The island is in the northernLeeward Islands, southeast of theVirgin Islands. Sint Eustatius is immediately to the northwest ofSaint Kitts and southeast ofSaba. The regional capital isOranjestad. The island has an area of 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi).[2] Travelers to the island by air arrive throughF. D. Roosevelt Airport.
Sint Eustatius played a major role in theAmerican War for Independence, supplying American insurgents with war material, especially gunpowder. The British captured St. Eustatius, which was a major blow to the U.S. and its European allies. The French navy later in the war recaptured the island.[12]
The island's name, Sint Eustatius, is Dutch forSaint Eustace (also spelled Eustachius or Eustathius), a legendary Christianmartyr, known in Spanish asSan Eustaquio and in Portuguese asSanto Eustáquio orSanto Eustácio.
The island's prior Dutch name wasNieuw Zeeland ('New Zeeland'), named by theZeelanders who settled there in the 1630s.[13][14] It was renamed Sint Eustatius shortly thereafter.[13]
Map of Sint Eustatius from theEncyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië 1914–1917Another map of Sint Eustatius
The earliest inhabitants were Caribs[17] believed to have come from theAmazon basin (South America) and migrated north fromVenezuela[17] via theLesser Antilles.[17] In the early 20th century, settlement traces were discovered at Golden Rock and Orange Bay. Multiple pre-Columbian sites have been found on the island, most notably the site referred to as the "Golden Rock Site".[18]
While the island may have been seen byChristopher Columbus in 1493,[19] the first recorded sighting was in 1595 byFrancis Drake andJohn Hawkis.[19][20] From the first European settlement in the 17th century, until the early 19th century, St. Eustatius changed hands twenty-one times between the Netherlands, Britain, and France.[19][21]
In 1625, English and French settlers arrived on the island.[22][23] In 1629, the French built a wooden battery at the present-day location ofFort Oranje.[24] Both the English and the French left the island within a few years due to lack of drinkable water.[25][26]
In 1636, the chamber of Zeeland of theDutch West India Company took possession of the island,[27][23] reported to be uninhabited at the time.[28][29] In 1678 the islands of St. Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Saba were under the direct command of the Dutch West India Company, with a commander stationed on St. Eustatius to govern all three.[citation needed] At the time, the island was of some importance for the cultivation oftobacco andsugar.[30] More important was the role of St. Eustatius in thetrans-Atlantic slave trade and the intercolonial slave trade.[19][31]
Historical engraving showing the view from out in the Caribbean Sea, approaching the island of Sint Eustatius17th-centuryFort Oranje, with theisland of Saba visible in the distance
Sint Eustatius became the most profitable asset of the Dutch West India Company[citation needed] and a transit point for enslaved Africans in thetransatlantic slave trade.[30][32] The ruins of theWaterfort on the southwest coast of the island are reminders of this past. A slave house of two floors was in the Waterfort. Plantations of sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, coffee and indigo were established on the island and worked with labor of enslaved Africans.[32] In 1774 there were 75plantations on the island[citation needed] with names such as Gilboa, Kuilzak, Zelandia, Zorg en Rust, Nooit Gedacht, Ruym Sigt and Golden Rock.
In the 18th century, St. Eustatius's geographical placement in the middle of Danish (Virgin Islands), British (Jamaica, St. Kitts,Barbados,Antigua), French (St. Domingue,Ste. Lucie,Martinique,Guadeloupe) and Spanish (Cuba,Santo Domingo,Puerto Rico) territories—along with its large harborage,neutrality and status from 1756[8] as afree port with nocustoms duties—were all factors in it becoming a major point of transhipment of African slaves, goods, and a locus for trade incontraband.[8][33] Transshipment of captured Africans to the British, French, and Spanish islands of the eastern Caribbean was significant enough that the colonists built a two-story slave house at thefortress Amsterdam (also known as Waterfort) to serve as a depot of enslaved Africans until around 1740.[34] The depot housed about 400–450 people.[35]
St. Eustatius's economy flourished under the Dutch by ignoring the monopolistic trade restrictions of the British, French and Spanish islands[citation needed]; it became known as the "Golden Rock".[36][37][38]Edmund Burke said of the island in 1781:
It has no produce, no fortifications for its defence, nor martial spirit nor military regulations ... Its utility was its defence. The universality of its use, the neutrality of its nature was its security and its safeguard. Its proprietors had, in the spirit of commerce, made it an emporium for all the world. ... Its wealth was prodigious, arising from its industry and the nature of its commerce.[8]
The island soldarms andammunition to anyone willing to pay, and it was therefore one of the few places from which the young United States could obtain military stores. The good relationship between St. Eustatius and the United States resulted in the noted "First Salute". On 16 November 1776, the 14-gun American brigAndrew Doria commanded by CaptainIsaiah Robinson[39][33] sailed, flying theContinental Colors of the fledgling United States, into the anchorage below St. Eustatius's Fort Oranje. Robinson announced his arrival by firing a thirteen gun salute, one gun for each of the thirteen American colonies in rebellion against Britain. GovernorJohannes de Graaff replied with an eleven-gun salute from the cannons of Fort Oranje (international protocol required two guns fewer to acknowledge a sovereign flag). It was the first international acknowledgment of American independence.[Note 1] TheAndrew Doria had arrived to purchase munitions for the American Revolutionary forces. She was carrying a copy of the Declaration of Independence which was presented to Governor De Graaff. An earlier copy had been captured by the British on its way to Holland. It was wrapped in documents that the British believed to be a strange cipher, but were actually written inYiddish, addressed to Jewish merchants in Holland.
Andrew Doria receives a salute from the Dutch fort at Sint Eustatius, 16 November 1776.
PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt visited St. Eustatius for two hours on 27 February 1939 onUSSHouston to recognise the importance of the 1776 "First Salute". He presented a large brass plaque to St. Eustatius, displayed today under a flagpole atop the walls of Fort Oranje, reading:
In commemoration to the salute to the flag of the United States, Fired in this fort November 16. 1776, By order of Johannes de Graaff, Governor of Saint Eustatius, In reply to a National Gun-Salute, Fired by the United States Brig of War Andrew Doria, Under Captain Isaiah Robinson of the Continental Navy, Here the sovereignty of the United States of America was first formally acknowledged to a national vessel by a foreign official. Presented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States of America
The British took theAndrew Doria incident seriously, and protested bitterly against the continuous trade between the United Colonies and St. Eustatius. In 1778,Lord Stormont claimed inParliament that, "if Sint Eustatius had sunk into the sea three years before, the United Kingdom would already have dealt withGeorge Washington". Nearly half of all American Revolutionary military supplies were obtained through St. Eustatius. Nearly all American communications to Europe first passed through the island. The trade between St. Eustatius and the United States was the main reason for theFourth Anglo-Dutch War of 1780–1784.[33] Notably, the British Admiral George Brydges Rodney, having occupied the island for Great Britain in 1781, urged the commander of the landing troops, Major-General Sir John Vaughan, to seize "Mr. Smith at the house of Jones – they (the Jews of St. Eustatius, Caribbean Antilles)[40] cannot be too soon taken care of – they are notorious in the cause of America and France".[41][42] The war was disastrous for the Dutch economy.
The island of St. Eustatius taken by the English fleet in February 1781. AdmiralRodney's sailors and troops pillaged the island.
Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic on 20 December 1780. Even before officially declaring war, Britain had outfitted a massive battle fleet to take and destroy the weapons depot and vital commercial centre that St. Eustatius had become. British AdmiralGeorge Brydges Rodney was appointed the commander of the battle fleet. 3 February 1781, the massive fleet of 15 ships of the line and numerous smaller ships transporting over 3,000 soldiers appeared before St. Eustatius prepared to invade. Governor De Graaff did not know about thedeclaration of war. Rodney offered De Graaff a bloodless surrender to his superior force. Rodney had more than 1,000 cannon to De Graaff's one dozen cannon and a garrison of sixty men. De Graaff surrendered the island, but first fired two rounds as a show of resistance in honor of Dutch AdmiralLodewijk van Bylandt, who commanded a ship of the Dutch Navy which was in the harbor.[8] Ten months later, the island was conquered by the French, allies of theDutch Republic in the war. The Dutch regained control over the looted and plundered island in 1784.[41][43]
A series of French and British occupations of Sint Eustatius from 1795 to 1815 during theFrench Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars diverted trade to the occupiers' islands. St. Eustatius's economy collapsed, and the merchants, including the Jews left. St. Eustatius reverted permanently to Dutch control from 1816.
At its peak, St. Eustatius may have had a largely transient population of about 10,000 people. Most were engaged in commercial and maritime interests. A census list of 1790 gives a total population (free and enslaved people combined) of 8,124. Commerce revived after the island returned to Dutch control. Many of the merchants (including the Jews) returned to the island. However, the French and British occupations disrupted trade and also the Americans, now globally recognised as an independent nation, had meanwhile developed their own trading network and did not need St. Eustatius anymore. The island was eclipsed by other Dutch ports, such as those on the islands ofCuraçao andSint Maarten. During the last years of the 18th century Statia developed trade in bay rum. The economy declined in the early 19th century. From about 1795 the population declined, dropping to 921 in 1948.
The first record of Jews on St. Eustatius dates to 1660.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50] The Jews were mainly merchants with significant international trading and maritime commercial ties. Jews were captains, owners or co-owners with Christian partners, of significant numbers of ships originating out of St. Eustatius. A few were island plantation owners. By 1750, Jews comprised over half of the island's free population, with more than 450 individuals among 802 free citizens.[48][49]
Ten days after the island surrendered to the British on 3 February 1781, Rodney ordered that the entire Jewish male adult population assemble for him. They were rounded up and 31 heads of families were summarily deported to St. Kitts without word or mercy to their dependents.[51] The choice of exiling the Jews to St. Kitts was significant. The nearby British colony ofNevis had a large Jewish population and an established community capable of aiding the refugees. St. Kitts did not have any Jewish community or population. The other seventy-one were locked up in the weighing house in Lower Town where they were held for three days.
Expulsion of Americans followed on 23 February, of merchants from Amsterdam on 24 February and of other Dutch citizens and Frenchmen on 5 March. The crews of the Dutch ships Rodney took were sent to St. Kitts for imprisonment – after first stripping them of all their belongings. Because of their maltreatment, many perished. The Jews were well received on St. Kitts – where many knew them as their respected business partners. They were supported in their protest against their deportation and it proved successful. They were allowed to return to St. Eustatius after a few weeks to observe all their property being sold at small fractions of the original value after having been confiscated by Rodney. There were numerous complaints about "individuals of both sexes being halted in the streets and being body searched in a most scandalous way."[52] Pieter Runnels, an eighty-year-old member of the island council and captain of the civic guard, did not survive the rough treatment he received aboard Rodney's ship. He, a member of one of the island's oldest-established families, became the only civilian casualty of the British occupation.
Rodney singled out the Jews: the harshness was reserved for them alone. He did not do the same to French, Dutch, Spanish or even the American merchants on the island. He permitted the French to leave with all their possessions. Rodney was concerned that his unprecedented behavior would be repeated upon British islands by French forces when events were different. However, Governor De Graaff was also deported. As he did with all other warehouses, Rodney confiscated the Jewish warehouses, looted Jewish personal possessions, even cutting the lining of their clothes to find money hidden in there. When Rodney realized that the Jews might be hiding additional treasure, he dug up the Jewish cemetery.[51]
Later, in February 1782,Edmund Burke, the leading opposition member of the Whig Party, upon learning of Rodney's actions in St. Eustatius, rose to condemn Rodney's actions inParliament:
...and a sentence of general beggary pronounced in one moment upon a whole people. A cruelty unheard of in Europe for many years… The persecution was begun with the people whom of all others it ought to be the care and the wish of human nations to protect, the Jews… the links of communication, the mercantile chain… the conductors by which credit was transmitted through the world... a resolution taken to banish this unhappy people from the island. They suffered in common with the rest of the inhabitants, the loss of their merchandise, their bills, their houses, and their provisions; and after this they were ordered to quit the island, and only one day was given them for preparation; they petitioned, they remonstrated against so hard a sentence, but in vain; it was irrevocable.[53]
The restored and stabilized walls of the 1737 synagogue
From about 1815, when there was no longer a viable Jewish community using and maintaining the synagogue on St. Eustatius, it gradually fell into ruin.
The synagogue building, known as Honen Dalim, (חונן דלים, He who is charitable to the Poor) was built in 1737.[54][47][55][50] Permission for building the synagogue came from the Dutch West India Company, additional funding came from the Jewish community on Curaçao. Permission was conditional on the fact that the Jewish house of worship would be sited where "the exercise of their (Jewish) religious duties would not molest those of the Gentiles".[56] The building is off a small lane called Synagogue Path, away from the main street. The synagogue attested to the wealth of the Jews of St. Eustatius and their influence on the island.[57]
The Jewish cemetery
In 2001, its walls were restored as part of theHistoric Core Restoration Project, although there are no known images showing what the synagogue looked like when still in use, so that archeological research is attempting to restore the structure to the best estimate of its former condition. The grounds include a Jewish ritual bath (mikveh) and an oven used onPassover. A restored and respectfully maintained Jewish cemetery is next to the Old Church Cemetery, at the top of Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius.
After 1848,slavery only existed on the Dutch and Danish Eastern Caribbean islands, which caused unrest on the islands colonized bythe Netherlands. As a result, a proclamation declared on 6 June 1848 on Sint Maarten that enslavedAfricans would be treated as free persons.[58]
Unrest also arose on Sint Eustatius. On 12 June 1848, a group of free and enslaved Africans gathered in front of Lieutenant Governor Johannes de Veer's home demanding their declaration of liberty, increased rations, and more free hours. The Island Governor addressed the group, but it persisted in its demands. The militia was mobilized and, after consultation with the Colonial Council and the main residents, an attack was decided by the Lieutenant Governor. After another warning to leave the city or otherwise experience the consequences, fire was opened on the group. The insurgents fled the city, leaving two or three seriously injured. From a hill just outside the city they pelted the militia with stones and pieces of rock. A group of 35 shooters stormed the hill, killing two insurgents and injuring several. The six leaders of the uprising were exiled from the island and transferred toCuraçao.Thomas Dupersoy, a free African, is considered the chief leader of the uprising. One of the other leaders sent a death notice to his owner in 1851. After the uprising, the largest plantation owners on Sint Eustatius decided to give their enslaved workers a certain wage for fear of repetition of revolt.[59]
In 1863 slavery was officially abolished in the Netherlands. The Dutch were among the last to abolish slavery.[60] The freed slaves no longer wanted to live in the field and moved to the city. Due to a lack of trade, the bay of Sint Eustatius underwent a recession. Natural disasters such as the hurricane of September 1928 and May 1929 accelerated the process of economic decline on the island.
Sint Eustatius became a member of theNetherlands Antilles when that grouping was created in 1954. Between 2000 and 2005 the member islands of the Netherlands Antilles voted on their future status. In areferendum on 8 April 2005, 77% of Sint Eustatius voters voted to remain within the Netherlands Antilles, compared to 21% who voted for closer ties with the Netherlands. None of the other islands voted to remain.
After the other islands decided to leave, ending the Netherlands Antilles, theisland council opted to become a special municipality of the Netherlands, like Saba and Bonaire. This process was completed in October 2010.[33] In 2011 the island officially adopted theUS dollar as its currency.[61]
Sint Eustatius as photographed from theInternational Space StationView looking southeast along the Atlantic coast, showing the airport runway in the middle distance, Lynch Beach beyond that, then theQuill, St. Eustatius's dormant volcano, and over the water in the distance, the northern end of the island of St. Kitts
Sint Eustatius is 6 miles (10 km) long and up to 3 miles (5 km) wide.[33] Topographically, the island is saddle-shaped, with the 602-metre (1,975 ft) high dormant volcanoQuill (Mount Mazinga), (from Dutchkuil, meaning 'pit'—originally referring to its crater) to the southeast and the smaller summits of Signal Hill/Little Mountain (orBergje) and Boven Mountain to the northwest. The Quill crater is a populartourist attraction on the island. The bulk of the island's population lives in the flatsaddle between the two elevated areas, which forms the centre of the island.[33]
St. Eustatius has atropical monsoon climate. Tropical storms and hurricanes are common. The Atlantic hurricane season runs from 1 June to 30 November, sharply peaking from late August through September.Tropical Cyclone Climatology
As St. Eustatius is a volcanic island and very small, all of the beaches on the island are made up of black volcanic sand. These volcanic sands, especially one of the more popular nesting beaches called Zeelandia, are very important nesting sites for several endangered sea turtles such as: thegreen turtle,leatherback,loggerhead andhawksbill.[62]
Sint Eustatius is home to one of the last remaining populations of thecritically endangeredLesser Antillean iguana (Iguana delicatissima).[63] The population was strongly affected during the high-intensity hurricane year of 2017, with especiallyHurricane Maria, during which the population declined by 25%.[64]
Sint Eustatius has three nature parks – on land and at sea: the Sint Eustatius National Marine Park,Quill/Boven National Park, and Miriam Schmidt Botanical Garden. Two of them have national park status. These areas have been designated as important bird areas. The nature parks are maintained by theSt Eustatius National Parks Foundation (STENAPA).[65]
Due to its turbulent history, Sint Eustatius is rich in archaeological sites. Nearly 300 sites have been documented.[66] The island is said to have the highest concentration of archaeological sites of any area of comparable size.[67] In the 1920s,J. P. B. de Josselin de Jong conducted archaeological research intoSaladoid sites on the island and in the 1980s a great deal of research at theGolden Rock site was done by archaeologist Aad Versteeg ofLeiden University. Around 1981, under the direction of archaeologist Norman F. Barka, theCollege of William & Mary inWilliamsburg, Virginia also started archaeological research on Sint Eustatius. The documented archaeological sites include prehistoric sites, plantations, military sites, commercial trading sites (including shipwrecks), and urban sites (churches, government buildings, cemeteries, residences). TheSt. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research (SECAR) has been conducting archaeological research on the island since 2004[68] including excavations at theGodet African Burial Ground and theGolden Rock African Burial Ground.
In June 2021, SECAR became involved in protests against excavations at the 18th-centuryburial ground Golden Rock on the island. TheUbuntu Connected Front and other concerned citizens of Sint Eustatius denounced the non-involvement of the community in the excavation process through a petition and letters to the government.[69][70][71] The majority of the population on St. Eustatius are of African descent. Participation in cultural heritage, i.e. involving the community whose ancestors are being excavated, is good practice in contemporary archaeology.[72] Archaeological excavations on St. Eustatius apparently fall under the old Monuments Act for the BES islands[73] that is very brief on these issues. The 2016 Dutch Heritage Act[74] offers more protection for cultural heritage. The Committee on Kingdom Relations askedState SecretaryRaymond Knops questions about the matter.[75] TheStatia Heritage and Research Commission (SHRC) set up by the government of St. Eustatius investigated the allegations of the protest groups and published its report in January 2022.[76][77]
As of January 2025, the population was 3,270,[78] with a population density of 154 inhabitants per square kilometre.
The majority of Sint Eustatius is ofAfrican descent, with minorities ofEuropean andAsian descent also present. Around 20 nationalities live on the island as well.[79]
The official language is Dutch, but English is the "language of everyday life" on the island and education is solely in English.[80] A local English-basedcreole is also spoken informally. More than 52% of the population speak more than one language. The most widely spoken languages are English (92.7%), Dutch (36%), Spanish (33.8%) andPapiamento (20.8%).
In the 18th century, "Statia" was the most important Dutch island in the Caribbean and was a center of great wealth from trading. At this time it was known as the "Golden Rock" because of its immense wealth. A very large number of warehouses lined the road that runs along Oranje Bay; most (but not all) of these warehouses are now ruined and some of the ruins are partially underwater.
A French occupation in 1795 was the beginning of the end of great prosperity for Sint Eustatius.
The government is the largest employer on the island, and the oil terminal owned byGTI Statia is the largest private employer.[82]
Statia Utility Company N.V. provides electricity to the island, as well as drinking water per truck and on part of the island by a water network. The electricity supply is rapidly being made green. Until 2016 all electricity was produced by diesel generators. In March 2016 the first phase of the solar park with 1.89MWp capacity became operational, covering 23% of entire electricity demand. In November 2017[83] another 2.15 MWp was added, totaling 14,345 solar panels, with 4.1 MW capacity and a yearly production of 6.4GWh. The solar park includes lithium-ion batteries of 5.9 MWh size. These provide power for grid stability, as well as energy shifting. On a sunny day the diesel generators are switched off from 9 a.m. to 8 pm. This is made possible bygrid-forming inverters produced bySMA. This is one of the first such solar parks in the world and provides 40% to 50% of the island's electricity.[citation needed]
As of March 2025,Makana operated ferries six days a week to and fromPhilipsburg on the Dutch part ofSint Maarten, with continuing service to the Dutch island ofSaba, as well as a direct ferry link to and fromSt. Kitts (Port Zante inBasseterre).[85][86]
There is no regularly scheduled public transportation, such as public buses or minibuses, on Statia.[87]
Dutch government policy towards St. Eustatius and other SSS islands promoted English medium education. Sint Eustatius has bilingual English–Dutch education.[88]
^The first salute to the Colors may have occurred one month earlier. It is debatable if a Colonial merchantman received a formal salute from Fort Frederik on the Danish island of St Croix (The birth of our Flag page 13 published 1921) and (Americas Library) Translated from the Danish Wikipedia article on Frederiksted "Frederiksted is a town on St Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands which were previously the Danish West Indies. .. The town is dominated by the red and white Fort Frederik from the 1750s. The fort has special meaning to both USA and Denmark-Norway. It was from here that the first foreign salute of recognition of USA independence was given in 1776."
^Mangold, Max.Duden – Das Aussprachewörterbuch. In:Der Duden in zwölf Bänden, Band 6. 7. Auflage. Berlin: Dudenverlag; Mannheim : Institut für Deutsche Sprache, 2015, Seite 786.
^abcdeTuchman, Barbara W. (1988).The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution. New York: Ballantine Books.
^Hartog, Johannes (1976).History of St. Eustatius. Central U.S.A. Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles : distributors, De Witt Stores N.V.
^"Netherlands Antilles".US Department of State. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved15 April 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^abAspinall, Sir Algernon Edward (1927)."St. Eustatius & Saba".The Pocket Guide to the West Indies, British Guiana, British Honduras, Bermuda, the Spanish Main, Surinam, and the Panama Canal. Sifton, Praed & Company, Limited. p. 343.
^Hartog, Johannes (1976).History of St. Eustatius. Central U.S.A. Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles : distributors, De Witt Stores N.V. p. 21.
^Abbattista, Guido (2008). "Edmund Burke, the Atlantic American War and the 'Poor Jews at St. Eustatius': Empire and the Law of Nations".Cromohs.13:1–39.
^"Honen Dalim".Richard Varr's Travel Blog. Retrieved15 May 2025.
^Arbell, Mordehai (2002).The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas. Jerusalem: Geffen.
^Paula, A. F. (1993).'Vrije' slaven: Een sociaal-historische studie over de dualistische slavenemancipatie op Nederlands Sint Maarten, 1816–1863. Centraal Historisch Archief, Universiteit van de Nederlandse Antillen. p. 98.ISBN90-6011-841-3.
^Hartog, Joh. (1969).De Bovenwindse eilanden: Sint Maarten, Saba, Sint Eustatius (in Dutch). Aruba: De Wit N. V. pp. 296–297.
^Dijkhoff, Marta, Silvia Kowenberg, and Paul Tjon Sie Fat. Chapter 215 "The Dutch-speaking Caribbean Die niederländischsprachige Karibik." In:Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik.Walter de Gruyter, 1 January 2006.ISBN3110199874, 9783110199871. Start: p.2105. CITED: p.2108.
^"Education".St. Eustatius. 16 June 2020. Retrieved4 April 2022.
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