which assessed whether AdmiralLord Gambier had failed to support CaptainLord Cochrane at theBattle of Basque Roads in April 1809. Gambier was controversially cleared of all charges.[50]
Probably because he was thought of as irresolute and unimaginative,[51] on 26 March 1810 Duckworth was appointedGovernor of Newfoundland andCommander-in-Chief of theNewfoundland Station's three frigates and eight smaller vessels.[52] Although this was a minor command in a remote station spanning fromDavis Strait to theGulf of St Lawrence, he also received a promotion toadmiral of the blue, flying his flag aboard the 50-gunHMS Antelope.[3]
While serving as Governor he was attacked for his arbitrary powers over the territory, and retaliated against thepamphleteer by disallowing his reappointment as surgeon of the local militia unit, the Loyal Volunteers of St John, which Duckworth, renamed the St John's Volunteer Rangers, and enlarged to 500 officers and militiamen for theWar of 1812 with the United States.[citation needed]
Duckworth also took an interest in bettering relationship with the localBeothuk Indians,[3] and sponsored LieutenantDavid Buchan's expedition up theExploits River in 1810 to explore the region of the Beothuk settlements.[citation needed]
As the governor and station naval commander, Duckworth had to contend with American concerns over the issues of "Free Trade and Sailor's Rights." His orders and instructions to captains under his command were therefore directly concerned with fishing rights of US vessels on theGrand Banks, the prohibition of United States trade with British colonials, the searching of ships under US flag forcontraband, and theimpressment of seamen for service on British vessels. He returned to Portsmouth on 28 November in HMSAntelope after escorting transports from Newfoundland.[53]
On 2 December 1812, soon after arriving in Devon, Duckworth resigned as governor after being offered aparliamentary seat forNew Romney on the coast ofKent. At about this time he found out that his oldest son George Henry had beenkilled in action while serving in the rank of a Colonel[54] with theDuke of Wellington, during thePeninsular War. George Henry had been killed at theBattle of Albuera at the head of the48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot.[2]
Sir John was created abaronet on 2 November 1813, adopting amottoDisciplina, fide, perseverantia (Discipline, fidelity, perseverance),[55] and in January 1815 was appointedCommander-in-Chief, Plymouth 45 miles from his home; a post considered one of semi-retirement by his successor,Lord Exmouth.[56] However, on 26 June that year it became a centre of attention due to the visit byHMS Bellerophon bearing Napoleon to his final exile, with Duckworth being the last senior British officer to speak with him before his departure on boardHMS Northumberland.[57]
Duckworth died at his post on the base in 1817 at 1 o'clock, after several months of illness;[58] after a long and distinguished service with the Royal Navy.[3] He was buried on 9 September at the church inTopsham, where he was laid to rest in thefamily vault, with his coffin covered with crimsonvelvet studded with 2,500 silvered nails to resemble a ship'splanking.[3]
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When in England for winters during his term as Governor of Newfoundland, Duckworth lived on a property called Weare House of Weare Park in Topsham,Devon.[g] He had purchased the house in 1804 and rebuilt over several years.[59] His property, and half of the golf course that theExeter Golf and Country Club now occupies, was the largest US Navy Supply Depot in the south of England during theSecond World War, with some later retained for use by a UK MOD Naval Store.[59]
During the Second World War one Royal Navy warship, the destroyerHMSDuckworth was named after the Admiral.
In England, The Duckworth House is in Kent St, Portsmouth PO1 to be found not far from thePortsmouth Historic Dockyard complex.
The memorial to Admiral John Thomas Duckworth in the south transept ofSt Margaret's Church, Topsham, was erected by his wife, Susannah née Buller, daughter of William Buller, Bishop of Exeter. The memorial describes him as Admiral of the White Squadron of his Majesty's Fleet and depicts a naval scene which, by comparison with artworks on the same theme, represents his famous passage through the Dardanelles in 1807. The sculptor, Sir Francis Chantrey (1781 – 1841), is regarded as the foremost portrait sculptor of his generation. The adjacent memorial, also by Chantrey, is to the Admiral's son Colonel George Duckworth who died in action at Albuera in 1811. It depicts a soldier and an angel.
Duckworth Street inSt. John's, Newfoundland,Canada is named in his honour.
a.^ Some accounts mention onlyLeviathan,HMS Swiftsure, andHMS Emerald.[60]
b.^ The sword was forged by Richard Teed (1756–1816) of Lancaster Court, London, and carried the inscription: Presented in 1804 by the Assembly of Jamaica to Vice Admiral Sir I.T. Duckworth in remembrance of his effectual protection afforded to the commerce and coasts of the island. By his able disinterested distribution of H.M. Naval Forces under his command & as a testimony of the high sense entertained by the Assembly of the eminent service he has thereby rendered to that country."[15]
c.^ Brenton records a story of amazingly lucky wind changes that allowed this news to be delivered to Duckworth within two days.
d.^ The Naval Chronicle gives 9 November 1805.
e.^ Richard Teed was responsible for the manufacture and supply of the swords presented by theLloyd's Patriotic Fund to deserving sailors and soldiers during the Napoleonic Wars, 1803–14; the sword is now part of the sword collection of theNational Maritime Museum, Greenwich.[61]
f.^ Miller (p. 311) reports "twelve ships of the line and nine frigates", but Howard (p. 37) gives "twelve ships of the line, two of them three-deckers, and nine frigates filled with troops"
g.^ The new spelling is Wear, inCountess Wear on the outskirts ofExeter.
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Commander-in-Chief, Leeward Islands Station 1800–1801 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Commander-in-Chief, Jamaica Station 1803–1804 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Commodore Governor of Newfoundland 1810–1812 | Succeeded by |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
| Preceded by | Member for New Romney 1812–1817 With:William Mitford | Succeeded by |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by | Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth 1815–1817 | Succeeded by |
| Baronetage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Baronet (of Topsham) 1813–1817 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |