Cylinder seal of Shulgi. The inscription reads "ToNuska, supreme minister ofEnlil, his king, for the life of Shulgi, strong hero, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, Ur-Nanibgal, governor of Nippur, son of Lugal-engardug, governor of Nippur, dedicated this."[1] Louvre Museum.
Shulgi apparently led a major modernization of theThird Dynasty of Ur. He improved communications, reorganized the army, reformed the writing system and weight and measures, unified the tax system, and created a strongbureaucracy.[8] He also wrote a law code, now known as theCode of Ur-Nammu because it was originally thought to have been authored by Ur-Nammu.[4] He also built or rebuilt numerous temples throughout the kingdom.[9]
Shulgi is best known for his extensive revision of the scribal school's curriculum. Although it is unclear how much he actually wrote, there are numerous praise poems written by and directed towards this ruler. He had proclaimed himself a god by his 21st regnal year (there are indications this occurred as early as S12), and was recognized as such by the whole ofSumer andAkkad.[4][10]
Some much later chronicles castigate Shulgi for his impiety: TheWeidner Chronicle (ABC 19), a literary composition written in the 1st millennium BC, states that "he did not perform his rites to the letter, he defiled his purification rituals".[11] CM 48, written late in the 1st millennium BC, charges him with improper tampering with the rites, composing "untruthful stelae, insolent writings" on them.[11] TheChronicle of Early Kings (ABC 20), written in the mid-2nd millennium BC, accuses him of "criminal tendencies, and the property ofEsagila andBabylon he took away as booty."[11]
The manner of death is unknown, only that it occurred in his 48th regnal year, in or before the 11th month. In the 3rd month of his successor, libations to the dead were first recorded for Shulgi and two wives Geme-Ninlila and Shulgi-simti. All three appear to have died in the year 48. Several researchers have suggest Shulgi was assassinated, partly based on omen texts, including one based on aneclipse.[12][13][14] He was succeeded byAmar-Sin. The name Amar-Sin was not recorded before his ascension and is a "throne name". His original name, and whether he was actually the son of Shugi, is unknown.[15]
Early uncertainties about the reading of cuneiform led to the readings "Shulgi" and "Dungi" being common transliterations before the end of the 19th century. However, over the course of the 20th century, the scholarly consensus gravitated away fromduntowardsshul as the correct pronunciation of the𒂄 sign. The spelling of Shulgi's name by scribes with thediĝir determinative reflects hisdeification during his reign, a status and spelling previously claimed by hisAkkadian Empire predecessorNaram-Sin.[16]
Shulgi was a contemporary of theShakkanakku rulers ofMari, particularlyApil-kin andIddi-ilum.[17] An inscription mentions thatTaram-Uram, the daughter of Apil-kin, became the "daughter-in-law" ofUr-Nammu, and therefore the Queen of king Shulgi.[18][19] In the inscription, she called herself "daughter-in-law ofUr-Nammu", and "daughter of Apil-kin,Lugal ("King") of Mari", suggesting for Apil-kin a position as a supreme ruler, and pointing to a marital alliance between Mari andUr.[20][21]
Nin-kalla, Amat-Sin, andEa-niša were queens of Shulgi. This had influence and performed official functions which continued even after the death of Shulgi.[22][23] Another queen,Shulgi-simti, who is known from a high number of texts presenting evidence for her economic power, had similar status. The archive shows she selected various large animals to use in rituals for deities includingBelet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban,Annunitum,Ulmašītum, Nanna, Ninlil, and Enlil.[24] From 32nd to 47th year of Shulgi's reign she was in charge of the acceptance of ritual animals. On their death "libation places" for her and Shulgi were established.[7][25] Another important woman wasGeme-Ninlilla who appears in texts at the end of the king's reign. Other, less well known royal women areŠuqurtum,Simat-Ea, and Geme-Su'ena.[26]
Shulgi, with many wives and concubines, is known to have had at least 16 sons including Etel-pū-Dagān, Amar-dDa-mu, Lu-dNanna, Lugal-a-zi-da, Ur-d,Suen, and possiblyAmar-Sin (his throne name) as well as one daughter, Peš-tur-tur.[27][28][29] The name of another daughter, Šāt-Kukuti, is known from a cuneiform tablet.[30] Another daughter, Taram-Šulgi was married to the ruler ofPašime, Šudda-bani.[18]
Shulgi also boasted about his ability to maintain high speeds while running long distances. He claimed in his 7th regnal year to have run fromNippur toUr, a distance of over 150 kilometers (100 miles).[31] Kramer refers to Shulgi as "The first long distance running champion."[32]
Shulgi wrote 26 royal hymns to glorify himself and his actions. In one Shulgi claimed that he spokeElamite as well as he spokeSumerian.[33][34] In another he refers to himself as "the king of the four-quarters, the pastor of theblack-headed people".[35]
WhileDer had been one of the cities whose temple affairs Shulgi had directed in the first part of his reign, in his 20th year he claimed that the gods had decided that it now be destroyed, apparently as some punishment. The inscriptions state that he "put its field accounts in order" with the pick-axe. His 18th year-name wasYear Liwir-mitashu, the king's daughter, was elevated to the ladyship inMarhashi, referring to a country near Anshan and her dynastic marriage to its king, Libanukshabash.[36] Following this, Shulgi engaged in a period of expansionism at the expense of highlanders such as theLullubi, and destroyedSimurrum (anothermountain tribe) andLulubum nine times between the 26th and 45th years of his reign.[37] He is also known to have destroyedKaraḫar, Harši,Šašrum, and Urbilum.[38]In his 30th year, his daughter was married to the governor ofAnshan; in his 34th year, he was already levying a punitive campaign against the place. He also destroyed Kimaš and Ḫurti (cities to the east ofUr, somewhere nearElam) in the 45th year of his reign.[39][40] An inscribed brick recorded:
"Sulgi, god of his land the mighty, king of Ur, king of the four quarters, when he destroyed the land of Kimas and Hurtum, set out a moat and heaped up a pile of corpses."[9]
As with many Mesopotamian rulers he dealt with nomadic incursion in his 37th year, he was obliged to build a large wall in an attempt to keep out the Tidnumite nomads.[9]
dnin-lil2.......................... "ForNinlil" nin-a-ni....................... "his Lady," dšul-gi.................... "Shulgi" nitah kalag-ga........ "the mighty man" lugal urimki-ma..... "King of Ur" lugal ki-en-................. "King ofSumer" gi ki-uri-ke4..................... "andAkkad," nam-ti-la-ni-še3........... "for his life" a mu-na-ru................... "dedicated (this)"
Carnelian bead, elongated (7 cm),Harappan style, provenance unknown. Bearing a cuneiform commemorative inscription of Shulgi, dedicating the bead to the goddess Ninlil. British Museum, BM 129493[41][42] This carnelian bead was probably imported from the Indus valley.[43]
Shulgi is known to have made dedications atSusa, as foundation nails with his name, dedicated to godInshushinak have been found there. One of the votive foundation nails reads:"The god 'Lord of Susa,' his king, Shulgi, the mighty male, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, the..., his beloved temple, built.".[44][16] Anetched carnelian bead, now located in the Louvre Museum (Sb 6627) and inscribed with a dedication by Shulgi was also found in Susa, the inscription reading:"Ningal, his mother, Shulgi, god of his land, King of Ur, King of the four world quarters, for his life dedicated (this)".[16][45]
The Ur III dynasty had held control over Susa since the demise ofPuzur-Inshushinak, and they built numerous buildings and temples there. This control was continued by Shulgi as shown by his numerous dedications in the city-state.[46] He also engaged in marital alliances, by marrying his daughters to rulers of eastern territories, such asAnšan,Marhashi andBashime.[46]
Votive tablet of Shulgi, excavated in Susa: "For the goddessNinhursag ofSusa, his Lady, Shulgi, the great man, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, built her temple ".Louvre Museum, Sb 2884.[47]
One of the terracotta tablets listing the Year names of Shulgi, from year 6 (𒈬𒄊𒂗𒆤𒆠[𒋫...]: "The year the road fromNippur [was straightened]") to year 21a in this view, the other year names being inscribed on the back. A fragment is missing in this tablet (at the top), corresponding to the first five-year names and the last seven-year names of Shulgi.[48] This is anOld Babylonian copy (ca. 1900-1600 BC) of anAkkadian original.[48]Museum of the Ancient Orient, Istanbul.
There are extensive remains for the year names of Shulgi, which have been largely reconstructed from year 1 to year 48 though some are fragmentary. There are no contemporary lists of year names, only partial texts from the Old Babylonian period so the order is not completely certain and a few years attribution is uncertain between Ur-Nammu and Shulgi. There are also multiple year names for some years which is not unprecedented.[9] For example year 20 is "Year: “Ninḫursaga of Nutur was brought into her temple”" and "Year: “The sons of Ur were conscripted as lancers”".[49] Some of the most important are:
1. Year : Šulgi is king 2. Year: The foundations of the temple of Ningubalag were laid 6. Year: The king straightened out the Nippur road 7. Year: The king made a round trip between Ur and Nippur (in one day) 10. Year: The royalmountain-house (the palace) was built 18. Year: Liwirmittašu, the daughter of the king, was elevated to the queenship ofMarhashi 21c. Year:Der was destroyed 24. Year: Karahar was destroyed 25. Year:Simurrum was destroyed 27. Year after: "Šulgi the strong man, the king of the four corners of the universe, destroyed Simurrum for the second time" 27b. Year: "Harszi was destroyed" 30. Year: The governor ofAnšan took the king's daughter into marriage 31. Year: Karhar was destroyed for the second time 32. Year: Simurrum was destroyed for the third time 34. Year: Anshan was destroyed 37. Year: The wall of the land was built 42. Year: The king destroyedŠašrum 44. Year: Simurrum andLullubum were destroyed for the ninth time 45. Year: Šulgi, the strong man, the king of Ur, the king of the four-quarters, smashed the heads of Urbilum, Simurrum, Lullubum and Karhar in a single campaign 46. Year: Šulgi, the strong man, the king of Ur, the king of the four-quarters, destroyed Kimaš, Hurti and their territories in a single day
Lugal Urimkima/ Lugal Kiengi Kiuri𒈗𒋀𒀊𒆠𒈠𒈗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒆠𒌵, "King ofUr,King of Sumer and Akkad, on a votive tablet of Shulgi. The finalke4𒆤 is the composite of -k (genitive case) and -e (ergative case).[53]
Seal of Shulgi, withGilgamesh fighting a winged monster: "To Shulgi, son of the king, Ur-dumuzi the scribe, his servant".[55]
Seal of Shulgi, with worshipper and seated deity: "Shulgi, the mighty hero, King of Ur, king of the four regions, Ur-(Pasag?) the scribe, thy servant".[55]
Mace head in the name of Shulgi (inscription upside down). British Museum.
Duck-shaped official weight of 2 mina, reign of Shulgi, from Ur, Iraq. British Museum.
A tablet from the period of Shulgi, mentioning the "Meluhha" village in Sumer. British Museum, BM 17751.[56] "Meluhha" (𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠) actually appears on the beginning of the other side (column II, 1) in the sentence "The granary of the village of Meluhha".[57][56]
Weight of+1⁄2 mina (actual weight 248 gr.) dedicated by King Shulgi and bearing the emblem of the crescent moon: it was used in the temple of the Moon-God at Ur. Diorite, beginning of the 21st century BC (Ur III). Louvre Museum, Department of Oriental Antiquities, Richelieu, first floor, room 2, case 6.
Tablet of Shulgi, glorifies the king and his victories on the Lullubi people and mentions the modern-city of Erbil and the modern-district of Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq
^[1]Richard L. Zettler, "From Beneath The Temple Inscribed Objects From Ur", Expedition Magazine, University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 28, no. 3, 1986
^abc[2]Klein, Jacob, "Shulgi of Ur: king of a Neo-Sumerian empire", Civilizations of the ancient Near East 2, pp. 843-857, 1995
^[3]Suter, Claudia E., "A Shulgi statuette from Tello", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 43.1, pp. 63-70, 1991
^Raphael Kutscher, "An Offering to the Statue of Šulgi", Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, vol. 1, iss. 2, pp. 55-59, 1974
^abSharlach, Tonia M., "Shulgi-simti and the Representation of Women in Historical Sources", Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context. Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by Her Students. Leiden & Boston, Brill, pp. 363-368, 2007
^[4]Piotr Michalowski, "The Mortal Kings of Ur: A Short Century of Divine Rule in Ancient Mesopotamia", in Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond Nicole Brisch, ed., Oriental Institute Seminars 4 Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2008. Second printing with minor corrections, pp. 33-45, 2012ISBN978-1-885923-55-4
^abcdFrayne, Douglas, "Šulgi", Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 91-234, 1997
^abcJean-Jacques Glassner, "Mesopotamian Chronicles", Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, 2004ISBN1-58983-090-3
^Michalowski, Piotr, "The Death of Šulgi", Orientalia, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 220–25, 1977
^E. Sollberger, "Sur la chronologie des rois d'Ur et quelques problèmes connexes", AfO 17, pp. 10-48, 1954/56
^Michalowski, Piotr, "Of Bears and Men: Thoughts on the End of Šulgi’s Reign and on the Ensuing Succession", Literature as Politics, Politics as Literature: Essays on the Ancient Near East in Honor of Peter Machinist, edited by David S. Vanderhooft and Abraham Winitzer, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 285-320, 2013
^Sharlach, Tonia, "Princely Employments in the Reign of Shulgi", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-68, 2022
^abSharlach, T. M., "The Shulgi-simti Archive: Historical Sources", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 189-210, 2017ISBN978-1-5015-0522-5
^Civil, Michel (1962). "Un nouveau synchronisme Mari-III e dynastie d'Ur".Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale.56 (4): 213.ISSN0373-6032.JSTOR23295098.
^Sharlach, T. M., "The Lives of Shulgi’s Wives: Ea-niša, Geme-Ninlilla and More", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 139-174, 2017ISBN978-1-5015-0522-5
^Michalowski, Piotr, "Royal Women of the Ur III Period, Part II: Geme-Ninlila", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 31.3, pp. 171-176, 1979
^Sharlach, T. M., "Sacrifice: An Overview of the Cultic Events to which the Shulgi-simti Foundation Contributed", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 239-260, 2017
^[5]Gomi, Tohru, "Shulgi-simti and her Libation Place (ki-a-nag)", Orient 12, pp. 1-14, 1976
^Michalowski, Piotr, "Royal Women of the Ur III Period Part I: The Wife of Šulgi", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 169–72, 1976
^Notizia, Palmiro, "Prince Etel-pū-Dagān, Son of Šulgi", From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D.: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid, 22–24 July 2010, edited by Steven J. Garfinkle and Manuel Molina, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 207-220, 2013
^Changyu Liu, "Prosopography of individuals delivering animals to Puzriš-Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia", Akkadica 142/2, pp. 113-142, 2021
^[6]Changyu Liu, "Prosopographical Statistics Appendix of the article 'Prosopography of individuals deliveringanimals to Puzriš-Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia'", Cuneiform Digital Library Preprints, 24.0, 1 April 2022
^Ali, Basil Bashar, and Khalid Salim Ismael, "Šāt-kukuti The Daughter of King Šulgi in a New Text from the Iraqi Museum", Athar Alrafedain 8.2, pp. 266-280, 2023
^Hamblin, William J.Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. New York: Routledge, 2006.
^[7]Kramer, Samuel Noah, "Shulgi of Ur: The First Long-Distance Champion", in History begins at Sumer: Thirty-nine firsts in recorded history, University of Pennsylvania press, pp. 284-289, 1981
^Klein, Jacob, "The Royal Hymns of Shulgi King of Ur: man's quest for immortal fame", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 71.7, pp. 1-48, 1981
^Kramer, Samuel Noah, "Shulgi of Ur: A royal hymn and a divine blessing", The Jewish Quarterly Review 57, pp. 369-380, 1967
^[8]Chen, Yanli, and Yuhong Wu, "The Names of the Leaders and Diplomats of Marḫaši and Related Men in the Ur III Dynasty", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2017 (1), 2017
^[9]Lafont, Bertrand, "The Army of the Kings of Ur: The Textual Evidence", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2009 (5), 2009
^Ghobadizadeh, Hamzeh and Sallaberger, Walther, "Šulgi in the Kuhdasht Plain: Bricks from a Battle Monument at the Crossroads of Western Pish-e Kuh and the Localisation of Kimaš and Ḫurti", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 3-33, 2023
^Sebahi, Zahraa Abdel-Sada, and Jassim Abid Al-Ammer Jassim, "City ki-maški King Šulgi military campaigns on him the light of the published and unpublished cuneiform texts of the modern Sumerian period (2112-2004 BC)", ISIN Journal 4. pp. 121-146, 2022
^"DINGIR.NIN.LILA / NIN-A-NI / DINGIR.SHUL.GI / NITA-KALAG.GA / LUGAL URI/ .KI-MA / LUGAL.KI.EN / GI KI-URI3.KI / NAM.TI.LA NI.SHE3/ A MU.NA.RU." Inscription Translation: "To Ninlil, his lady, Shulgi, mighty man, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, has dedicated (this stone) for the sake of his life.""cylinder seal / bead".British Museum.
^abSigrist, M., "Les noms d’anée du règne du roi Šulgi", in Why Should Someone Who Knows Something Conceal It? Cuneiform Studies in Honor of David I. Owen on His 70th Birthday, ed. A. Kleinerman and J. M. Sasson. Bethesda: CDL, pp. 219–38, 2010
^[10]Richard Firth, "Notes on Year Names of the Early Ur III Period: Šulgi 20-30", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2013 (1), 2013
^Goetze, Albrecht, "The Chronology of Šulgi Again", Iraq, vol. 22, pp. 151–56, 1960
^[11]Sharlach, Tonia, "Šulgi, Mighty Man, King of Ur", Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East, pp. 211-20, 2016
Aubaid, Nwr Saadwn, and Muhannad Ashwr Shnawah, "Some of the historical formulas with the military significant from the king shulgi", ISIN Journal 5, pp. 311-318, 2023
Carroué, F., "Šulgi et la Temple Bagara", ZA 90, pp. 161–93, 2000
de Maaijer, R., "Šulgi’s Jubilee: Where’s the Party?", in On the Third Dynasty of Ur: Studies in Honor of Marcel Sigrist, ed. P. Michalowski. JCS Suppl. 1. Boston: ASOR, pp. 45–52, 2008
Falkenstein, A., "Ein Lied Auf Šulgi", Iraq, vol. 22, pp. 139–50, 1960
Fish, Thomas, "The cult of the King Dungi during the third dynasty of Ur", Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 11.2, pp. 322-328, 1927
Kramer, S. N., "Inanna and Šulgi: A Sumerian Fertility Song", Iraq, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 18–23, 1969
Kraus, Fritz R., "Zur Chronologie der Könige Ur-Nammu und Šulgi von Ur", OrNS 20, pp. 385-398, 1951
Limet, Henri, "Au début du règne de Šulgi", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 15–21, 1971
Michalowski, P., "Death of Šulgi", OrNS 46, pp. 220–25, 1977
Sharlach, Tonia M., "Local and Imported Religion at Ur Late in the Reign of Shulgi", Ur in the Twenty-First Century CE: Proceedings of the 62nd Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Philadelphia, July 11–15 2016, pp. 429-440, 2021
Sollberger, Edmond, "Šulgi, an 41?", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 44, no. 1/2, pp. 89–90, 1950
Vacín, Luděk, "Tradition and Innovation in Šulgi’s Concept of Divine Kingship", Tradition and Innovation in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 57th Rencontre Assyriologique International at Rome, 4-8 July 2011, edited by Alfonso Archi, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 179-192, 2015
Van De Mieroop, Marc, "Gold Offerings of Šulgi", Orientalia, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 131–51, 1986
[12]Widell, Magnus, "The Calendar of Neo-Sumerian Ur and Its Political Significance", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2004 (2), 2004
Winters, Ryan, "The Royal Herdsmen of Ur: Compensation and Centralization in the Reign of Shulgi", Journal of Cuneiform Studies. JCS, vol. 72, pp. 47–64, 2020
[13]Zettler, Richard L., "Archaeology and the problem of textual evidence for the Third Dynasty of Ur", Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 38, pp. 49-62, 2003
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![Votive tablet of Shulgi, excavated in Susa: "For the goddess Ninhursag of Susa, his Lady, Shulgi, the great man, King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, built her temple ". Louvre Museum, Sb 2884.[47]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aVotive_tablet_of_Shulgi%2c_excavated_in_Susa%2c_SB_2880.jpg)
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![Lugal Urimkima/ Lugal Kiengi Kiuri 𒈗𒋀𒀊𒆠𒈠𒈗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒆠𒌵, "King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad, on a votive tablet of Shulgi. The final ke4 𒆤 is the composite of -k (genitive case) and -e (ergative case).[53]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aLugal_Urimkima_Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2c_King_of_Ur%2c_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2c_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi_(transcription).jpg)
![Earrings inscribed in the name of Shulgi[54]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aEarrings_from_Shulgi.JPG)
![Seal of Shulgi, with Gilgamesh fighting a winged monster: "To Shulgi, son of the king, Ur-dumuzi the scribe, his servant".[55]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aSeal_of_Shulgi%2c_with_Gilgamesh_fighting_a_winged_monster.jpg)
![Seal of Shulgi, with worshipper and seated deity: "Shulgi, the mighty hero, King of Ur, king of the four regions, Ur-(Pasag?) the scribe, thy servant".[55]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aSeal_of_Shulgi%2c_with_worshipper_and_seated_deity.jpg)
![A tablet from the period of Shulgi, mentioning the "Meluhha" village in Sumer. British Museum, BM 17751.[56] "Meluhha" (𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠) actually appears on the beginning of the other side (column II, 1) in the sentence "The granary of the village of Meluhha".[57][56]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aMeluhha_village_tablet_-_BM17751.jpg)
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