Pelley was a former journalist, novelist and screenwriter turnedspiritualist who began to promoteantisemitic views by 1931, including the belief that Jews werepossessed by demons.[20] He formed the Silver Legion with the goal of bringing about a "spiritual and political renewal", inspired by the success ofAdolf Hitler's Nazi movement in Germany.[20]
Anationalist,fascist group,[13] the paramilitary Silver Legion wore a uniform modeled after the Nazis'brown shirts (SA),[20] consisting of asilver shirt with a blue tie, along with acampaign hat and bluecorduroy trousers withleggings. The uniform shirts bore ascarlet letterL over the heart, which according to Pelley was "standing for Love, Loyalty, and Liberation."[20] The blockyslab serifL-emblem was in atypeface similar to the present-dayRockwell Extra Bold. The organizational flag was a plain silver field with a redL in thecanton on the upper left hand corner. By 1934, the Legion claimed that it had 15,000 members.[7]
Legion leader Pelley called for the establishment of a "Christian Commonwealth" in America, a government that would combine the principles of fascism,theocracy, andsocialism, along with the exclusion ofJews andnon-whites.[7] He claimed he would save America from Jewish communists just as "Mussolini and his Black Shirts saved Italy and as Hitler and his Brown Shirts saved Germany." Pelley ran in the1936 presidential election on a third-party ticket under the Christian Party banner. Pelley hoped to seize power in a "silver revolution" and set himself up as thedictator of the United States. He would be called "the Chief", a title which would be analogous to the titles used by other fascist leaders, such as "DerFührer" forAdolf Hitler and "IlDuce" forBenito Mussolini.[21] However, theDemocratic PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt was re-elected, and Pelley failed to appear in the top four. By around 1937, the Silver Legion's membership had declined to about 5,000.[8] In 1936, a small Silver Shirt office was established in downtownSpokane.[22] About 200 members participated before the group's end.
On January 20, 1942, Pelley was sentenced to serve two to three years in prison by Superior Court Judge F. Don Phillips, in Asheville, North Carolina, for violating terms of probation of a 1935 conviction for violating North Carolina security laws. The same sentence had been suspended pending good behavior, but the court found that during that period, Pelley had published false and libelous statements, published inaccurate reports and advertising, and supported a secret military organization.[24] For claiming that the devastation of thePacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor was worse than the government claimed, Pelley was arrested by federal authorities and sentenced to 15 years in prison forsedition and conspiracy to commit sedition, including for making seditious statements, obstructing military recruiting, and fomenting insurrection within the military.[25]
In theParadox Interactive video gameHearts of Iron IV, should the United States turn fascist, the Silver Legion of America will be depicted as the ruling party. Pelley can become president if certain conditions are met and the country will be renamed to the "Free American Empire".[27]
^Toy, Eckard V. Jr. (1989). "Silver Shirts in the Northwest: Politics, Prophecies, and Personalities in the 1930s".The Pacific Northwest Quarterly.80 (4):139–146.JSTOR40491076.
^Neil Karlen (2013),Augie's Secrets: The Minneapolis Mob and the King of the Hennepin Strip,Minnesota Historical Society Press, pp. 97–98.
^Associated Press, "Pelley of Silver Shirts Must Serve Prison Term," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 21 January 1942, Volume 48, page 1.
Allen, Joe "'It Can't Happen Here?': Confronting the Fascist Threat in the US in the Late 1930s,"International Socialist Review, Part One: whole no. 85 (Sept.–Oct. 2012), pp. 26–35; Part Two: whole no. 87 (Jan.–Feb. 2013), pp. 19–28.
Ribuffo, Leo PaulThe Old Christian Right: The Protestant Far Right from the Great Depression to the Cold War. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983.
Spivak, John L.Secret Armies: The New Technique of Nazi Warfare. New York: Modern Age Books, 1939.
Werly, JohnThe Millenarian Right: William Dudley Pelley and the Silver Legion of America. PhD dissertation.Syracuse University, 1972.
Yeadon, Glen.The Nazi Hydra in America. Joshua Tree, CA: Progressive Press, 2008.
