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Sir Horace Wilson | |
|---|---|
| Head of the Home Civil Service | |
| In office 1939–1942 | |
| Monarch | George VI |
| Prime Minister | Neville Chamberlain Winston Churchill |
| Preceded by | Sir Warren Fisher |
| Succeeded by | Sir Richard Hopkins |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1882-08-23)23 August 1882 Bournemouth, England |
| Died | 19 May 1972(1972-05-19) (aged 89) Bournemouth, England |
| Alma mater | London School of Economics |
Sir Horace John Wilson,GCB, GCMG, CBE (23 August 1882 – 19 May 1972) was a senior British government official who had a key role, as Head of the Home Civil Service, with the government of Prime MinisterNeville Chamberlain in theappeasement period just prior to theSecond World War.[1]
Son of furniture dealer Henry Wilson and Elizabeth Ann Smith, Horace John Wilson was born inBournemouth on 23 August 1882. For his education he attended Kurnella School in the town before graduating to theLondon School of Economics.[1][2]
Joining the old Second Division of theBritish Civil Service in 1900, his abilities came to the notice of senior officials. During theFirst World War, in 1915, Wilson was made secretary to the Committee on Production and the Special Arbitration Tribunal.[1] At the end of hostilities in 1918 Wilson moved to the newMinistry of Labour as part of the Conciliation Department. There he worked alongsideDavid Shackleton. He was appointed Permanent Secretary to the ministry in 1921. It was at this time he developed a reputation for resolvingindustrial disputes, a high point in this regard was his handling of the cotton crisis on 1929. One great asset brought to bear in thearbitration of the disputes was reportedly his adherence to impartiality which was trusted by both employers and employees alike. Success with the ministry caused Wilson to be appointedChief Industrial Advisor to the Government in 1930 by Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. Wilson's reorganisation of the cotton industry in Britain was the highlight of this part of his career.[1]
At this point Wilson was to display his abilities on the international stage when travelling to theImperial Economic Conference inOttawa, Canada. Wilson was the most senior official travelling with the British delegation to the conference.[3] There he impressed with his grasp of the subject and was said to have been largely responsible for the agreements reached at the conference. He returned from Canada to an appointment as aKnight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George.[1][4]
Wilson's career saw several official awards. He was made aCommander of the Order of the British Empire in 1918,Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1920,Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1924,Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1933, and finallyKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1937.[2] Under the Premiership ofStanley Baldwin, in 1935, Wilson was afforded asecondment described as 'for service with the Prime Minister'. This continued with ascent ofNeville Chamberlain to the office in 1937.[1]
Lord Woolton recalled in his memoir that Wilson, "found himself enjoying tremendous power – in fact a power unequalled by any member of the Cabinet except the Prime Minister." On another occasion Woolton noted that Wilson left him after a dinner early saying, "I must go and look after my master: he's feeling very lonely just now".[5]He was described as “having a more powerful position in Britain than anybody sinceCardinal Wolsey”.[6]Indeed, Chamberlain's biographer Robert Self noted that the men "enjoyed the sort of unparalleled intimacy only possible among truly kindred spirits."[3]
10 March 1938 saw Wilson meet withTheodor Kordt [de], the counsellor at Germany's London Embassy. Wilson stated his pleasure at hearing thatAdolf Hitler had referred to England and Germany as "two pillars upon which the European social order could rest". Wilson expanded the metaphor by expressing his wish "that an arch of co-operation should be erected on these two pillars". He also expressed his hope that Germany would succeed in fulfilling her goals regardingAustria andCzechoslovakia "as much as possible without the use of force".[3]
In June Wilson went further, intimating toHelmuth Wohlthat of the German Ministry of Economics, that Britain was prepared to recognise German economic dominance in central Europe. Furthermore, Britain would also accept the transfer of theSudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany. However, in exchange for this recognition Hitler would need to state the limits of Germany's territorial ambitions.[3]
August ended withLord Halifax sending a letter fromWinston Churchill to Wilson on the 31st. It suggested a joint declaration by Britain, France and theSoviet Union calling for a peaceful solution to the crisis. However, Wilson counselled Chamberlain against the inclusion of the Russians as he felt this would anger the Fuhrer and take away any benefit a declaration may bring. Wilson went further still, stating that he doubted the ability of Britain, France and Russia to act militarily against Germany. Furthermore, that if it came to military action, Britain would to all intents and purposes be attacking alone.[3]
Kordt returned to Downing Street in early September but on this occasion as a member of theGerman resistance to Hitler. Kordt had already urged Wilson on August 23 that Britain must speak and act with clarity on the matter. Now he came with specific intelligence that Hitler would invade Czechoslovakia on September 19 or 20 as he felt France would not honour its pledge to the Czechs. Kordt urged Wilson that Chamberlain should broadcast to Germany and state unequivocally that Britain would assist the Czechs in resisting a Nazi invasion. Moved by the request Wilson asked Kordt to come back the following day to say the same to Halifax andCadogan. It was they who vetoed the idea as they felt it would preclude the possibility of a peaceful solution to the crisis.[3] According to Kordt, Wilson stated that Russia could be left out of any European settlement as "in his opinion the system there was bound 'to melt away' some day".[7]
On 15 September 1938, Prime Minister Chamberlain left for Germany to negotiate with Hitler regarding the disputed territory of the Sudetenland. He was accompanied on this mission by Wilson in what was his first diplomatic mission.Sir Harold Nicolson described the pair and their mission as "the bright faithfulness of two curates entering a pub for the first time".[1]
While he travelled with Wilson to meet Hitler during the crisis, Chamberlain still consulted the inner cabinet (Lord Halifax,Sir John Simon andSir Samuel Hoare) on the matter as well as meetings of the full cabinet.[3]
Wilson travelled with the Prime Minister to three meetings with Hitler, but also travelled to see theFuhrer alone on 26 September.[1]
His lone mission on 26 September to see Hitler followed the German leader issuing hisGodesberg ultimatum to Czechoslovakia regarding theceding of the Sudetenland toNazi Germany. Wilson carried with him a letter from Chamberlain. It proposed direct negotiations between Germany and Czechoslovakia and His Majesty's Government would act for the Czechs if both parties agreed. Wilson was unable to deliver the second part of the message due to Hitler being in a bad mood, which left him impatient and irritable. Returning the following day, Wilson was able to complete his task, stating "if, in the pursuit of her treaty obligations,France became actively engaged in hostilities against Germany, the United Kingdom would feel obliged to support her".[1]
Later, in July 1939, Wilson continued his efforts at negotiation.Helmuth Wohlthat, a German government official was inLondon for awhaling conference. Wilson invited Wohlthat to a meeting in which Wilson presented a memorandum outlining a possible agreement between the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany. The paper proposed a joint declaration to abstain from aggression, arms limits, and economic cooperation. As Wohlthat left he reported Wilson as saying that "he saw the possibility of a common foreign and trade policy for the two greatest European states". Feeling himself too junior an official for such matters, Wohlthat reported to his superiors and asked what should be the reply. No reply has been found to that question.[1]
Wilson also liaised with the press, meeting newspaper owners to gain support for appeasement. He also warned theBBC to exercise self-censorship in relation to Germany.[3]
Wilson was referred to in the bookGuilty Men byMichael Foot,Frank Owen andPeter Howard (writing under the pseudonym 'Cato'), published in 1940 as an attack on public figures for their failure to re-arm and their appeasement of Nazi Germany.[8] Wilson later stated in 1962 that, "Our policy was never designed just to postpone war, or enable us to enter war more united. The aim of our appeasement was to avoid war altogether, for all time."[9]
Just after the outbreak of war,John Colville joined theDowning Street staff as Chamberlain'sPrivate Secretary in October 1939. Colville noted that Chamberlain seldom took action without Wilson's advice. Colville also felt that "he came to believe himself as infallible as the prime minister thought him to be".Labour Party leaderClement Attlee also commented that during Chamberlain's premiership Wilson "had a hand in everything, ran everything". However, Chamberlain's sister Hilda observed that her brother used Wilson purely as a messenger and knew his own mind. Wilson himself refuted the idea that he exercised power and felt himself to be merely a "chopping block" for the Prime Minister's ideas.[3]
Sources vary on specifics, but when Winston Churchill became prime minister Wilson was threatened with the governorship ofGreenland (or Iceland[10]) should Churchill see him at Downing Street again. Some sources have this occurring on the day of the accession, 10 May 1940,[11] while others give 11 May.[12] There is also some disagreement as to whether it was Churchill's sonRandolph andBrendan Bracken who made the remark or a quip by Churchill himself.[13]
Wilson reverted to his role as Permanent Secretary to the Treasury until August 1942 when he retired, having reached the age of 60, then the pensionable age for the Civil Service.[14] In January 1944 Wilson was appointed by the Minister of Health to act as Chairman of the National Joint Council for Local Authorities' Administrative, Professional, Technical and Clerical Services. The council was engaged in matters of pay and conditions of those in local government as well as supervision of recruitment and training provision.[15]
Wilson spoke at a 1957 meeting in support ofNigel Nicolson MP, for the constituency ofBournemouth East and Christchurch, when the local constituency part moved to deselect him over disagreements about theSuez Crisis. Wilson told the meeting that "he was against all subservience and dictators, and all for freedom in thought and speech – even if it meant an independence which might annoy some of those in power at headquarters or locally".[16]
British journalistLeonard Mosley interviewed Wilson among numerous others for the 1969 bookOn Borrowed Time, about the months leading up to the outbreak of World War II. Wilson acknowledged having felt out of his depth in dealing with Nazi Germany, while Mosley remained critical of Wilson's role.[citation needed] It has also beenreported that he showed little interest in the fate of Germany's Jews during the negotiations with Hitler. Speaking to another journalist, Colin Cross, in 1968, 23 years after end of the war, Wilson is quoted as saying that he understood Hitler's feelings about the Jews. "Have you ever met a Jew you liked?" he asked Cross.[17]
Wilson died in Bournemouth on 19 May 1972.[2]
Wilson is a key character inMichael Dobbs' novelWinston's War. In the book Wilson is portrayed as an arch-manipulator who has the telephones of all potential enemies toNeville Chamberlain tapped and will use any methods he can to get rid ofWinston Churchill.[citation needed]
Wilson also appears inJean-Paul Sartre's novelThe Reprieve.[citation needed]
Wilson is something of aMacGuffin in thealternative history writings ofHarry Turtledove. In both theSouthern Victory Series andThe War That Came Early series, Wilson serves as Prime Minister for part of an analog of World War II.[citation needed]
In the TV mini-seriesWinston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (1981) Wilson is depicted by the actorClive Swift.[18] This film is technically "fiction" though it adheres closely to historical facts and was made with input from professional historian and biographerMartin Gilbert. The film shows Wilson holding enormous (and malign) influence in the ramp-up to war in the 1930s. A pivotal sequence of the film shows Neville Chamberlain (played byEric Porter) and Wilson having a late-night meeting, in Wilson's office, about Wilson expanding his role in the government and becoming Chamberlain's right-hand man. Wilson does not explicitly ask for much but cannily steers Chamberlain toward what he wants.[citation needed]
Wilson also features inMunich byRobert Harris. The book is a fiction story but set against the realMunich Conference in 1938.[19] In the 2021 movieMunich - The Edge of War based on the book by Harris, Wilson is portrayed byAlex Jennings.
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| Government offices | ||
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| Preceded by | Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Labour 1921–1930 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Head of the Home Civil Service & Permanent Secretary to the Treasury 1939–1942 | Succeeded by |
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