The Sui are descended from the ancientBaiyue peoples, who had inhabitedsouthern China before theHan dynasty (Wei 2003:viii). The name "Sui," which means "water" in Chinese, was adopted during theMing Dynasty.
Today, 93% of all Sui people (322,000 individuals) reside inGuizhou,China, with 63%[2] of them living inSandu Shui Autonomous County. To the south, 10,000 Sui live around Yingdong village inRongshui County,Guangxi (Edmondson 2008). Small pockets of Sui people also live inFuyang andYiliang Counties,Yunnan. Additionally, there are 120 Sui living in Hồng Quang District,Tuyên Quang Province,northern Vietnam who are the descendants of Sui people who had left Sandu County 8 generations ago (Wei 2003:vii).
The Sui are organized around familyclans. Villages usually have a few hundred inhabitants, most of whom have the same family name (Wei 2003:ix).
Traditional Sui houses are usually made of fir or pine, although today the houses are increasingly made with bricks. There are three main types of traditional Sui housing (Wei 2003:ix):
ɣaan2 faaŋ1 (Chinese:ganlan mulou) – The ganlan stilted house, which has two or three stories. The second floor is used for the living quarters whereas the first floor is used primarily as a stable and storage area.
ɣaan2 hum5 – The ground house, which has one story.
The split level house – a "hanging foot" building calleddiaojiaolou in Chinese. These houses are built on hillsides, with longer pillars supporting the downhill-facing side of the house, and are called "hanging house" (diaojiao) since the pillars supporting the house are sometimes located outside the walls.
If a woman is widowed, she covers her hair with a fabric of white color for three years. The Sui possess a lunar calendar that is initiated in the ninth lunar month. Their funeral services are elaborate and long ceremonies where animal sacrifices are carried out in honor of the dead. Except for fish, Sui villagers usually refrain from eating meat after the death of a person (Wei 2003:xvi).
The staple food of the Sui people isglutinous rice. Supplementary grains and tubers include corn, wheat, barley, millet, and sweet potatoes. Rice is either steamed in a bamboo steamer or cooked in a covered pot over a low fire. Popular rice-based dishes includeʔjut7 (Chinese: zongzi) and cooked glutinous rice withchrysanthemum and puffed rice (Wei 2003:xiv). Sui women also give glutinous rice to relatives when visiting them.
Fish is one of the most important sources of food. Like theDong people, many Sui raisecarp in village fishponds (Wei 2003:xiv). A popular dish consumed during the summer is a kind of sour broth calledlu5 hum3. Sui families also regularly hold communal hot pots. Kippered fish (hum3 mom6), kippered meat (hum3 naan4), and the meat of suckling pigs are also popular. Rice spirits are popular among the Sui, and are also consumed during marriages, funerals, festivals, and building raising events. The Sui are also famed for their jiuqian wine.
tsjə1 twə3 (Duan festival) – This harvest festival is similar to theChinese New Year. It is held from around September (start of the Sui New Year) to November (second month of the Sui calendar). Livestock meat is not eaten during the Sui New Year's Eve (hət7). On New Year's Day (ʁaai3), antiphonal choirs, horse racing, and other festivities are held. Since Sui in different areas celebrate Duan at different times, this festival actually lasts for more than two months when festivities from various locations are combined. A total of five different Duan's are celebrated in the following locations (Wei 2003:xx).
Wangsi in Duyun (Pandong) City
Malian, Layou, Miaocao, Shuidong in Sandu County
Tingpai, Hengfeng, Heyong, Tianxing in Sandu, Libo, Dushan Counties
Zhonghe, Dixiang, Jiuqian in Sandu County
Sandong, Shuinian, Xingxiang in Sandu County.
tsjə1 mau4 (Mao festival) – This four-day festival is celebrated by those who do not celebrate the Duan festival. It occurs after the transplanting of rice seedlings on the tenth month of the Sui calendar. Mao Day is celebrated in theLibo County villages of Shuili, Yaoqing, Shuirao, Shuipu, and Yongkang. Antiphonal-style choirs sing traditional Sui love songs during this festival. However, by tradition married women are not allowed to perform in the choirs.
tsjə1 tseŋ1 (spring festival) – This festival is especially elaborate in theSandu County locales of Bannan, Shuimei, Yanggong, Zhouqin, and Yang'an. These villages, however, do not celebrate either the Duan or Mao festivals.
su3 njen2 hi5 (small Sui new year's festival)
tsjə1 ʔau4 hmai5 ("eat new rice" festival)
Liuyueliu ("six month six day," or June 6, festival)
The bronze drum is often played during festivals, and singing, dancing, slaughtering livestock for food, and giving thanks to family ancestors are typical of these festivals (Wei 2003:xxii).
The Sui are mainly polytheists and practice ancestor worship as well.Shamans were traditionally hired to carry out prayers and sacrifices in the houses of those that were sick or close to death. The Sui religion has more than 900 ghosts and gods that can cause both good fortune or misfortune (Wei 2003:xxii). Some deities and legendary figures are also borrowed fromChinese folk religion.
The Sui people have a wide array of taboos and superstitions, such as (Wei 2003:xxiv-xxv):
During the first thunderclap of the start of the spring season, the ground cannot be plowed for three days. Breaking this taboo would anger the thunder god, resulting in abnormal rain patterns.
Oaths should not be said when seeds are being sown lest there is crop damage.
Thelusheng should not be played after the seeds are sowed during the beginning of spring, or else the seeds might be blown away later.
On the first morning of the Duan festival as well as the preceding evening, meats of land animals cannot be eaten. Violating this taboo is seen as disrespect towards ancestors and will result in fewer descendants.
Dogs should not be killed during festival days.
On the first day of the Spring Festival, houses should not be cleaned, food should not be cooked, and hair may not be cut. Instead, New Year's Eve leftovers are eaten.
During a wedding procession, bad luck may result for a couple if the procession chances upon a coffin (couple may die soon), bird crossing the road (couple may be ill soon), thunder (a sorcerer must be invited to drive out ghosts), or a pregnant woman (the bride will be infertile).
Remarried widows cannot return to their former husbands' villages, and cannot visit their parents' homes for an entire year, or else her parents' village will not prosper.
Pregnant women cannot bear children in their parents' villages, or else her parents' family and livestock will be harmed.
After just having a child, if a woman visits another person's village or house, that person will fall ill.
Members of a clan cannot eat meats of land animals after one of their elders has died. The deceased elder's clothing and personal items cannot fall to the ground, and he must have an odd number of belongings.
People born on the same day as a recently deceased person should not visit him, or else the dead may take their souls into the grave.
Names should not be called out when people are being buried, or the dead may take their soul.
After the death of a male, sows or cows cannot be killed. After the death of a female, horses or bulls cannot be killed.
Pregnant women and babies should not be buried in areas which receive much sunshine.
Solar and lunar eclipses, as well as calls of birds, are not liked by the Sui people.
China (Guizhou,Guangxi);
Vietnam
