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| Siege of Port Arthur | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theRusso-Japanese War | |||||||
 Russian 500-pound shell bursting near the Japanese siege guns, near Port Arthur | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Empire of Japan |  Russian Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Nogi MaresukeKodama GentarōIjichi KōsukeNakamura Satoru Tōgō Heihachirō | Anatoly Stessel  Roman Kondratenko †Alexander Fok Konstantin Smirnov Robert Viren Ali-Agha Shikhlinski (WIA)[1] | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
201,000
| 101,000
| ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 91,54916 warships lost including 2 battleships and 4 cruisers[2] | 55,675Entire fleet lost[2] | ||||||
Thesiege of Port Arthur (Japanese:旅順攻囲戦,Ryojun Kōisen; Russian:Оборона Порт-Артура,Oborona Port-Artura, August 1, 1904 – January 2, 1905) was thelongest and most violent land battle of theRusso-Japanese War.
Port Arthur, the deep-water port and Russian naval base at the tip of theLiaodong Peninsula inManchuria, had been widely regarded as one of the most strongly fortified positions in the world. However, during theFirst Sino-Japanese War,General Nogi Maresuke had taken the city from the forces ofQing China in only a few days. The ease of his victory during the previous conflict, and overconfidence by the JapaneseGeneral Staff in its ability to overcome improved Russian fortifications, led to a much longer campaign and far greater losses than expected.
The siege of Port Arthur saw the introduction of much technology used in subsequent wars of the 20th century (particularly inWorld War I) including massive28 cm howitzers that fired 217-kilogram (478-pound) shells with a range of 8 kilometers (5.0 miles), rapid-firing lighthowitzers,Maxim machine guns, bolt-action magazine rifles,barbed wire entanglements,electric fences,arc lamp,searchlights,tactical radio signalling (and, in response, the first military use ofradio jamming),hand grenades, extensivetrench warfare, and the use of modifiednaval mines as land weapons.
TheRussian forces manning the defenses of Port Arthur under Major-GeneralBaronAnatoly Stoessel consisted of almost 50,000 men including the crews of the Russian warships in port (the total population of Port Arthur at the time was around 87,000) and 506 guns. He also had the option of removing the guns from the fleet to bolster the land defenses.
Russian improvements to the defences of Port Arthur included a multi-perimeter layout with overlapping fields of fire and making the best possible use of the natural terrain. However, many of theredoubts and fortifications were still unfinished, as considerable resources were either in very short supply or had been diverted to improving the fortifications atDalny, further north on theLiaodong Peninsula.
The outer defense perimeter of Port Arthur consisted of a line of hills, including Hsiaokushan and Takushan near the Ta-ho River in the east, and Namakoyama, Akasakayama, 174-Meter Hill,203-Meter Hill and False Hill in the west. All of these hills were heavily fortified. Approximately 1.5 kilometers (0.93 miles) behind this defensive line was the original stone Chinese wall, which encircled the Old Town of Lushun from the south to the Lun-ho River at the northwest. The Russians had continued the line of the Chinese wall to the west and south, enclosing the approaches to the harbor and the New Town of Port Arthur with concrete forts, machine gun emplacements, and connecting trenches.
General Stoessel withdrew to Port Arthur on July 30, 1904. Facing the Russians was theJapanese Third Army, about 150,000 strong, backed by 474 artillery guns, under the command of GeneralBaronNogi Maresuke.
The shelling of Port Arthur began on August 7, 1904, by a pair of land-based 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns, and was carried on intermittently until August 19, 1904. TheJapanese fleet also participated in shore bombardment, while in the northeast the army prepared to attack the two semi-isolated hills protruding from the outer defense perimeter: 600-foot (180 m) high Takushan (Big Orphan Hill) and the smaller Hsuaokushan (Little Orphan Hill). These hills were not heavily fortified, but had steep slopes and were fronted by the Ta River, which had been dammed by the Russians to provide a stronger obstacle. The hills commanded a view over almost a kilometer of flat ground to the Japanese lines, and it was thus essential for the Japanese to take these hills to complete their encirclement of Port Arthur.
After pounding the two hills from 04:30 until 19:30, General Nogi launched a frontalinfantry assault, which was hampered by heavy rain, poor visibility and dense clouds of smoke. The Japanese were able to advance only as far as the forward slopes of both hills, and many soldiers drowned in the Ta River. Even night attacks suffered unexpectedly high casualties, as the Russians used powerfulsearchlights to expose the attackers toartillery and machine-gun cross-fire.
Undeterred, Nogi resumed artillery bombardment the following day, August 8, 1904, but his assault stalled again, this time due to heavy fire from the Russian fleet led by the cruiserNovik. Nogi ordered his men to press on regardless of casualties. Despite some confusion in orders behind the Russian lines, which led to some units abandoning their posts, numerous Russian troops held on tenaciously. The Japanese finally managed to overrun the Russian positions mostly through sheer superiority in numbers. Takushan was captured at 20:00, and the following morning, August 9, 1904, Hsiaokushan also fell to the Japanese.
Gaining these two hills cost the Japanese 1,280 killed and wounded. TheJapanese Army complained bitterly to the Navy about the ease with which the Russians were able to obtain naval fire support; in response the Japanese Navy brought in a battery of 12-pounder guns, with a range sufficient to ensure that there would be no recurrence of a Russian naval sortie.
The loss of the two hills, when reported tothe Tsar, caused him to consider the safety of theRussian Pacific Fleet trapped at Port Arthur, and he sent immediate orders to AdmiralWilgelm Vitgeft, in command of the fleet after the death of AdmiralStepan Makarov, to join the squadron atVladivostok. Vitgeft put to sea at 08:30 on August 10, 1904, and engaged the waiting Japanese under AdmiralTōgō Heihachirō in what was to become known as theBattle of the Yellow Sea.
On August 11, 1904, the Japanese sent an offer of temporary cease-fire to Port Arthur, so the Russians could allow all non-combatants to leave under guarantee of safety. The offer was rejected, but the foreign military observers all decided to leave for safety on August 14, 1904.
At noon on August 13, 1904, General Nogi launched aphoto reconnaissanceballoon from the Wolf Hills, which the Russians unsuccessfully attempted to shoot down. Nogi was reportedly very surprised at the lack of coordination of the Russian artillery efforts, and he decided to proceed with a direct frontal assault down the Wantai Ravine, which, if successful, would carry Japanese forces directly into the heart of the city. Given his previous high casualty rate and his lack of heavy artillery, the decision created controversy in his staff; however, Nogi was under orders to take Port Arthur as quickly as possible.
After sending an immediately refused message to the garrison of Port Arthur demanding surrender, the Japanese began their assault at dawn on August 19, 1904. The main thrust was directed at 174 Meter Hill, with flanking and diversionary attacks along the line from Fort Sung-shu to the Chi-Kuan Battery. The Russian defensive positions on 174 Meter Hill itself were held by the 5th and 13th East Siberian Regiments, reinforced by sailors, under the command of ColonelNikolai Tretyakov, a veteran of theBattle of Nanshan.
Just as he had done at the Battle of Nanshan, Tretyakov, despite having his first line of trenches overrun, tenaciously refused to retreat and held control of 174 Meter Hill despite severe and mounting casualties. On the following day, August 20, 1904, Tretyakov asked for reinforcements but, just as at Nanshan, none were forthcoming. With more than half of his men killed or wounded and with his command disintegrating as small groups of men fell back in confusion, Tretyakov had no choice but to withdraw, and 174 Meter Hill was overrun by the Japanese; it had cost the Japanese some 1,800 killed and wounded, and the Russians over 1,000.
The assaults on the other sections of the Russian line had also cost the Japanese heavily, but with no results and no ground gained. When Nogi finally called off his attempt to penetrate the Wantai Ravine on August 24, 1904, he had only 174 Meter Hill and the West and East Pan-lung to show for his loss of more than 16,000 men. With all other positions remaining firmly under Russian control, Nogi at last decided to abandon frontal assaults in favor of a protractedsiege.
On August 25, 1904, the day after Nogi's last assault had failed, MarshalŌyama Iwao engaged the Russians under GeneralAleksey Kuropatkin at theBattle of Liaoyang.
Having failed to penetrate the Port Arthur fortifications by direct assault, Nogi now orderedsappers to construct trenches and tunnels under the Russian forts in order to explodemines to bring down the walls. By now, Nogi had also been reinforced by additional artillery and 16,000 more troops from Japan, which partially compensated for the casualties sustained in his first assaults. However, the major new development was the arrival of the first battery of huge 11-inch (280 mm)siege howitzers, replacing those lost when the transportHitachi Maru, loaded with a battalion of the First Reserve Regiment of the Guards, was sunk by Russian cruisers on June 15, 1904. The massive 11-inch howitzers could throw a 227-kilogram (500.4-pound) shell over 9 kilometers (5.6 miles), and Nogi at last had the firepower necessary to make a serious attempt against the Russian fortifications. The huge shells were nicknamed "roaring trains" by the Russian troops (for the sound they made just before impact), and during the guns' period at Port Arthur over 35,000 of these shells were fired. TheArmstrong howitzers had originally been installed in shore batteries in forts overlookingTokyo Bay andOsaka Bay, and had been intended for anti-ship operations.
While the Japanese set to work in the sapping campaign, General Stoessel continued to spend most of his time writing complaining letters to the Tsar about lack of cooperation from his fellow officers in the navy. The garrison in Port Arthur was starting to experience serious outbreaks ofscurvy anddysentery due to the lack of fresh food.
Nogi now shifted his attention to the Temple Redoubt and the Waterworks Redoubt (also known as the Erhlung Redoubt) to the east, and to 203 Meter Hill and Namakoyama to the west. Strangely, at this time neither Nogi nor Stoessel seem to have realized the strategic importance of 203 Meter Hill: its unobstructed views of the harbor would have enabled the Japanese to control the harbor and to fire on the Russian fleet sheltering there. This fact was only brought to Nogi's attention when he was visited by GeneralKodama Gentarō, who immediately saw that the hill was the key to the whole Russian defense.[dubious –discuss]
By mid-September the Japanese had dug over eight kilometers (5.0 miles) of trenches and were within 70 meters (230 feet) of the Waterworks Redoubt, which they attacked and captured on September 19, 1904. Thereafter they successfully took the Temple Redoubt, while another attacking force was sent against both Namakoyama and 203 Meter Hill. The former was taken that same day, but on 203 Meter Hill the Russian defenders cut down the dense columns of attacking troops with machine-gun and cannon fire. The attack failed, and the Japanese were forced back, leaving the ground covered with their dead and wounded. The battle at 203 Meter Hill continued for several more days, with the Japanese gaining a foothold each day, only to be forced back each time by Russian counter-attacks. By the time General Nogi abandoned the attempt, he had lost over 3,500 men. The Russians used the respite to begin further strengthening the defenses on 203 Meter Hill, while Nogi began a prolonged artillery bombardment of the town and those parts of the harbor within range of his guns.
Nogi attempted yet another mass "human wave" assault on 203 Meter Hill on October 29, 1904, intending the hill to be a present for theMeiji Emperor's birthday. However, aside from seizing some minor fortifications, the attack failed after six days of hand-to-hand combat, leaving Nogi with the deaths of an additional 124 officers and 3,611 men and no victory.
The onset of winter did little to slow the intensity of the battle. Nogi received additional reinforcements from Japan, including 18 more Armstrong 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers, which were manhandled from the railway by teams of 800 soldiers along an eight-mile (13 km)-long narrow gauge track that had been laid expressly for that purpose. These howitzers were added to the 450 other guns already in place. One innovation of the campaign was the centralization of the Japanese fire control, with the artillery batteries connected to the field headquarters by miles of telephone lines.
Now well aware that the Russian Baltic Fleet was on its way, the Japanese Imperial Headquarters fully understood the necessity of destroying what Russian ships were still serviceable at Port Arthur. It thus became essential that 203 Meter Hill be captured without further delay, and political pressure began to mount for Nogi's replacement.
The highest elevation within Port Arthur, designated "203 Meter Hill", overlooked the harbor. The name "203-Meter Hill" is a misnomer, as the hill consists of two peaks (203 meters and 210 meters high, and 140 meters apart) connected by a sharp ridge. It was initially unfortified; however, after the start of the war the Russians realized its critical importance and built a strong defensive position.[3] As well as the natural strength of its elevated position with steep sides, it was protected by a massive redoubt and two earth-covered keeps reinforced by steel rails and timber, and completely surrounded by electrified barbed wire entanglements. It was also connected to the neighboring strongholds on False Hill and Akasakayama by trenches. On top of the lower peak was the fortified Russian command post in reinforced concrete. The Russian defenders entrenched on the 203-meter summit were commanded by Colonel Tretyakov, and were organized into five companies of infantry with machine gun detachments, a company of engineers, a few sailors and a battery of artillery.[4]
On September 18, Japanese General Kodama visited General Nogi for the first time, and drew his attention to the strategic importance of 203 Meter Hill.[5] Nogi directed the first infantry assault against the hill on September 20,[3] but found its fortifications impenetrable to Japanese artillery and was forced to retreat by September 22 with over 2500 casualties.[5] He then resumed his attempts to break through the fortifications at Port Arthur in other locations, culminating in a six-day general assault at the end of October, which cost the Japanese a further 124 officers and 3611 men.[5] News of this defeat inflamed Japanese popular opinion against Nogi. General Yamagata Aritomo urged hiscourt-martial, but Nogi was saved from this only through the unprecedented personal intervention ofEmperor Meiji. However, Field MarshalOyama Iwao found the continuing unavailability of the 3rd Army's manpower to be intolerable, and sent GeneralKodama Gentarō to compel Nogi to take drastic action, or else relieve him of command. Kodama returned to visit Nogi again in mid-November, but decided to give him one last chance.[6] After arduous sapping work and an artillery assault with the new Armstrong 11-inch siege guns, mines were exploded underneath some of the Russian fortifications on the main defense perimeter from November 17–24, with a general assault planned for the night of November 26. Coincidentally, this was the same day that the Russian Baltic Fleet was entering the Indian Ocean. The assault contained aforlorn hope attack by 2600 men (including 1200 from the newly arrivedIJA 7th Division) led by GeneralNakamura Satoru,[6] but the attack failed, with direct frontal assaults on both Fort Erhlung and Fort Sungshu once again beaten back by the Russian defenders. Japanese casualties were officially 4,000 men, but unofficially perhaps twice as high.[5] Russian GeneralRoman Kondratenko took the precaution of stationing snipers toshoot any of his front line troops attempting to abandon their positions.At 08:30 on November 28, with massive artillery support, Japanese troops again attempted an assault up the sides of both Akasakayama and 203 Meter Hill. Over a thousand 500 lb (230 kg) shells from the 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers were fired in a single day to support this attack. The Japanese reached as far as the Russian line of barbed wire entanglements by daybreak and held their ground throughout the following day, November 29, while their artillery kept the defenders busy by a continuous bombardment. Nonetheless, the Japanese forces suffered serious losses, as the Russian defenders were well positioned to usehand grenades and machine guns against the tightly packed mass of Japanese soldiers. On November 30, a small party of Japanese succeeded in planting the Japanese flag at the summit of the hill, but by the morning of December 1, the Russians had successfully counterattacked. Still retaining the authority to replace Nogi if necessary, Kodama assumed temporary command of the Japanese front-line forces, but officially maintained the despondent Nogi in nominal command.[5]
The battle continued throughout the following days with very heavy hand-to-hand combat with control of the summit changing hands several times. Finally, at 10:30 on December 5, following another massive artillery bombardment during which Russian Colonel Tretyakov was severely wounded, the Japanese managed to overrun 203 Meter Hill, finding only a handful of defenders still alive on the summit. The Russians launched two counter-attacks to retake the hill, both of which failed, and by 17:00, 203 Meter Hill was securely under Japanese control.
For Japan, the cost of capturing this landmark was great, with over 8,000 dead and wounded in the final assault alone, including most of the IJA 7th Division.[4] For Nogi, the cost of capturing 203 Meter Hill was made even more poignant when he received word that his last surviving son had been killed in action during the final assault on the hill. The Russians, who had no more than 1,500 men on the hill at any one time, lost over 6,000 killed and wounded.[5]
With aspotter on a phone line at the vantage point on 203 Meter Hill overlooking Port Arthur harbor, Nogi could now bombard theRussian fleet with heavy 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers with 500-pound (230 kg) armor-piercing shells. He started systematically sinking the Russian ships within range.
On December 5, 1904, thebattleshipPoltava was sunk, followed by the battleshipRetvizan on December 7, 1904, and the battleshipsPobeda andPeresvet and the cruisersPallada andBayan on December 9, 1904. The battleshipSevastopol, although hit 5 times by the howitzer shells, managed to move out of range of the guns. Stung by the Russian Pacific Fleet having been sunk by the army and not by the Imperial Japanese Navy, and with a direct order from Tokyo that theSevastopol was not to be allowed to escape, Admiral Togo sent in wave after wave ofdestroyers in six separate attacks on the sole remaining Russian battleship. After 3 weeks, theSevastopol was still afloat, having survived 124torpedoes fired at her while sinking two Japanese destroyers and damaging six other vessels. The Japanese had meanwhile lost the cruiserTakasago to a mine outside the harbor.
On the night of January 2, 1905, after Port Arthur surrendered, CaptainNikolai Essen of theSevastopol had the crippled battleship scuttled in 30fathoms (55 m) of water by opening the sea cocks on one side, so that the ship would sink on its side and could not be raised and salvaged by the Japanese. The other six ships were eventually raised andrecommissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy.
Following the loss of the Pacific Fleet, the rationale for holding onto Port Arthur was questioned by Stoessel andAlexander Fok in a council on December 8, 1904, but the idea of surrender was rejected by the other senior officers. Japanese trench andtunnel warfare continued. With the death of General Kondratenko on December 15, 1904, at FortTongchikuan, Stoessel appointed the incompetent Fok in his place. On December 18, 1904, the Japanese exploded an 1,800-kilogram (3,968-pound) mine under Fort Chikuan, which fell that night. On December 28, 1904, Fort Erhlung was also undermined and destroyed.
On December 31, 1904, a series of mines were exploded under Fort Sungshu, the sole surviving major fortress, which surrendered that day. On January 1, 1905, Wantai finally fell to the Japanese. On the same day, Stoessel and Fok sent a message to a surprised General Nogi, offering to surrender. None of the other senior Russian staff had been consulted, and notably Smirnov and Tretyakov were outraged. The surrender was accepted and signed on January 5, 1905, in the northern suburb ofShuishiying.
With this, the Russian garrison was taken into captivity. Civilians were allowed to leave, and the Russian officers were given the choice of either going intoprisoner-of-war camps with their men or being givenparole conditional on taking no further part in the war.
The Japanese were astounded to find that a huge store of food and ammunition remained in Port Arthur, which implied that Stoessel had surrendered while still able to hold out for a long time. Stoessel, Fok and Smirnov werecourt-martialed on their return toSt Petersburg.
Nogi, after leaving a garrison in Port Arthur, led the surviving bulk of his army of 120,000 men north to join Marshal Oyama at theBattle of Mukden.
Russian land forces in the course of the siege suffered 31,306 casualties,[2] of whom at least 6,000 were killed.[2] Lower figures such as 15,000 killed, wounded, and missing are sometimes claimed.[7] At the end of the siege, the Japanese captured a further 878 army officers and 23,491 other ranks; 15,000 of those captured were wounded. The Japanese also captured 546 guns[2] and 82,000 artillery shells.[2] In addition the Russians lost their entire fleet based at Port Arthur, which was either sunk or interned. The Japanese captured 8,956 seamen.[2]
The Japanese army casualties were later officially listed as 57,780 casualties (killed, wounded and missing),[2] of whom 14,000 were killed.[2] In addition 33,769 became sick during the siege (including 21,023 withberiberi).[2] The Japanese navy lost 16 ships in the course of the siege, including two battleships and four cruisers.[2]
There were higher estimates of Japanese army casualties at the time such as 94,000[8]-110,000[7][page needed] killed, wounded, and missing, though these were written without access to the Japanese Medical History of the War.
The capture of Port Arthur and the subsequent Japanese victories at theBattle of Mukden andTsushima gave Japan a dominant military position, resulting in favorable arbitration by U.S. PresidentTheodore Roosevelt in theTreaty of Portsmouth, which ended the war. The loss of the war in 1905 led to major political unrest in Imperial Russia (see:Russian Revolution of 1905).
At the end of the war, Nogi made a report directly to Emperor Meiji during aGozen Kaigi. When explaining battles of the siege of Port Arthur in detail, he broke down and wept, apologizing for the 56,000 lives lost in that campaign and asking to be allowed to kill himself in atonement. Emperor Meiji told him that suicide was unacceptable, as all responsibility for the war was due to imperial orders, and that Nogi must remain alive, at least as long as he himself lived.[9] Nogi and his wife Shizuko committed suicide byseppuku shortly after theEmperor Meiji's funeral cortege left the imperial palace on 13 September 1912.[10]
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