Early Dynastic, Old Babylonian, Kassite, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian
Site notes
Excavation dates
1880-1881, 1894, 1972-1973, 1978-2002
Archaeologists
Hormuzd Rassam, Jean-Vincent Scheil, H. Gasche, Walid al-Jadir
Sippar (Sumerian:𒌓𒄒𒉣𒆠,Zimbir) (also Sippir or Sippara) was anancient Near EasternSumerian and laterBabylonian city on the east bank of theEuphrates river.[1] Itstell is located at the site of modernTell Abu Habbah nearYusufiyah inIraq'sBaghdad Governorate, some 69 km (43 mi) north ofBabylon and 30 km (19 mi) southwest ofBaghdad. The city's ancient name, Sippar, could also refer to its sister city,Sippar-Amnanum (located at the modern site of Tell ed-Der); a more specific designation for the city here referred to as Sippar was Sippar-Yaḫrurum (Sippar-Jaḫrurum). The name comes from the Amorite Yaḫrurum tribe that lived in the area along with the Amorite Amnanum tribe.[2] In Sippar was the site where theBabylonian Map of the World was found.[3]
Despite the fact that thousands of cuneiformclay tablets have been recovered at the site, relatively little is known about the history of Sippar. In theSumerian king list a king of Sippar,En-men-dur-ana, is listed as one of the early pre-dynastic rulers of the region but has not yet turned up in the epigraphic records.
Sippar was the cult site of the sun god (SumerianUtu, AkkadianShamash), along with his consortAya, and the home of his templeE-babbara (𒂍𒌓𒌓𒊏, means "white house") where theCruciform Monument of Manishtushu was found.[6]Mamu, the daughter of Shamash, also had a temple in Sippar as did the goddesses Nin-Isina, Ninḫegal,Ninkarrak, and Tašmētum.[7]
In the later part of the 3rd millennium BC, a large coalition of city-states led by Iphur-Kis ofKish (Sumer) and Amar-Girid ofUruk, joined by Enlil-nizu ofNippur, and including the city-states of "Kutha, TiWA, Sippar,Kazallu, Kiritab, [Api]ak and GN" as well as "Amorite [hi]ghlanders" revolted against Akkadian Empire rulerNaram-Sin of Akkad. The rebellion was joined by the city ofBorsippa, among others. The revolt was crushed.[8]
In Middle Bronze IB (c. 1900-1820 BC), the city-state of Babylon started to expand. Sippar eventually came within the Babylonian realm.Sumu-la-El ofBabylon (r. 1878-1843 BC) conducted several military campaigns gaining control over Sippar. In his 29th year of reign, Sumulael reported building the city wall of Sippar.Sabium (r. 1842-1829 BC) did some religious activity dedicated to Utu/Shamash, Marduk in one of his year-names.Apil-Sin (r. 1828-1812 BC) did some activity in Sippar in his Year 14.
Based on Shamash Temple records Sippar ruler Immerum is known to have been roughly contemporary with the rule of Sumu-la-El. He is suggested to have been ruling Sippar when Babylon took control based on a text sealed with oaths to both Immerum and Sumu-la-El.[10][11] In another text detailing gifts for dignitariesSumu-abum, first ruler of the First Babylonian Empire received the largest gift with Immerum and Sumu-la-El (2nd ruler of that empire) receiving smaller gifts.[12] Four year names of Immerum are known including "The year (in which) the temple of Inanna Immerum built".[13]
Clay tablet and its sealed clay envelope. Legal document, listing of land and their distribution to several sons. From Sippar, Iraq. Old-Babylonian period. Reign of Sin-Muballit, 1812-1793 BCE. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
Sin-Muballit (r. 1811-1793 BC) controlled the city and a sealed clay envelope is known.
Hammurabi's Babylonia 1
Some years laterHammurabi of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BC) reported laying the foundations of the city wall of Sippar in his 23rd year and worked on the wall again in his 43rd year. His successor in Babylon,Samsu-iluna (r. 1749-1712 BC) worked on Sippar's wall in his 1st year. The city walls, being typically made of mud bricks, required much attention. TheCode of Hammurabi stele was probably erected at Sippar.Shamash was the god of justice, and he is depicted handing authority to the king in the image at the top of the stele.
The city flourished under Babylonian rule until the Sack of Babylon by Mursili I of Hatti around 1587 BC.
In the final years of that dynasty the Elamite rulerShutruk-Nakhunte (c. 1184 to 1155 BC) captured Sippar. Shutruk-Nakhunte carried back statues from the Shamash temple to Susa adding his own inscription to a stele of the Akkadian Empire rulerNaram-Sin:
"I am Shutruk-Nahhunte, son of Hallutush-Inshushinak, beloved servant of the godInshushinak, king of Anshan and Susa, who has enlarged the kingdom, who takes care of the lands of Elam, the lord of the land of Elam. When the god Inshushinak gave me the order, I defeated Sippar. I took the stele of Naram-Sin and carried it off, bringing it to the land of Elam. For Inshushinak, my god, I set it as an offering."[14]
In the succeedingLate Bronze Age collapse period, it was taken by the Neo-Babylonian rulerNebuchadnezzar I about 1120 BC. In the reign of Neo-Babylonian rulerAdad-apla-iddina (c. 1064–1043 BC) the Shamash cult center along with all the other temples in Sippar were destroyed by Suteans and cult symbol of Shamash was lost.[15][16]
In the early 1st millennium BC, Sippar came under Neo-Assyrian control.[17] After the final defeat of the Neo-Assyrians by the Neo-Babylonians at theBattle of Carchemish in 605 BC text report that a number of Egyptian and Assyrian prisoners were brought to Sippar as chattel.[18][19] Records of Neo-Babylonian rulerNebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC) andNabonidos (556-539 BC) record that they repaired the Shamash temple E-babbara.[20]
After theBattle of Opis in September 539 BC Sippar surrendered to theAchaemenid Empire, followed soon after by the fall of the Neo-Babylonian empire.[21]
Xisuthros, the "Chaldean Noah" in Sumerian mythology, is said byBerossus to have buried the records of theantediluvian world here—possibly because the name of Sippar was supposed to be connected withsipru, "a writing".[22] And according toAbydenus,Nebuchadnezzar II excavated a great reservoir in the neighbourhood.[23]
Pliny (Natural History 6.30.123) mentions a sect of Chaldeans called theHippareni. It is often assumed that this name refers to Sippar (especially because the other two schools mentioned seem to be named after cities as well: theOrcheni afterUruk, and theBorsippeni afterBorsippa), but this is not universally accepted.[24]
Sippar has been suggested as the location of the BiblicalSepharvaim in theOld Testament, which alludes to the two parts of the city in itsdual form.[25]
Si.427, a tablet excavated in Sippar in 1894, depicting aland survey. A mathematical text dealing with the surface area of a field divided into 11 pieces.[26][27]
Hammurabi clay cone from Sippar at Louvre
Tell Abu Habba, measuring over 1 square kilometer was first excavated byHormuzd Rassam (referring to the site as Aboo-Habba) between 1880 and 1881 for the British Museum in a dig that lasted 18 months. Rassam excavated only down to the Old Babylonian levels and was focused mainly on the Neo-Babylonian remains.[28] Tens of thousands of tablets were recovered including theTablet of Shamash in the Temple ofShamash/Utu. Most of the tablets wereNeo-Babylonian.[29][30][31] The temple had been mentioned as early as the 18th year ofSamsu-iluna of Babylon, who reported restoring "Ebabbar, the temple of Szamasz in Sippar", along with the city'sziggurat.
The tablets, which ended up in theBritish Museum, are being studied to this day. As was often the case in the early days of archaeology, excavation records were not made, particularly find spots. This makes it difficult to tell which tablets came from Sippar-Amnanum as opposed to Sippar.[32] Other tablets from Sippar were bought on the open market during that time and ended up at places like the British Museum and theUniversity of Pennsylvania.[33][34] Since the site is relatively close toBaghdad, it was a popular target for illegal excavations.[35]
In 1894, Sippar was worked briefly byJean-Vincent Scheil.[36] The tablets recovered, mainly Old Babylonian, went to theIstanbul Museum.[37] In 1927 archaeologistsWalter Andrae andJulius Jordan visited, and mapped, the site.[38] In modern times, the site was worked, mainly soundings, by a Belgian team led by H. Gasche from 1972 to 1973.[39] They determined that Sippar was protected by a wall, partially for flood protection, extending 1200 meters by 800 meters, cutting a trench across it. A tablet of Samsu-iluna was found showing the wall dated back to at least Old Babylonian period though ground water prevented deeper excavation.[40]
Old BabylonianCylinder Seal,hematite. The king makes an animal offering toShamash. The style of this seal suggests that it originated from a workshop in Sippar[41]
Iraqi archaeologists from the College of Arts at theUniversity of Baghdad, led by Walid al-Jadir with Farouk al-Rawi, have excavated at Tell Abu Habbah starting in 1978. Work began with a new site contour map and excavation in the Old Babylonian area in the north where two buildings were uncovered. About 100 Old Babylonian period cuneiform tablets were found.[42] Subsequently, the team worked in an Old Babylonian residential area where terracotta plaques and figurines, and cuneiform tablets were found. The tablets were from the reign of Immerum, Buntahun-ila, and Samsu-iluna. Focus then shifted to the Shamash temple area.[43][44] In the northeast, Old Babylonian part of the site, a 30 meter by 5 meter deep sounding was excavated. The sounding found 4 Old Babylonian levels, 2Akkadian Empire levels, and 3 Early Dynastic levels ( with plano-convexmud brick construction).[45][46] In 1986, while clearing spoil from the Rassam excavation in the E-Babbar temple, a room was discovered which Rassam had not noticed. It contained a library with about 400 cuneiform tablets, which had been stored in 10 ranks of 17cm by 30cm niches in 4 rows. The tablets included copies of earlier inscriptions dating back to the Akkadian Empire and contemporary texts as late as the reign ofCambyses II.[47][48] Few of the tablets were published at the time due to conditions in Iraq. With conditions improving, they are now being published.[49][50][51][52][53][54] After 2000, they were joined by theGerman Archaeological Institute. In total, the effort continued in 24 seasons until 2002.[55][56][57] In the 24th season in 2002, 700 cuneiformtablets were found in one important building in the center of town. Most date to thereign ofAmmi-Saduqa (c. 1646–1626 BC) a ruler of the First Dynasty of Babylon with a few fromAbi-Eshuh (c. 1711-1684 BC) andAmmi-Ditana (c. 1683-1647 BC).[58]
^Yuhong, Wu, and Stephanie Dalley, "The Origins of the Manana Dynasty at Kish, and the Assyrian King List", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 159–65, 1990
^Horowitz, Wayne, "The Babylonian Map of the World", Iraq, vol. 50, pp. 147-165, 1988
^MacGinnis, John, Jon McGinnis, and Cornelia Wunsch, "The arrows of the sun: armed forces in Sippar in the first millennium BC". Islet-Verlag, 2012ISBN9783980846653
^Clayden, Tim, "Dūr-Kurigalzu: New Perspectives", Volume 2 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 437-478, 2017
^MacGinnis, John, "The Šatammu of Sippar", Die Welt des Orients, pp. 21-26, 1995
^[1]Asher-Greve, Julia M., and Joan Goodnick Westenholz, "Goddesses in context: on divine powers, roles, relationships and gender in Mesopotamian textual and visual sources", Vol. 259. Academic Press/Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013
^Steve Tinney, A New Look at Naram-Sin and the "Great Rebellion", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 47, pp. 1-14, 1995
^Collon, Dominique (2005).First impressions : cylinder seals in the ancient Near East ([Rev. ed.] ed.). London: British Museum Press.ISBN0-7141-1136-8.OCLC63186269.
^Tanret, M., "I.B. The First Sangas", in The Seal of the Sanga, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010
^Tanret, M.,"I.C. Before The Second Sanga", in The Seal of the Sanga, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010
^Wasserman, N., & Bloch, Y., "The Kingdom of Babylon", in The Amorites, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2023
^"PBS 08/2, 195 Artifact Entry", (2005) 2023. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI). February 1, 2023.https://cdli.earth/P257793
^A. Goetze, "An Inscription of Simbar-šīḫu", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 19 (4), pp. 121–135, 1965
^Brinkman, J. A., "A Note on the Shamash Cult at Sippar in the Eleventh Century B.C.", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 183–84, 1976
^Da-Riva, Rocío, "Sippar in the Reign of Sîn-šum-līšir (626 BC)", Altorientalische Forschungen 28.1, pp. 40-64, 2001
^Bongenaar, Arminius CVM, and Ben JJ Haring, "Egyptians in neo-Babylonian Sippar", Journal of cuneiform studies 46.1, pp. 59-72, 1994
^Mac-Ginnis, John, "Assyrians after the Fall: Evidence from the Ebabbar of Sippar", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 781-796 2017
^[2]Jastrow, Morris, "Nebopolassar and the Temple to the Sun-God at Sippar", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 15, pp. 65-86, 1899
^Kuhrt, A., "The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources of the Achaemenid Period", Routledge, 2007
^[3]Ward, William Hayes, "Sippara", Hebraica, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 79–86, 1886
^Dalley, Stephanie, "Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled", Iraq, vol. 56, pp. 45–58, 1994
^Barnett, R. D., "Xenophon and the Wall of Media", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 83, pp. 1–26, 1963
^G. R. Driver, "Geographical Problems", Eretz Israel, vol. 5, pp. 18-20, 1958
^[4]Hormuzd Rassam, "Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, [etc.]...", Curts & Jennings, 1897
^Leichty, E., "Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum. Volume VI: Tablets from Sippar 1", London, 1986
^Leichty, E. and A. K. Grayson, "Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Volume VII: Tablets from Sippar 2", London, 1987
^Erie Leichty et al., Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Volume VII: Tablets from Sippar 3, British Museum Publications, 1988,ISBN0-7141-1124-4
^Goddeeris, Anne (2002).Economy and society in northern Babylonia in the early old Babylonian period (ca. 2000-1800 BC). Leuven: Peeters.ISBN90-429-1123-9.OCLC50207588.
^[5]Hermann Ranke, Babylonian Legal and Business Documents from the Time of the First Dynasty of Babylon; Chiefly from Sippar, University of Pennsylvania, 1906 (reprinted by Nabu PressISBN1-144-69277-6)
^Lerberghe, Karel van (1986).Old Babylonian legal and administrative texts from Philadelphia. Marten Stol, Gabriela Voet. Leuven: Departement Oriëntalistiek.ISBN90-6831-063-1.OCLC18962321.
^E. A. Budge, "By Nile and Tigris: A Narrative of Journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on Behalf of the British Museum Between the Years 1886 and 1913", John Murray, 1920
^[6]V. Scheil, "Une Saison de fouilles a Sippar", Le Caire, 1902
^[7]Adalı, Selim Ferruh, and Frahm Eckart, "The Slave-Girl's Child: A" Literary" Fragment from the Istanbul Sippar Archive", Aula Orientalis, pp. 5-17, 2021
^Andrae, W., and J. Jordan, "Abu Habbah: Sippar", Iraq, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 51–59, 1934
^"Excavations in Iraq 1972-73", Iraq, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 188–204, 1973
^Al-Gailani Werr, L., "Studies in the chronology and regional style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals", Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, vol. 23, 1988
^"Excavations in Iraq, 1977-78", Iraq, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 141–81, 1979
^"Excavations in Iraq, 1981-82", Iraq, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 199–224, 1983
^[8]Lamia al-Gailani and Walid al-Jadir, Seal Impressions from Sippar, Sumer, vol. 37, pp. 129-144, 1981
^"Excavations in Iraq, 1983-84", Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 215–39, 1985
^Jadir, W. al- and Abdullah, Z. R., "Preliminary Results of the University of Baghdad Excavation of Sippar (Abu Habbah), Seasons 1978-1983", Sumer 39, pp. 97–122, 1983 (in Arabic)
^"Excavations in Iraq 1985-86", Iraq, vol. 49, pp. 231–51, 1987
^"Excavations in Iraq 1987-88", Iraq, vol. 51, pp. 249–65, 1989
^Fadhil, Anmar Abdulillah, and Enrique Jiménez, "Literary Texts from the Sippar Library I: Two Babylonian Classics", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 109.2, pp. 155-176, 2019
^Fadhil, Anmar Abdulillah, and Enrique Jiménez, "Literary Texts from the Sippar Library II: The Epic of Creation", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 111.2, pp. 191-230, 2021
^Fadhil, Anmar Abdulillah, and Enrique Jiménez, "Literary Texts from the Sippar Library III:‘Eriš šummi’, a Syncretistic Hymn to Marduk", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 112.2, pp. 229-274, 2022
^Fadhil, Anmar Abdulillah, and Enrique Jiménez, "Literary Texts from the Sippar Library IV: A “Macranthropic” Hymn to Ninurta", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 113.2, pp. 193-215, 2023
^Al-Rawi, Farouk N. H. (2000).Old Babylonian texts from private houses at Abu Habbah ancient Sippir : Baghdad University excavations. Stephanie Dalley. London: NABU.ISBN1-897750-07-2.OCLC47677571.
^W. al-Jadir and Z. Rajib, "Archaeological Results from the Eighth Season at Sippar", Sumer, vol. 46,pp. 69-90, 1990 (in Arabic)
^Al-Rawi, Farouk Ν. H., "A New Old Babylonian Date List from Sippir with Year Names of Apil-Sin and Sîn-muballiț", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 22-30, 1993
^Abdulillah Fadhil et al., "Ausgrabungen in Sippar (Tell Abu Habbah). Vorbericht über die Grabungsergebnisse der 24. Kampagne 2002", in Baghdader Mitteilungen (BaM) 36, pp. 157-224, 2005
^Abdulillah Fadhil et. el., "Sippar - Results of prospecting 2004/24", Sumer, vol. LII, no. 1&2, pp. 294-357, 2004
^[9]Khalil, Yasser Jabir, "Unpublished Cuneiform Texts from the City of Sippar_ Season 24", 2025
F. N. H. al-Rawi, "Tablets from the Sippar Library I. The "Weidner Chronicle": A Suppositious Royal Letter concerning a Vision", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 1–15, 1990
F. N. H. al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library II. Tablet II of the Babylonian Creation Epic", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 149–158, 1990
F. N. H. al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library III. Two Royal Counterfeits", Iraq, vol. 56, pp. 135–149, 1994
Luc Dekier, "Old Babylonian real estate documents from Sippar in the British Museum", University of Ghent, 1994
F. N. H. al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library IV. Lugale", Iraq, vol. 57, pp. 199–224, 1995
Rivkah Harris, "Ancient Sippar : a demographic study of an old-Babylonian city, 1894-1595 B.C.", Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 1975
Harris, Rivkah, "On Foreigners in Old Babylonian Sippar", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 70.2, pp. 145-152, 1976
John MacGinnis, "Letter orders from Sippar and the administration of the Ebabbara in the late-Babylonian period", Bonami, 1995,ISBN83-85274-07-3
MacGinnis, John, "The Royal Establishment at Sippar in the 6th Century BC", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 198-219, 1994
F. N. H. al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library V. An Incantation from Mis Pi", Iraq, vol. 57, pp. 225–228, 1995
[10]F. N. H. Al-Rawi and Andrew George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library, VI. Atra-hasis", Iraq, vol. 58, pp. 147–190, 1996
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[11]F. N. H. al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library VII. Three wisdom texts", Iraq, vol. 60, pp. 187–206, 1998
Ivan Starr and F. N. H. Al-Rawi, "Tablets from the Sippar Library VIII. Omens from the Gall-Bladder", Iraq, vol. 61, pp. 173–185, 1999
W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi, "Tablets from the Sippar library IX. A ziqpu-star planisphere", Iraq, vol. 63, pp. 171–181, 2001
F. N. H. al-Rawi, "Tablets from the Sippar library X: A dedication of Zabaya of Larsa", Iraq, vol. 64, pp. 247–248, 2002
De Graef, Katrien, "Cherchez la femme!: The Economic Role of Women in Old Babylonian Sippar", The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East, edited by Brigitte Lion and Cécile Michel, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 270-295, 2016
[12]Andrew George and Khalid Salim Ismail, "Tablets from the Sippar library, XI. The Babylonian almanac", Iraq, vol. 64, pp. 249–258, 2002
Greengus, Samuel, "New evidence on the Old Babylonian calendar and real estate documents from Sippar", Journal of the American Oriental Society, pp. 257-267, 2001
Nils P. Heeßel and Farouk N. H. Al-Rawi, "Tablets from the Sippar Library XII. A Medical Therapeutic Text", Iraq, vol. 65, pp. 221–239, 2003
[13]F. N. H. Al-Rawi and A. R. George, "Tablets from the Sippar Library XIII: "Enūma Anu Ellil" XX", Iraq, vol. 68, pp. 23–57, 2006
Moore, Stephen A., "Ransom and Quittance in Early Old Babylonian Sippar: a New Text", Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 116.1, pp. 69-78, 2022
Theophilus Goldridge Pinches, "The Antiquities found by Mr. H. Rassam at Abu-habbah (Sippara)", Harrison and Sons, 1884
[14]Robert J. Lau, "The Abu Habba cylinder of Nabuna'id, v. Rawlinson pl. 64. Autographed text by Robert J. Lau, with an introd. and a glossary in English and German by J. Dyneley Prince", Leiden E.J. Brill, 1905
K. De Graef, "Many a mickle makes a muckle : advance payments in the Ur-Utu archive (Old Babylonian Sippar)", AKKADICA, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 1–51, 2016
Janssen, Caroline, "Thirteen bones and a skeleton: the location of Inanna-mansum's grave and material manifestations of the cult of the dead in Old Babylonian Sippar", Akkadica 143, pp. 59-100, 2022
Reinhard Pirngruber, "Minor Archives from First-Millennium Bce Babylonia: The Archive of Iššar-Tarībi from Sippar", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 72, pp. 165–198, 2020
[15]Richardson, Seth, "Hard Times for Sippar Women: Three Late Old Babylonian Cases", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 9.2, pp. 319-350, 2022
Tanret, Michel, "The seal of the sanga: on the Old Babylonian sangas of Šamaš of Sippar-Jaḫrūrum and Sippar-Amnānum", Vol. 40. Brill, 2010ISBN978-9004179585
[16]Van Koppen, Frans, and Denis Lacambre, "Sippar and the Frontier between Ešnunna and Babylon. New Sources for the History of Ešnunna in the Old Babylonian Period", Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux 41, pp. 151-177, 2009
Verhulst, Astrid, "An Old Babylonian Seal from Sippar with Trading Owners", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 255–65, 2015
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