 One ofEstonia's inflatable life rafts, filled with water | |
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| Date | 28 September 1994; 31 years ago (1994-09-28) |
|---|---|
| Time | 00:50–01:50 (UTC+2) |
| Duration | 1 hour |
| Location | Baltic Sea |
| Coordinates | 59°23′N21°41′E / 59.383°N 21.683°E /59.383; 21.683 |
| Type | Maritime disaster |
| Participants | 989; 137 survivors |
| Deaths | 852 |
MS Estonia, acruiseferry operated byEstline, sank on Wednesday, 28 September 1994, between about 00:50 and 01:50 (UTC+2) as the ship was crossing theBaltic Sea, en route fromTallinn, Estonia, toStockholm, Sweden. The vessel was carrying 989 people, including 803 passengers and 186 crew, most of whom were Swedish and Estonian. Only 138 people were rescued, one of whom later died. Most victims succumbed to drowning orhypothermia in water around 10–11 °C (50–52 °F). In total, 852 people died, making sinking of the MSEstonia one of the deadliest peacetime sinkings of a European ship, after theTitanicin 1912 and theEmpress of Irelandin 1914.[1] It remains the deadliest peacetime shipwreck to have occurred in European waters and was one of the worstmaritime disasters of the 20th century.[2][3]
The MSEstonia had been constructed in 1980. On the night of the accident, severe weather was reported in the Baltic Sea. The ship began its voyage behind schedule and was noted to have a slight starboard list from cargo distribution before leaving port. The accident began shortly after 01:00, when noises from the bow were reported. Amayday was sent at 01:22 but did not follow international formats, delaying the wider emergency response. By 01:50, the ship hadcapsized and disappeared fromradar screens, sinking in international waters south of the Finnish island ofUtö. Rescue operations were launched under the 1979International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue. Nearby ferries and helicopters participated, but the scale of the disaster, coupled with rough seas and the rapid loss of the ship, limited survival.
The official investigation concluded that the vessel’sbow visor failed in rough seas, allowing water to flood the car deck and causing the ship to capsize rapidly. The sinking highlighted the vulnerability ofroll-on/roll-off ferries to flooding, similar to theMSHerald of Free Enterprise accident seven years earlier. Renewed investigations in the 2000s and 2020s examined hull damage and structural flaws, while conspiracy theories have alleged cover-ups and secret military cargo, claims rejected by official inquiries. The wreck site was declared a protected grave in 1995 under an international treaty, and memorials have been erected in Tallinn and Stockholm to commemorate the victims. In its aftermath, new international safety regulations were introduced, including automatic activation ofdistress beacons, stricter standards for ferry design and inspection, and expanded training for passenger-ship crews.
Estonia departed slightly behind schedule at 19:15 on 27 September and was expected inStockholm the next morning at about 09:00. She was carrying 989 people: 803 passengers and 186 crew.[4]: 137 [JAIC 1]
Most of the passengers were Swedish, although some were ofEstonian origin; most of the crew were Estonian. The ship was fully loaded, and waslisting slightly tostarboard because of poor cargo distribution.[4]: 138
According to the final disaster report, the weather was rough, with a wind of 15 to 25 m/s (29 to 49 kn; 34 to 56 mph), force 7–10 on theBeaufort scale[5][6] and asignificant wave height of 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft)[JAIC 2] compared with the highest measured significant wave height in the Baltic Sea of 7.7 m (25 ft 3 in).[7] Esa Mäkelä, the captain ofSilja Europa who was appointedon-scene commander for the subsequent rescue effort, described the weather as "normally bad", or like a typical autumn storm in the Baltic Sea. According to modelled satellite data[clarification needed], gusts were in the excess of 85–100 km/h (24–28 m/s) at 01:00 that night over the Baltic Sea, although the ship had not yet reached the areas with the heaviest gusts before its sinking.[8] There was some rain and temperatures around 10 °C (50 °F).[8] All scheduled passenger ferries were at sea, something not unusual for this weather in the Baltic Sea. The official report says that while the exact speed at the time of the accident is not known,Estonia had very regular voyage times, averaging 16 to 17 kn (30 to 31 km/h). Thechief mate of theViking Line cruiseferryMariella trackedEstonia's speed byradar at approximately 14.2 kn (26.3 km/h) before the first signs of distress, while theSilja Europa's officers estimated her speed at 14 to 15 kn (26 to 28 km/h) at midnight.
The first sign of trouble aboardEstonia was when a metallic bang was heard, presumably caused by a heavy wave hitting the bow doors around 01:00, when the ship was on the outskirts of theTurku archipelago, but an inspection—limited to checking the indicator lights for the ramp andvisor—showed no problems.[4]: 138 Over the next 10 minutes, similar noises were reported by passengers and other crew.[4]: 138 At about 01:15, the visor is believed to have separated and torn open the loading ramp behind it. The ship immediately took on a heavystarboard list (initially around 15 degrees, but by 01:30, the ship had rolled 60 degrees and by 01:50 the list was 90 degrees) as water flooded into the vehicle deck.[4]: 138 Estonia was turned to port and slowed before her four engines cut out completely.[4]: 138
At about 01:20, a quiet female voice called "Häire, häire, laeval on häire",Estonian for "Alarm, alarm, there is alarm on the ship", over the public address system, which was followed immediately byan internal alarm for the crew, then one minute later by thegeneral emergency signal. The vessel's rapid list and the flooding prevented many people in the cabins from ascending to the boat deck, as water not only flooded the vessel via the car deck, but also through windows in cabins as well as the massive windows along deck 6. The windows gave way to the powerful waves as the ship listed and the sea reached the upper decks. Survivors reported that water flowed down from ceiling panels, stairwells and along corridors from decks that were not yet underwater. This contributed to the rapid sinking.[4]: 138 Amayday was communicated by the ship's crew at 01:22, but did not follow international formats.Estonia directed a call toSilja Europa and only after making contact with her did the radio operator utter the word "Mayday". The radio operator onSilja Europa, chief mate Teijo Seppelin, replied in English: "Estonia, are you calling mayday?" After that, the voice ofthird mate Andres Tammes took over onEstonia and the conversation shifted to Finnish.[9]
Tammes was able to provide some details about their situation but, due to a loss of power, he could not give their position, which delayed rescue operations somewhat. Tammes would later die in the sinking. Some minutes later, power returned (or somebody on the bridge managed to lower themselves to the starboard side of the bridge to check the marine GPS, which will display the ship's position even in blackout conditions), and theEstonia was able to radio its position toSilja Europa andMariella. After that,Estonia sent their last radio message saying: "Todella paha, todella pahalta näyttää nyt tässä kyllä" (in English: "Really bad, it's looking really bad right now."). The ship disappeared from the radar screens of other ships at around 01:50,[4]: 138 and sank at59°23′N21°41′E / 59.383°N 21.683°E /59.383; 21.683 ininternational waters, about 22 nmi (41 km) on bearing 157° fromUtö island, Finland, to a depth of 74 to 85 m (245 to 280 ft) of water. According to survivor accounts, the ship sank stern first after taking a list of 90 degrees.
Search and rescue followed arrangements set up under the 1979 International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (the SAR Convention), and the nearest Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre MRCC Turku coordinated the effort in accordance with Finland's plans. The Baltic is one of the world's busiest shipping areas, with 2,000 vessels at sea at any time, and these plans assumed the ship's own boats and nearby ferries would provide immediate help and that helicopters could be airborne after an hour. This scheme had worked for the relatively small number of accidents involving sinkings, particularly as most ships have few people on board.[10]
Mariella, the first of five ferries to reach the scene of the accident, arrived at 02:12.[2] MRCC Turku failed to acknowledge the Mayday immediately andMariella's report was relayed by Helsinki Radio as the less urgentpan-pan message. A full-scale emergency was only declared at 02:30.Mariella winched open liferafts into the sea onto which 13 people onEstonia's rafts successfully transferred, and reported the location of other rafts to Swedish and Finnish rescue helicopters, the first of which arrived at 03:05. The former took survivors to shore, while the latter—Finnish border guard helicoptersSuper PumaOH-HVG andAgusta Bell 412OH-HVD—chose the riskier option of landing on the ferries. The pilot ofOH-HVG stated that landing on the ferries was the most difficult part of the whole rescue operation; despite that, this single helicopter rescued 44 people, more than all the ferries.MSIsabella saved 16 survivors with its rescue slide.
| Nationalities | Missing | Survivors | Identified bodies | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Sweden | 461 | 51 | 40 | 552 |
 Estonia | 237 | 62 | 47 | 346 |
 Latvia | 19 | 6 | 4 | 29 |
 Russia | 10 | 4 | 1 | 15 |
 Finland | 9 | 3 | 1 | 13 |
 Norway | 6 | 3 | 0 | 9 |
 Germany | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 |
 Denmark | 5 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
 Lithuania | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
 Morocco | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
 Netherlands | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
 Ukraine | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
 United Kingdom | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
 Belarus | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 Canada | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 France | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 Nigeria | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 757 | 137 | 94 | 989 |
Of the 989 on board, 138 were rescued, one of whom died later in hospital.[2] Ships rescued 34 and helicopters 104; the ferries played a much smaller part than the planners had intended because it was too dangerous to launch theirman-overboard (MOB) boats or lifeboats. The accident claimed 852 lives. Most died bydrowning andhypothermia, as the water temperature was 10–11 °C (50–52 °F).
One of the victims of the sinking was the Estonian singerUrmas Alender. In total, 94 bodies were recovered: 93 within 33 days of the accident, and the last victim was found 18 months later.[2] By the time the rescue helicopters arrived, around a third of those who escaped from theEstonia had died of hypothermia, while fewer than half of those who had managed to leave the ship were eventually rescued.[2] The survivors of the shipwreck were mostly young males. Of all those who survived 111 were men and only 26 were women.[11] Seven over 55 years of age survived and there were no survivors under age 12. About 650 people were still inside the ship when it sank.[JAIC 1] The commission estimated that up to 310 passengers reached the outer decks, 160 of whom boarded the life-rafts or lifeboats.[12]
The wreck was examined and videotaped by remotely operatedunderwater vehicles and by divers from a Norwegian company, Rockwater A/S, contracted for the investigation work.[JAIC 3] The official report indicated that the locks on the bow door had failed from the strain of the waves and the door had separated from the rest of the vessel, pulling the ramp behind it ajar.[JAIC 4] The bow visor and ramp had been torn off at points that would not trigger an "open" or "unlatched" warning on the bridge, as is the case in normal operation or failure of the latches. The bridge was also situated too far back on the ferry for the visor to be seen from there.[JAIC 5] While there was video monitoring of the inner ramp, the monitor on the bridge was not visible from theconning station.[JAIC 6] The bow visor was under-designed, as the ship's manufacturing and approval processes did not consider the visor and its attachments as critical items regarding ship safety.[4]: 139 The first metallic bang was believed to have been the sound of the visor's lower locking mechanism failing, and that the subsequent noises would have been from the visor 'flapping' against the hull as the other locks failed, before tearing free and exposing the bow ramp.[4]: 139–140 The subsequent failure of the bow ramp allowed water into the vehicle deck, which was identified as the main cause of the capsizing and sinking:[4]: 139 RORO ferries with their wide vehicle decks are particularly vulnerable to capsizing if the vehicle deck is even slightly flooded because offree surface effect: the fluid's swirling motion across such a large area hampers the boat's ability to right itself after rolling with a wave. The same effect had caused the capsizing ofMS Herald of Free Enterprise seven years earlier.
The report was critical of the crew's actions, particularly for failing to reduce speed before investigating the noises emanating from the bow, and for being unaware that the list was being caused by water entering the vehicle deck.[4]: 142 There were also general criticisms of the delays in sounding the alarm, the passivity of the crew, and the lack of guidance from the bridge.
Recommendations for modifications to be applied to similar ships included separation of the condition sensors from the latch and hinge mechanisms.[JAIC 7]
In 1999, special training requirements in crowd and crisis management and human behaviour were extended to crew on all passenger ships, and amendments were made to watch-keeping standards.[13]Estonia's distress beacons orEPIRBs required manual activation, which did not happen. Had they been activated automatically, it would have been immediately obvious that the ship was in distress and the location would have been clear. All EPIRBs were subsequently required to deploy automatically and the accident was "instrumental in the move to legislateVoyage Data Recorders".[14] NewInternational Maritime Organization (IMO)Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) liferaft regulations for rescue from listing ships in rough water were introduced.[15]
New designs, the "citadel concept" once again influenced byEstonia, aim to ensure damaged ships have sufficient buoyancy to remain afloat, though cost will determine if any are built. SOLAS 90, which came into effect in 2010, specifies existing passenger ships' stability requirements and those in North West Europe must also be able to survive 50 cm (20 in) of water on the car deck.[16]
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On 28 September 2020, a Swedish documentary was released which used underwater equipment to film the wreck. This investigation found a 4-metre hole in the ship's hull. This prompted the Estonian prime minister and foreign minister to meet with their Swedish and Finnish equivalents and announce that a "new technical investigation" would take place.[17]
The head of the Estonian investigation, Margus Kurm, stated publicly that he believes this new information points to a collision with a submarine and that the hole could not have happened post-sinking.[18] In October 2020, the Estonian government published a report stating that the hole was too small to have sunk the ship as quickly as it did.[19] The Swedish documentary makers were prosecuted for violating the sanctity of the wreck, but were acquitted on 8 February 2021 as the diving happened on a German ship ininternational waters. Germany had not signed the treaty that declares sanctity over the site.[20] However, as a result of a retrial in September 2022, the filmmakers were finally found guilty and fined.[21]
By June 2021, laws allowing the examination of the wreck for investigation of the disaster were passed in the Swedish and Estonian Parliaments.[22] Shortly after, theSwedish Accident Investigation Authority announced their plan to conduct dives at the grave site starting in July 2021.[23] In July 2023, the car ramp was retrieved.[24]
Between 2021 and 2022, Estonian, Finnish and Swedish authorities carried out comprehensive wreck surveys[25] using cameras, 3D photogrammetry, 3D laser scanners, and shallow- and mid-penetration sub-bottom profilers, among other equipment. This was to identify the cause of penetrating deformation(s) to the hull of MSEstonia and assess whether the safety investigation of the sinking should be re-opened.
In January 2023, theSwedish Accident Investigation Authority (SHK) released the Intermediate Report of the Preliminary Assessment of MSEstonia[26] following the joint investigation. According to the report, there was "no indication of a collision with a vessel or a floating object", neither was there "indication of an explosion in the bow area".[26][27] Also an oil leak was found on the hull's aft section and that the Finnish Border Guard is monitoring the leakage.[28]
It was also concluded that the ship was "not seaworthy" and its certificate of seaworthiness, issued 28 January 1993, was incorrect, because
The report also concluded that if the inspection was performed and the exemption noted, "the vessel would not have been trading the Tallinn–Stockholm route", and "the accident would probably not have occurred".
The bow ramp and some metal parts that were cut from the hull by divers in the 1990s were salvaged in July 2023.[29][30]
The disaster had a major impact on ferry safety, leading to changes in safety regulations as well as in life-raft design,[31] much as the RMSTitanic disaster did in 1912.
Rolf Sörman, a Swedish passenger on the accident voyage, stated that "Sweden is so small that basically everyone knew someone who drowned."[32] Estonian Mart Luik was quoted in an article in theChristian Science Monitor stating: "I think all Estonians of a certain age remember where they were when they heard about the Estonia."[32] Citing such testimonials, Gordon F. Sander of theChristian Science Monitor stated that the disaster "struck across their entire populaces" of Estonia and Sweden due to the "small size" of each country and "The scale of the tragedy".[32] James Montague ofDelayed Gratification wrote that the sinking had an effect on those countries' societies similar to one that the11 September attacks had on the United States, and that the sinking was especially profound for Sweden as, in its modern history, it had not experienced other wars or calamities.[33]
The headline of the edition ofAftonbladet covering the sinking was a single word: "Why?" (in Swedish, "Varför").[33]
Conspiracy theories exist about the cause of the sinking. German journalistJutta Rabe and the British magazineNew Statesman claim that laboratory tests on debris recovered illegally from Estonia's bow yielded trace evidence of a deliberate explosion, which they allege was concealed by the Swedish, British, and Russian governments to cover up an intelligence operation smuggling military hardware via the civilian ferry.[34] Members of the Joint Accident Investigation Commission denied these claims, saying that the damage seen on the debris occurred during the visor's detachment from the vessel. The JAIC cited results from Germany'sFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, which found that Jutta Rabe's samples did not prove an explosion occurred.[35]
In the autumn of 2004, a former Swedish customs officer claimed onSveriges Television thatEstonia had been used to transport formerSoviet military equipment in September 1994.[36] The Swedish and Estonian governments subsequently launched separate investigations, which both confirmed that non-explosive military equipment was aboard the ship on 14 and 20 September 1994. According to the SwedishMinistry of Defence, no such equipment was on board on the day of the disaster, and previous investigations by theSwedish Customs Service found no reports of any anomalous activity around the day of the disaster.[37][38]
In the early 2000s, a 10-page document, apparently authored by theSwedish Maritime Administration, surfaced. It alleged the ship had been carrying military nuclear material and that an explosion or collision had been the cause of the sinking. In 2025, this document was dismissed as a forgery by theSwedish Accident Investigation Authority.[39][40]
In the aftermath of the disaster, many relatives of the deceased demanded that their loved ones be raised from international waters and given a land burial. Demands were also made that the entire ship be raised so that the cause of the disaster could be discovered by detailed inspection.[41][4]: 140 Citing the practical difficulties and the moral implications of raising decaying bodies from the sea floor (the majority of the bodies were never recovered), and fearing the financial burden of lifting the entire hull to the surface and the salvage operation, the Swedish government suggested burying the whole shipin situ with a shell of concrete.[42][43]
As a preliminary step, thousands of tons of pebbles were dropped on the site.[4]: 140 TheEstonia Agreement 1995, a treaty among Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Denmark, Russia and the United Kingdom, declared sanctity over the site, prohibiting their citizens from even approaching the wreck.[44] The treaty is, however, only binding for citizens of the countries that are signatories. At least twice, theSwedish Navy has discovered diving operations at the wreck. The wreck's location is monitored onradar by theFinnish Navy.[45]
Notable passengers of the accident voyage:
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The sinking of theEstonia has been the subject of a number of documentaries in addition to the feature filmBaltic Storm, including:
It was also mentioned in the Swedish filmForce Majeure.[48]
Estonia, a Finnish eight-parttelevision series about MSEstonia's accident, was produced by Fisher King company for the Nordicstreaming service C More and released in 2023. According to the creators behind the series, the effort was said to be the most expensive drama series ever produced in Finland.[49][50]
In addition, the disaster has inspired several musical works:
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Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1994 | |
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| Other incidents |
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Media from Commons
Travel guides from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
