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Sim racing is the collective term forracing games that attempt to accurately simulateauto racing, complete with real-world variables such as fuel usage, damage,tire wear and grip, and suspension settings.[4] To be competitive in sim racing, a driver must understand all aspects ofcar handling that make real-world racing so difficult,[5] such asthreshold braking, how to maintain control of a car as the tires lose traction, and how properly to enter and exit a turn without sacrificing speed. It is this level of difficulty that distinguishes sim racing fromarcade racing-style driving games where real-world variables are taken out of the equation and the principal objective is to create a sense of speed as opposed to a sense of realism like theNeed for Speed series.[6]
Due to the complexity and demands of mimicking real-life driving, racing sims require faster computers to run effectively, as well as a steering wheel and pedals for the throttle and brakes for the immersion.[7] While using agamepad or even amouse andkeyboard, may suffice for most arcade-style driving games on home systems, it would not provide the same level of immersion and realism as using aracing wheel and pedals. In recent years, many sim racing experiences have been developed for consoles, such as thePlayStation andXbox.[8][9] While these games can be played with a controller, it is recommended that players invest in a racing wheel and pedals. With the development of online racing, the ability to drive against human opponents andcomputer AI offline is the closest many would come to driving cars on a real track.[10][11][12] Even those who race in real-world competition use simulations for practice or for entertainment.[13] With continued development of thephysics engine software that forms the basis of these sims, as well as improved hardware (providing tactile feedback), the experience has become more realistic.
The sim racing gameplay style has been applied in several video games, such asiRacing,Assetto Corsa andAssetto Corsa Competizione,Gran Turismo,Forza Motorsport, and more.[14][15][16][17]
Prior to the division between arcade-style racing and sim racing, the earliest attempts at providing driving simulation experiences were arcaderacing video games, dating back toPole Position,[18] a 1982arcade game developed byNamco, which the game's publisherAtari publicized for its "unbelievable driving realism" in providing aFormula 1 experience behind aracing wheel at the time. It featured otherAI cars to race against, crashes caused bycollisions with other vehicles and roadside signs, and introduced a qualifying lap concept where the player needs to complete atime trial before they can compete inGrand Prix races.[19] It also pioneered thethird-person rear-view perspective used in most racing games since then, with the track's vanishing point swaying side to side as the player approaches corners, accurately simulating forward movement into the distance.[20] In a 2007 retrospective review,Eurogamer called it "a simulation down to the core: those dedicated will eventually reap success but most will be deterred by the difficulty".[21]
Pole Position II was released in 1983 and featured several improvements like giving the player the choice of different race courses.[23]TX-1, developed by Tatsumi in 1983,[24] was licensed to Namco,[25] who in turn licensed it to Atari in America,[25] thus the game is considered a successor toPole Position II.[25]TX-1, however, placed a greater emphasis on realism, with details such as forcing players to brake or downshift the gear during corners to avoid the risk of losing control, and let go of the accelerator when going into a skid in order to regain control of the steering. It also usedforce feedback technology, which caused the steering wheel to vibrate, and the game also featured a unique three-screen arcade display for a morethree-dimensional perspective of the track. It also introducednonlinear gameplay by allowing players to choose which path to drive through after each checkpoint, eventually leading to one of eight possiblefinal destinations.[25]
Since the mid-1980s, it became a trend for arcade racing games to use hydraulicmotion simulatorarcade cabinets.[26][27] The trend was sparked bySega's "taikan" games, with "taikan" meaning "body sensation" in Japanese.[27] The "taikan" trend began whenYu Suzuki's team at Sega (later known asSega AM2) developedHang-On (1985), aracing video game where the player sits on and moves amotorbike replica to control the in-game actions.[28]Hang-On was a popularGrand Prix style rear-view motorbike racer,[29] was considered the first full-body-experience video game,[30] and was regarded as the first motorbike simulator for its realism at the time, in both the handling of the player's motorbike and the AI of the computer-controlled motorcyclists.[29] It usedforce feedback technology and was also one of the firstarcade games to use16-bit graphics and Sega's "Super Scaler" technology that allowedpseudo-3Dsprite-scaling at highframe rates.[31] Suzuki's team at Sega followed it with hydraulic motion simulator cabinets for later racing games, such asOut Run in 1986.[26]
In 1986,Konami releasedWEC Le Mans, an early car driving simulator based on the24 Hours of Le Mans. It attempted to realistically simulate car driving, with the car jumping up and down, turning back and forth, and spinning up to 180 degrees, with an emphasis on acceleration, braking, and gear shifting, along with the need for counter-steering to avoid spin-outs. It also featured a day-night cycle, accurately simulated courses approved by theAutomobile Club de l'Ouest, and force feedback to simulate road vibration in the form of a vibrating steering wheel that reacts to the driver's acceleration and off-road bumps.[32] The first racing game with simulation pretensions on a home system is believed to have beenChequered Flag, released by Psion on the 8-bitZX Spectrum in1983.REVS, followed in1986.REVS was aFormula 3 sim that delivered a semi-realistic driving experience byGeoff Crammond that ran on theCommodore 64 andBBC.REVS had a big fan base in England, but not so much in the United States.[33]
3D polygon graphics appeared in arcade racing simulators with Namco'sWinning Run (1988) and Atari'sHard Drivin' (1989),[34] the latter also becoming a staple onhome computers, where it was one of the most widely played simulators up to that point. During the late 1980s to early 1990s, arcade racing games such asOut Run andVirtua Racing (1992) had increasingly elaborate, hydraulic motion simulator arcade cabinets,[26] with arcade racers such asVirtua Racing andDaytona USA (1993) increasingly focused on simulating the speed and thrills of racing.[34] At the same time, arcade racing games gradually moved away from the more difficult simulation style ofPole Position.[21] By the early 1990s, arcade racing games had less emphasis on realistic handling or physics, and more emphasis on fast-paced action, speed and thrills.
Sim racing is generally acknowledged to have really taken off in1989 with the introduction ofPapyrus Design Group'sIndianapolis 500: The Simulation, designed by David Kaemmer and Omar Khudari on 16-bit computer hardware. The game is often generally regarded as the personal computer's first true auto racing simulation. Unlike most other racing games at the time,Indianapolis 500 attempted to simulate realisticphysics andtelemetry, such as its portrayal of the relationship between the four contact patches and the pavement, as well as the loss of grip when making a high-speed turn, forcing the player to adopt a proper racing line and believable throttle-to-brake interaction. It also featured a garage facility to allow players to enact modifications to their vehicle, including adjustments to the tires, shocks and wings.[33] WithIndy 500, players could race the full 500 miles (800 km), where even a blowout after 450 miles (720 km) would take the player out of the competition. The simulation sold over 200,000 copies. It was around this time that sim racing began distinguishing itself from arcade-style racing. Consoles saw the release ofHuman Entertainment'sFastest 1 for theSega Mega Drive/Genesis in 1991. It was considered the most realisticFormula 1 racing simulation up until that time.[35]
In 1991, Namco released the arcade gameMitsubishi Driving Simulator, co-developed withMitsubishi. It was a serious educational street driving simulator that used 3D polygon technology and a sit-down arcade cabinet to simulate realistic driving, including basics such as ensuring the car is in neutral or parking position, starting the engine, placing the car into gear, releasing the hand-brake, and then driving. The player can choose from three routes while following instructions, avoiding collisions with other vehicles or pedestrians, and waiting at traffic lights; the brakes are accurately simulated, with the car creeping forward after taking the foot off the brake until the hand-brake is applied.Leisure Line magazine considered it the "hit of the show" upon its debut at the 1991JAMMA show. It was designed for use by Japanesedriving schools, with a very expensive cost of AU$150,000 orUS$117,000 (equivalent to $282,000 in 2024) per unit.[36]
The next major milestone was the 1992 release ofFormula One Grand Prix byMicroProse, also developed by Geoff Crammond. This moved the genre along significantly. Multiplayer was made possible by allowing different drivers to take turns, and racers could also hook up their machines for racing via anull modem cable. This only allowed two drivers to race. Leagues emerged where drivers would submit records of their single player races to compare with other drivers. LFRS (Little Formula Racing Series) included 22 two teams consisting of drivers from around the world racing various classes of sim racing in open and restricted setups. Drivers were required to download event specific setup files for each class, to monitor frame rates and apply a checksum to prevent tampering. Drivers saved their race and uploaded to the LFRS server where race results determined overall positions. This is the first sim in whichdrafting was possible.
Papyrus followed up Indy 500 withIndyCar Racing in 1993 and F1GP was surpassed in all areas. Papyrus later released more tracks and a final expansion included the Indianapolis track plus a paintkit. Now drivers could easily customize their cars.IndyCar Racing sold around 300,000 copies. The first variant of Papyrus'NASCAR Racing series was launched in 1994. InSVGA (640×480) it pushed the PCs of the time to the limit. Suddenly a resolution of 320×200 seemed a poor option andNASCAR Racing was the race sim of choice for anyone with a capable PC, particularly in North America. It was the first sim where cars no longer looked like boxes. It keyed in on sophisticated physics modeling.NASCAR Racing sold over one million units. Moreover, the first real online racing started withNASCAR Racing using the "Hawaii" dial-in servers and it was not uncommon for these early sim racers to have $300 to $1500 phone bills. Online racing had seen its first true realization, and to many, this was the dawn of "real" sim racing.[37]
1995 saw the release ofIndyCar Racing II, updating the first version with the new NASCAR graphics engine. A year later,MicroProse released the successor to F1GP,Grand Prix 2, to much anticipation.GP2 became successful not just because of its detailed and thorough simulation of the 1994 Formula 1 season, but also because it was customizable; this was achievable by way of theonline community. Players could change everything about the game: drivers, teams, graphics, physics, car shapes, and eventually even the racetracks. Offline leagues reached their peak withGP2 in 1998.
In 1996,NASCAR Racing 2 was released, further improving the original, and the number of sim racers exploded. TheTEN multiplayer hosting service was introduced and went live in November 1997 with the backing of NASCAR and the online sim racing community grew. In 1997,Gran Turismo was released for thePlayStation. It was considered the most realistic racing simulation for consoles at the time, featuring a wealth of meticulous tuning options and anopen-endedcareer mode where players had to undertakedriving tests to acquiredriving licenses, earn their way into races and choose their own career path.[38] It introduced the racing simulation genre tohome consoles,[38][39] becoming the basis for all modern racing simulations onvideo game consoles.[39]
Graphics accelerator cards brought a new level of realism to the graphics and physics of sim racing games. These newgraphics processing units providedtexture mapping,anti-aliasing,particle effects (such as fog, rain, and snow),HDR and the capability to perform polygonal calculations faster, while taking the load off of the main processor.F1 Racing Simulation byUbisoft, was among the first to utilize the new technology in 1997.
After years of development,MicroProse releasedGrand Prix 3, which used a more modern graphics engine and featured the same customizable structure ofGrand Prix 2. It was not as well received as its predecessor due to a lack of full online multiplayer and the fact it was based on the same, outdated graphics engine. However, because of the two games' graphical and physical similarities, the game was popular withmodders who were able to port tracks and cars directly intoGrand Prix 3.
Another milestone in sim racing came in 1998 with the release of Papyrus’Grand Prix Legends, which was based on the1967 Formula One season. Despite the game's steep learning curve, which made gameplay difficult for casual players, it was hailed as outstanding in all areas, especially in its physics and sound design.[40][41] It was, however, a commercial failure, sometimes selling only as much as a thousand copies in select markets.[42][43] For many players, their first real experience of sim racing was throughGrand Prix Legends or one of its many derivatives, such asNASCAR Racing 2003.[citation needed] To this day, modding teams have continued to work on the game, further improving on the game's physics and create third-party expansions for the following seasons, such as the1969 Formula One season.[44]
Wired magazine wrote an in-depth article about racing sims called 'Hard Drive' in their February 1997 issue.[45] In 1997,TORCS was released. Uniquely for racing sims, it was open source, making it even easier for modding teams to add new features and even create whole new games, such as theTORCS-basedSpeed Dreams.Sega AM2's 1999 arcade gameF355 Challenge, later ported to theDreamcast in 2000, was considered the most accurate simulation of theFerrari F355 possible up until that time; its focus on realism was considered unusual for an arcade game at the time.[46]
American independent developerImage Space Incorporated produced their own simSports Car GT in 1999, and later the officially-licensedF1 series starting in 2000, all published byElectronic Arts. Compared to the Papyrus sims at the time, the physics were easily modifiable, and many communities were been founded with the sole purpose of improving and updating MotorEngine-based games. One such community,SimBin, later created their own company and have since released several games themselves, including some that were officially licensed by theFIA GT Championship andWorld Touring Car Championship, as well as thefreemium racing simulatorRaceRoom many years later in 2013.[47]
Sim racing games since the 2000s began exploring more complex vehicle physics implementations. The earliest explorations focused on developing the tire model, later including other areas of the car, including suspension, aerodynamics, and internal components.
One of the earliest examples wasLive for Speed, created by ex-Lionhead Studios developers Scawen Roberts, Eric Bailey, and Victor van Vlaardingen in 2003, which implemented a complextire model by creating a brush deflection model.[48] It was also one of the first games in the genre to featureonline multiplayer. Its combination of online features, tire model, anduser experience accessibility madeLive for Speed a popular game at release.[49] Over the course of over 20 years of development, numerous updates to the game'sphysics engine have since been introduced, including a deeper simulation oftire wear, dynamic dirt,flat spots, hot spots andtire wall deformation,suspension,aerodynamics,drivetrain, severalgearbox types,clutch overheating, car body damage, andengine damage.[50][51]
The first truerallying simulation came in 2004 withRichard Burns Rally byWarthog Games.2001 FIA World Rally Champion and namesakeRichard Burns was involved in the development, giving feedback on handling dynamics in particular.[52][53] It initially received mixed reviews upon release, but the game gradually gained recognition for its multi-body physics engine, driving dynamics, and realistic portrayals of real-life courses, and is now generally considered the most realistic rally simulation in the genre despite its age.[54] Much like most sims from the graphic accelerator and modern era, it is highly modifiable and has many third-party mods that introduce anything from new cars to new physics.[55]
rFactor was notable for its initial download-only distribution model, and was originally released in 2005 byImage Space Incorporated with fictional cars and tracks.rFactor's tire model was praised by critics upon release, crediting itsslip angle,self aligning torque, andcornering force behaviors, however, it was also criticized for its difficult user interface.[56][57] Its physics basis was later used to createrFpro, an industry-grade standalone version licensed exclusively to racing teams and car manufacturers foradvanced driver-assistance systems,self-driving cars andvehicle dynamics.[58]rFactor's 2012 sequel,rFactor 2, featured updates to the engine, including overhauled tire physics, a graphics upgrade, and dynamic track conditions. It became the official simulator of theFormula E series in 2022.[59]
David Kaemmer, co-founder of the now-defunctPapyrus Design Group,[60] releasediRacing in 2008, a multiplayer-oriented simulator run on a subscription model.iRacing was a project four years in the making; Kaemmer had worked on the game'sNR2003-based source code since 2004.[61] The game retained the multi-body physics system ofNR2003, as well as some of the track presentation and multi-user packet code, but everything else was changed, or was made completely new.[62]iRacing is one of the longest supported racing games in the genre, and the game continually receives regular updates between 12-week competition seasons.[63] Continuous improvements to the game's driving model have earned it recognition as the most realistic racing simulation on the market from both critics and players.[64] In 2021,iRacing introduced a revamped damage model, implementingsoft body physics and affecting vehicle behavior when players crash on track.[65] In 2024,iRacing introduced the "Tempest" dynamic weather system.[66]
Kunos Simulazioni began development onAssetto Corsa in 2010, a sim built on experience gained from their previous gamesnetKar Pro andFerrari Virtual Academy but with an entirely new engine. The game was officially released in December 2014.[67] The new engine was designed to provide extensive and detailed tools formodding, allowing players to create highly detailed content with minimal effort. The engine's sheer modding capabilities have since kept the game widely played for years beyond its lifespan.[68]
Slightly Mad Studios, developers of theShift andShift 2 installments ofNeed for Speed games, launchedProject CARS in 2015. It was unique in that it was acrowdfunded effort, with CARS standing for "Community Assisted Racing Simulator". The game used an improved version of the Madness engine from theNeed for Speed: Shift titles.[69] By taking advantage of newer hardware,Project CARS introduced a dynamictire model that simulated the tire's carcass,tire tread,contact patch, andheat transfer. This model, called "Seta", replaced the steady-state version based onlookup tables seen in previous generation simulations.[70] Slightly Mad Studios'Project CARS 2 sequel in 2017 saw improvements based on community feedback.[71]
Sim racing experienced an exponential rise in exposure in2020, following thesuspension of global racing series due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[72] With no live races available, racing organizations, teams, and broadcasters turned to virtual competitions to maintain fan engagement.Live streams of sim racing games from official racing series drew as many as 400,000 viewers.[72]iRacing saw a 50% increase in its subscription base in the first few months of 2020, reaching 160,000 subscribers in April of that year.[73]
Initially releasing inearly access, Studio 397 andMotorsport Games releasedLe Mans Ultimate on 22 July 2025,[74] an officially licensed simulation of theFIA World Endurance Championship andEuropean Le Mans Series. Built on an improved version ofrFactor 2'sisiMotor 2 physics engine, it became notable for its in-depth simulation of theLe Mans Hypercar andLMDh hybrid systems and tire model behavior.[75][76]
In recent years, as international interest has grown, so has the online community and underground racing circuit. These communities act as a focal point for users around the world to engage with one another, coordinate racing schedules, exchange modded cars, tracks, discuss hardware configurations and facilitate other communications. With the rising levels of competition in sim racing,esports is also an ever-growing topic in the community.
The growing fidelity of sim racing has led to its adoption in professionalmotorsport as talent pipeline for drivers. Some players have established careers through sim racing such asWilliam Byron,[77]Rajah Caruth,[78]Tim Heinemann,[79]Jann Mardenborough,[80] andLucas Ordóñez.[81] Others were able to relaunch their careers after previously pursuing motorsport at a young age, includingJames Baldwin,[82]Cem Bölükbaşı,[83]Igor Fraga,[84] andChris Lulham.[85] It has also grown to become a suitable training tool for drivers, such as withNASCAR driverParker Kligerman,[86]Super GT driverRikuto Kobayashi,[87]Porsche factory driverLaurin Heinrich,[88] andFormula One driverGabriel Bortoleto,[89] who have each stated to use sim racing as a practice tool and consider it as a key part of their development.
In his free time, four-timeFormula OneWorld Drivers' ChampionMax Verstappen competes in sim racing. Having taken part in many sim racing competitions, Verstappen stated that it helps him with his real life racing, keeping him "ready to go".[90] Verstappen is a member ofTeam Redline [de]; a multinational sim racing team,[91] and has won several marqueeiRacing events with the team since 2019. Verstappen's activities in sim racing have gained notoriety from critics for clashing with Grand Prix weekends in some cases, most notably in the2024 Hungarian Grand Prix, where he criticisedRed Bull Racing's strategy calls and the handling and pace of theRB20 over team radio. Verstappen had taken part in aniRacing sim racing event prior to the Grand Prix, racing until 3:00 a.m.[92][93]
During theCOVID-19 pandemic, several racing series used a variety of sim racing games as a platform to host sanctioned events in response to theglobal disruption of motorsport.Formula One hostedVirtual Grands Prix on the officialF1 2020 video game following the cancellation of part of the2020 Formula One World Championship due to the pandemic, which featured manyFormula One drivers, such asGeorge Russell,Lando Norris, andAlexander Albon.[94] Other events from real-world series were also launched during the pandemic, including theeNASCARiRacing Pro Invitational Series,IndyCariRacing Challenge, and24 Hours of Le Mans Virtual.[95][96][97] These events typically featured notable drivers from series such asNASCAR,IndyCar Series,Supercars, andFormula One.
Some racing games have introduced a multiplayer driver ranking system for organizing online racing. There are usually two orthogonal types of driver rankings, one which ranks drivers according to how safe they are on track and with respect to other drivers in avoiding incidents, and one according to how fast they are. For the driver speed rating, anElo rating system is typically used, as a form ofmatchmaking to group together drivers of similar skills. The safety rating instead is typically used as a form of licence which is required to access some classes of races.[98]
Sim racing games that include some form of ranked online racing areiRacing (with iRating and safety rating),Gran Turismo Sport (with Driver Class and Sportsmanship Points),[99]Project CARS 2 (Racecraft Ranking and Skill Rating),[100][101]RaceRoom (with Reputation Rating and Rating), andAssetto Corsa Competizione. Other games have similar systems under development, likeAutomobilista 2 andrFactor 2.
Some games also featureesports, including events hosted either directly by the developer or by other organizers, with premier series receiving official developer support. Some of these series can include large prize pools and may see participation from a number of high-profile esports organizations across the globe, which have includedFaZe Clan,G2 Esports,Mouz,Team Falcons,Team Redline [de],Virtus.pro, andXSET.[107][108][109] In some cases, these players are rewarded with test drives;Alpine andMercedes-Benz grant winners of their respective events with an exclusive test of a race car from their brand's car lineup.[110][111]
TheFédération Internationale de l'Automobile, the highest governing body inauto racing, formally incorporated an esportsappendix into itsInternational Sporting Code in 2024. The new regulatory section was introduced as Appendix E, providing a formal structure for both international and national esports events, and establishing the organizational requirements and conduct standards for competitions sanctioned by the FIA.[112] The FIAMENA Esports Championship, held onGran Turismo 7, was the first esports competition to utilize the new appendix on November 2025.[113][114] Prior to the introduction of the new esports appendix, FIA-sanctioned series and events were already in place; theGran Turismo World Series was sanctioned by the FIA between 2018 and 2021, andAssetto Corsa Competizione hosted the2022 FIA Motorsport Games Esports Cup.[115]
Someconsole racing games have featured majoresports events, though they are less common than theircomputer-based counterparts. Two such notable franchises,Gran Turismo andForza, each have had organized events on their respective platforms. Since 2018,Polyphony Digital, developers of theGran Turismo series, have hosted theGran Turismo World Series,[116] which was previously sanctioned by theFédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) from 2018 to 2021.[117] Additionally,Gran Turismo also hosted the 'Motorsport' event in both editions of theOlympic Esports Series.[118]Turn 10 Studios, the creators of theForzaMotorsport series, organized theForza Racing Championship between 2016 and 2018 in partnership withESL.[119][120] Unlike traditional events, however, which typically use awheel andpedals, Turn 10 Studios had their players usegame controllers.[citation needed]
A number of real-world racing series and governing bodies have established officially sanctioned sim racing series across multiple platforms. Car manufacturers have also hosted tournaments of their own.[111]
Assetto Corsa Competizione previously featured official tournaments hosted by governing bodySRO Motorsports Group, utilizing the game's library of officially licensedGroup GT3,SRO GT4,SRO GT2, and single-make sports car content. These competitions for the game were hosted under SRO Esports, which included esports tournaments for SRO-sanctioned series such as theIntercontinental GT Challenge,GT World Challenge America,GT World Challenge Europe, andGT World Challenge Asia, all sponsored byMobileye.[121]
Formula One has annually hostedF1 Sim Racing since2017, and is played onFormula One's official games during several shows in the late year. They have a current prize fund of $750,000 and all participating teams from the real-lifeFormula One championship select three drivers to represent them, with two of those drivers participating in select races.Jarno Opmeer holds the most titles with three, and Frederik Rasmussen holds the record for the most wins and pole positions.
iRacing currently hosts numerous esports championships on its platform, including official series presented by major car manufacturers and governing bodies such as thePorscheTAG Heuer Esports Supercup,[122]World of Outlaws Pro Series,[123]IMSA Esports Global Championship,[124] and theFIAF4 Global Esports Championship.[125]eNASCAR is also hosted oniRacing, including its premier championship, theeNASCAR Coca-ColaiRacing Series, which comes with a purse of $500,000, with $100,000 awarded to the champion.[126]
Returning for 2023, Gran Turismo is a worldwide leading race-simulation game.
Once again Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and Polyphony Inc. will give drivers a chance to compete in the Olympic Esports Series and take home the trophy!
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