| Siege of Mecca | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theSecond Fitna | |||||||
 Mecca was attacked with catapults from a nearby mountain | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Umayyad Caliphate | Zubayrid Caliphate | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Hajjaj ibn Yusuf Tariq ibn Amr | Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr † Abd Allah ibn Muti † Abd Allah ibn Safwan † | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 5000-10000[1] | >few thousands[2][note 1] | ||||||
 | |||||||
Thesiege of Mecca (Arabic:حصار مكة) occurred at the end of theSecond Fitna in 692 when the forces of theUmayyadcaliphAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan besieged and defeated his rival, the caliphAbd Allah ibn al-Zubayr in his center of power, the Islamic holy city ofMecca.
After the death of CaliphYazid in 683, Ibn al-Zubayr had been recognized as caliph in most of the provinces of theCaliphate, while theUmayyads, who had ruled the Caliphate since the end of theFirst Fitna, had been confined to their stronghold ofSyria. There, the pro-Umayyad tribes electedMarwan ibn al-Hakam as caliph in 684; after his death in 685, his son and successor Abd al-Malik undertook the task of reasserting Umayyad authority across the Caliphate. After defeating his enemies in Syria andIraq, he sent his generalHajjaj ibn Yusuf to Mecca to defeat Ibn al-Zubayr. To avoid bloodshed in the sanctuary, Hajjaj was ordered to besiege the city and starve out Ibn al-Zubayr. The siege started in March 692 and lasted for six to seven months. The city was bombarded with catapults and supplies were cut off, resulting in large scale desertions by the followers of Ibn al-Zubayr. He was killed along with his few remaining supporters in October 692. The siege brought an end to the decade-long civil war and the Caliphate was united under Abd al-Malik. TheKa'ba, which had been damaged by the bombardment, was rebuilt according to its original plan from the time of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.
With the death of the first Umayyad caliph,Muawiyah I, in April 680, theSecond Fitna broke out, when the prominent Muslim leadersAbd Allah ibn al-Zubayr andHusayn ibn Ali, and the people ofMedina revolted against the new caliphYazid I.[4] Although Husayn and the people of Medina were defeated at theBattle of Karbala in October 680 and theBattle of al-Harrah in August 683, Ibn al-Zubayr continued his opposition to Yazid from the sanctuary ofMecca, theIslamic holy city. Yazid's forcesbesieged Mecca in September 683 and bombarded the city with catapults.[5] TheKa'ba caught fire during the siege, which resulted in the sacredblack stone splitting into three pieces.[6][7] Yazid died in November that year and the arrival of this news compelledHusayn ibn Numayr, the commander of the besieging army, to withdraw as he did not know whom he was fighting for. He offered Ibn al-Zubayr allegiance on the condition that he relocate to Syria, headquarters of the Umayyad Caliphate, but Ibn al-Zubayr refused and Ibn Numayr left with his troops.[5] Yazid was succeeded by his sonMuawiyah II whose authority was restricted to parts ofSyria.[8]
The withdrawal of Ibn Numayr left Ibn al-Zubayr in control of theHejaz—the western region of Arabia, where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located. He proclaimed himself caliph and was recognized in most of the provinces. He sent his governors toEgypt,Kufa,Basra, andMosul. Several Syrian districts were under the control of his allies.[9][10] Muawiyah II died after a few months and power was transferred by the pro-Umayyad Syrian tribal nobility toMarwan ibn al-Hakam. He defeated the pro-Zubayrid tribes of Syria at theBattle of Marj Rahit in August 684 and recaptured Egypt from Ibn al-Zubayr's governor shortly afterwards.[11] Ibn al-Zubayr lost much of Iraq to the pro-AlidMukhtar al-Thaqafi;[12] while theKharijites, with whom Ibn al-Zubayr had allied during the earlier siege, denounced him after he claimed the Caliphate and started undermining him. Although his brotherMus'ab was able to retake Iraq from Mukhtar, Kharijite insurgents captured large parts of Persia and Arabia.[13] Marwan died in April 685 and his sonAbd al-Malik became caliph and embarked on restoring Umayyad power. After quelling internal disturbances, Abd al-Malik invadedIraq and killed Mus'ab at theBattle of Maskin in October 691.[14] As a result, Ibn al-Zubayr lost control of most of his territory[15] and was confined to the Hejaz.[13] Even there, he lost Medina to Abd al-Malik'smawlāTariq ibn Amr, who had earlier defeated a 2,000-strong Zubayrid army and taken control of the city.[16]
After defeatingMus'ab ibn al-Zubayr, Abd al-Malik sent his generalHajjaj ibn Yusuf to Mecca at the head of 2,000 Syrian troops, with instructions to secure Ibn al-Zubayr's surrender by negotiation and to give himsafe conduct. Hajjaj was ordered not to spill blood in the city, but to lay siege if Ibn al-Zubayr refused to surrender.[17] Following Abd al-Malik's orders, Hajjaj went to his hometownTa'if instead of going directly to Mecca.[18] He arrived in Ta'if in January 692[19] and sent several detachments to theplain of Arafat and defeated Ibn al-Zubayr's followers in skirmishes.[20] Negotiations with Ibn al-Zubayr failed, prompting Hajjaj to request reinforcements from Abd al-Malik and ask permission to attack Mecca.[21] Abd al-Malik granted permission and ordered Tariq ibn Amr, who held Medina, to reinforce Hajjaj at Mecca.[22]
Hajjaj besieged Mecca on 25 March 692 and reinforcements under Tariq ibn Amar arrived a month later.[3] Supplies to the city were cut off, resulting in a food shortage. The city was bombarded from the nearby mountain ofAbu Qubays usingcatapults. The bombardment continued during theHajj rituals.[23] According to an account by the 9th-century historianBaladhuri, the bombardment was halted during the pilgrimage at the request ofAbd Allah ibn Umar, an influential son of the second caliph,Umar I.[24] Enraged by Ibn al-Zubayr's refusal to allow him to perform thetawaf (the circumambulation of the Ka'ba), Hajjaj directed catapults to fire on the Ka'ba itself.[17] According to historian Abd al-Ameer Dixon, however, only the part of Ka'ba which had been altered by Ibn al-Zubayr (seeAftermath) was targeted.[25] A sudden thunderstorm provoked fears of divine wrath among his soldiers and they stopped the bombardment. Hajjaj convinced them that the thunderstorm was a natural phenomena, and if they considered it an omen, it should be taken as a sign of victory. The bombardment was then resumed.[23] The deteriorating situation in the city and Hajjaj's promise of amnesty encouraged some ten thousand defenders,[note 2] including two of Ibn al-Zubayr's sons, to surrender.[17][26]
Ibn al-Zubayr went to his mother asking her advice on whether to submit to Hajjaj. She persuaded him to fight, citing his old age and the sacrifices of the people who had died fighting for him. He attacked Hajjaj, accompanied by his youngest son and a few remaining followers,[27] including his ex-governor in KufaAbd Allah ibn Muti,[28] and was killed fighting. His head was sent to Abd al-Malik,[27] while his body was displayed in agibbet.[29] The date is variously reported as 4 October[30][31] or 3 November.[31]
.jpg)
Ibn al-Zubayr's death marked the end of the civil war, and the Caliphate was united under Umayyad leadership. The year was called the "Year of Unity".[2] Hajjaj was appointed governor of the Hejaz,Yemen (southwestern Arabia) and theYamama (central Arabia).[17]
The Ka'ba, which had been damaged by the bombardment—several walls had been cracked by catapult stones—was rebuilt.[17] The original building from the time of Muhammad had beendamaged by fire during the previous siege of the city in 683. Ibn al-Zubayr had rebuilt it, changing the design. He altered the square plan to a rectangular one to include thehatīm, following a tradition that Muhammad had wished to do so. He also added an additional doorway to the building; the original had only one.[7] On the orders of Abd al-Malik, Hajjaj demolished the Ka'ba and rebuilt it to its original plan from Muhammad's time.[32] The Ka'ba survives in this form to date.[7]
According to Baladhuri, Abd al-Malik regretted his instructions to Hajjaj later in his life, and wished he had left the Ka'ba in the form in which it had been rebuilt by Ibn al-Zubayr.[32] He had been shocked by the burning of the Ka'ba during the 683 siege. The bombardment and subsequent demolition of the Ka'ba on his orders damaged his reputation,[33] and contributed to the anti-Umayyad sentiment in the Muslim historical tradition.[34] Nevertheless, supporters of the Umayyads applauded the restoration. A contemporary poet wrote:
"You restored the house of God as it was at the time of the Prophet, you corrected what the sons of al-Zubair had corrupted."[25]
