.jpg) Tarrasch,c. 1900 | |
| Personal information | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1862-03-05)5 March 1862 |
| Died | 17 February 1934(1934-02-17) (aged 71) |
| Chess career | |
| Country | Prussia →Germany |
Siegbert Tarrasch (German pronunciation:[ˈziːɡbɐtˈtaraʃ]; 5 March 1862 – 17 February 1934) was a German chess player, considered to have been among the strongest players and most influential theoreticians of the late 19th and early 20th century.
Tarrasch was born inBreslau, in what was thenPrussian Silesia and now is Poland. Having finished school in 1880, he left Breslau to study medicine inBerlin and then inHalle. With his family, he settled inNuremberg,Bavaria, and later inMunich, setting up a successful medical practice. He had five children. Tarrasch was Jewish, converted toChristianity in 1909,[1] and was a patriotic German who lost a son inWorld War I, yet he facedantisemitism in the early stages of theThird Reich.
A medical doctor by profession, Tarrasch may have been the best player in the world in the early 1890s. He scored heavily against the ageing World ChampionWilhelm Steinitz in tournaments (+3−0=1) but refused an opportunity to challenge Steinitz for the world title in 1892 because of the demands of his medical practice.
Soon afterwards, in St. Petersburg in 1893, Tarrasch drew a hard-fought match against Steinitz's challengerMikhail Chigorin (+9−9=4) after leading most of the way. He also won four major tournaments in succession:Breslau 1889,Manchester 1890,Dresden 1892, andLeipzig 1894.
However, afterEmanuel Lasker becameworld chess champion in 1894, Tarrasch could not match him.Fred Reinfeld wrote: "Tarrasch was destined to play second fiddle for the rest of his life."[2] For example, Lasker scored much better against mutual opponents, e.g. vs. Chigorin, Tarrasch had +2 over 34 games while Lasker scored +7 in 21; vs.Akiba Rubinstein, Tarrasch was −8 without a single win, while Lasker scored +2−1=2; vs.David Janowski, Tarrasch scored +3 compared to Lasker's huge +22; vs.Géza Maróczy, Tarrasch was +1 over 16 games while Lasker scored +4−0=1,[3] vs.Richard Teichmann Tarrasch scored +8−5=2,[4] while Lasker beat him all four tournament games.[5] However, Tarrasch had a narrow plus score againstHarry Nelson Pillsbury of +6−5=2,[6] while Lasker was even +5−5=4.[7] Still, Tarrasch remained a powerful player, demolishingFrank Marshall in a match in 1905 (+8−1=8), and winning Ostend 1907 overSchlechter,Janowski,Marshall,Burn, and Chigorin.
By the time Lasker finally agreed to give Tarrascha world title match in 1908, there was no love lost between them. The story goes that when they were introduced at the opening of their 1908 championship match, Tarrasch clicked his heels, bowed stiffly, and said, "To you, Dr. Lasker, I have only three words, check and mate"—then left the room.[8] Lasker would beat Tarrasch convincingly in their match +8−3=5.
Tarrasch continued to be one of the leading players in the world. He finished fourth in the very strongSt. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament, behind only World Champion Lasker and future World ChampionsJosé Raúl Capablanca andAlexander Alekhine, and ahead of Marshall,Ossip Bernstein,Rubinstein,Nimzowitsch,Blackburne, Janowski, andGunsberg. His win against Capablanca in the 19th round, though much less famous than Lasker's win against Capablanca the round before, was essential to enable Lasker to achieve his famous come-from-behind victory over Capablanca in the tournament. This tournament was probably Tarrasch'sswan song, because his chess career was not very successful after this, although he still played some highly regarded games.
Tarrasch lost +0-5=1 to Lasker in a 1916 match.[9]
Tarrasch was a very influential chess writer, and was calledPraeceptor Germaniae, meaning "Teacher of Germany." He took some ofWilhelm Steinitz's ideas (e.g.control of the center,bishop pair,space advantage) and made them more accessible to the average chess player. In other areas, he departed from Steinitz. He emphasized piecemobility much more than Steinitz did, and disliked cramped positions, saying that they "had the germ of defeat."
Tarrasch formulated a very important rule inrook endgames that is often called theTarrasch rule:
In 1895, Tarrasch's bookDreihundert Schachpartien was published. It was first translated into English in 1959 by Robin Ault and John Kirwan in a limited edition and a commercial edition in 1999 when S. Schwarz put outThree Hundred Chess Games. Tarrasch releasedDie moderne Schachpartie in 1912, but it has not been translated yet. He wrote a famous book about theSt. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament, which was translated into English in 1993.[10] His fourth major bookDas Schachspiel (1931), was translated by G. E. Smith and T. G. Bone asThe Game of Chess (1935,ISBN 048625447X). It was his last book and his most successful.
He edited the magazineDeutsche Schachzeitung in 1897, andTarrasch's Schachzeitung, for the last two years of his life.[11]
He was a target of thehypermodern school, led byRichard Réti,Aron Nimzowitsch, andSavielly Tartakower, all of whom criticized his ideas as dogmatic. However, many modern masters regard Tarrasch's actualplay as not dogmatic. According to American grandmasterAndrew Soltis, Tarrasch's chess was "all about piece mobility".[12]
As an example of his playing style see his victory on the Black side of theAdvance French againstLouis Paulsen (Nuremberg 1888):
A number ofchess openings are named after Tarrasch, with the most notable being:
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 |  |  |  | | | | | | 8 | |
| 7 | | | |  | | | |  | 7 | |
| 6 | | | | | | | |  | 6 | |
| 5 |  |  |  | |  | | | | 5 | |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 | |
| 3 | |  | | | |  | | | 3 | |
| 2 | | |  | | | | | | 2 | |
| 1 | | |  | | | |  | | 1 | |
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
In the gameTarrasch versus Allies, Black seems to be holding here (at least against an immediate catastrophe), because the black queen guards against Qb7+ (followed by Kxa5 Ra1#), while the black rook on c8 defends against Rxc5#. Tarrasch played the ingenious interference move 31.Bc7! (known as aPlachuttainterference because the pieces both moveorthogonally). This blocks off both defences, and whatever piece captures becomes overloaded. That is, if 31...Rxc7, the rook is overloaded, having to look after both the key squares, since the queen is blocked from b7. So White would play 32.Qb7+ Rxb7, deflecting the rook from defence of c5, allowing 33.Rxc5#. But if Black plays instead 31...Qxc7, the queen blocks off the rook's defence of c5 and becomes overloaded: 32.Rxc5+ Qxc5 deflects the queen from defence of b7, allowing 33.Qb7+ Kxa5 34.Ra1#. Black actuallyresigned after this move.
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | | | | | | | |  | 8 | |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 | |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 | |
| 5 | | | |  |  |  |  |  | 5 | |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 | |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 | |
| 2 | | | |  | | | | | 2 | |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 | |
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
In the game againstCarl Walbrodt, Tarrasch played rather poorly, and his opponent had the better of him for a long time. But the game was redeemed by the following startling combination:[15] 34.Rxd4 seems obvious, because 34...cxd4 allows 35.Bxd4 winning the queen. But Black has a seemingly strong counterattack which had to be foreseen ... 34...Nxg3 35.Nxg3 Rxg3+ 36.hxg3 Rxg3+ 37.Kf1! Rxd3 and now the startling 38.Rg4!! with devastating threats of 39. Rf8+ mating and Bxe5 not to mention cxd3 to follow. Black resigned.
Bibliography
