Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Shughni language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pamir language of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and China

Shughni
خُږنۈنے زِڤхуг̌ну̊ни зивxuɣ̌nůni ziv
Native toTajikistan,Afghanistan,Pakistan,China
EthnicityShughnan
Native speakers
95,000[1] (2011)
Indo-European
Dialects
Latin,Persian,Cyrillic
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3sgh
Glottologshug1248
ELPShughni
Shughni is classified as Vulnerable by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Shughni[a] is one of thePamir languages of theSoutheastern Iranian language group.[2][3] Its distribution is in theGorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region inTajikistan,Badakhshan Province inAfghanistan,Chitral district inPakistan andTashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County inChina.[2][4]

Shughni-Rushani tends towards SOV word order, distinguishes a masculine and feminine gender in nouns and some adjectives, as well as the 3rd person singular of verbs. Shughni distinguishes between anabsolutive and anoblique case in its system of pronouns.Rushani is noted for a typologically unusual 'double-oblique' construction, also called a 'transitive case', in the past tense. Normally Soviet school scientists considerRushani as a close but independent language to Shughni, while Western school scientists codes Rushani as a dialect of Shughni due toAfghanistanRushani speakers living in theSheghnan district ofBadakhshan Province.

Dialects

[edit]
This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(September 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Rushani,Bartangi,Oroshori (Roshorvi),Khufi and Shughni proper are considered to be dialects. However, Bartangi and Khufi are quite distinct and may be separate languages.

Phonology

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]

The following are the vowels of Shughni:

Shughni vowels
FrontCentralBack
Closeiu
Near-closeɪʊ
Close-mideø(ə)o
Open-midɛɔ
Opena~æɑ

Long vowels occur as /iː,eː,oː/.

Consonants

[edit]

The following are the consonants of Shughni:[5]

Shughni consonants
LabialDental/
Alveolar		Post-
alveolar		VelarUvularGlottal
plainsibilant
Nasalmnŋ
Plosive/
Affricate		voicelessptt͡st͡ʃkq
voicedbdd͡zd͡ʒɡ
Fricativevoicelessfθsʃxχ(h)
voicedvðzʒɣʁ
Approximantljw
Rhoticr
  • /r/ can be realised as a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
  • Velar sounds /x, ɣ/ can also be realised as more fronted palatal sounds [ç, ʝ].

Orthography

[edit]
This sectionmay contain materialunrelated to the topic of the article. Please helpimprove this section or discuss this issue on thetalk page.(September 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Shughni people live in bothAfghanistan andTajikistan. For the past 100 years, each country has had diverging literary traditions and orthographic standards. On either side of the border, Shughni literaturists, being previously an unwritten language, has relied heavily on the existing orthographic standards and conventions in coming up with an orthography for Shughni language.

InTajikistan,Persian alphabet was discarded in 1928, being replaced by Latin alphabet, and 11 years afterwards in 1939, Latin alphabet being replaced byCyrillic alphabet. Tajik Cyrillic alphabet is of course based on Russian orthography, and similar to that of Uzbek language in neighboringUzbekistan. Thus, the alphabets developed in Tajikistan for Shughni language, have been Cyrillic and Latin.

In Afghanistan,Dari (Afghan Persian), with the well-establishedPersian script, is the literary language of the nation.Pashto language too, with its ownalphabet, derived from Persian, but with unique features and conventions, is the co-official language of Afghanistan. Thus, the Shughni orthography being developed by literaturists in Afghanistan has been derived from Persian, and borrowing letters from Pashto as needed.

Historical development

[edit]

The question of whether theShughni people possessed an ancient writing system is disputed. The only recorded mention of a possible ancient Shughni script comes from the Chinese travelerXuanzang in the 7th century CE. In his workGreat Tang Records on the Western Regions, he mentions a country calledShiqini, which researchers identify withShughnan[6]. According to Xuanzang, the writing system of Shiqini was similar to that of theTocharians, probably referring to theBactrian alphabet[6].

From the second half of the 19th century, attempts were made to adapt theArabic script for Shughni. Some poetry (e.g., by the poetMullo Lochin, 1860–1920) and medical or historical works (e.g., byShohzoda Muhammad) were written in it, but the practice never became widespread[7].

During the same period, Shughni began to attract scholarly attention. The first Shughni grammar was compiled by the English researcherRobert Shaw in 1877, using a Latin-based transcription with diacritics. In 1883, the Russian scholarD. L. Ivanov produced the first Shughni dictionary; his manuscripts used Cyrillic with additional Latin letters, while the published version employed theAnders Johan Sjögren's Cyrillic alphabet. In the early 20th century, further publications on Shughni appeared, though the language itself remained largely unwritten[8].

Latin alphabet

[edit]

The Latin-based writing system used for the Shughni language comprises 39 letters, combining standard Latin characters with diacritical marks and several letters adopted from the Greek alphabet. Although this alphabet has never been officially standardized, it has been widely employed in books, academic articles, and linguistic studies devoted to the Shughni language and related Pamir languages:[9]

Capital letters
AĀBCČDΔEÊFGƔƔ̌IĪJ̌KLMNOPQRSŠTΘUŪŮVWXX̌YZŽƷ
Lower case
aābcčdδeêfgɣɣ̌iīǰklmnopqrsštθ
ϑ		uūůvwxx̌yzžʒ

Persian alphabet

[edit]

The process of compiling a Persian derived alphabet for Shughni has been a long and iterative one, over a period starting from 2004, with the publication of the first book on phonology and orthography of Shughni language by Khair Mohammad Haidari.[10]

This was followed by a 2011 publication by Dr. Nur Ali Dost fromMontreal-based "Sohravardi Foundation for Iranian Studies".,[11] a 2011 compilation by Mazhab Shah Zahoori[12] and two other by Alishah Sabbar and Calgary-based Dr. Khush Nazar Parmerzad.[13]

This led to controversy, correspondence, and collaboration between Shughni literaturists and academics, who over the following years, agreed upon specific set of consonants, and a specific standardized way of representing vowels.[14][15]

The Afghan government has officially adopted Shughni orthography as well, and theMinistry of Education has created textbooks to be used inBadakhshan Province.[16]

Letters

[edit]

Below table demonstrates the 44-letter Persian-derived Shughni alphabet.[15][17][18]

FormsIPACyrillic equivalentLatin equivalentUnicodeNotes
IsolatedFinalMedialInitial
آ / ا‎ـا‎-آ‎[ɔ]О оO oU+0622
U+0627		Vowel phoneme [ɔ] is represented with "آ‎" when at the beginning of a word, and with "ـا / ا‎" when in the middle or end of a word.
ا‎--ا‎[∅]
([a][ʊ][e~ɪ])		- / А а / И и / У у‌ - / A a / I i / U uU+0627Letteralif at the beginning of a word can serve two functions. First, it precedes vowel letters "اۈ‎" [ɵ], "او‎" [u], "ایـ / اي‎" [i], or "اېـ / اې‎" [e]. Second, it acts as a vowel carrier for diacritics of the three short vowels of Shughni, "اَ‎" [a], "اُ‎" [ʊ], and "اِ‎" [ɛ~ɪ].
ب‎ـب‎ـبـ‎بـ‎[b]Б бB bU+0628
پ‎ـپ‎ـپـ‎پـ‎[p]П пP pU+067e
ت‎ـت‎ـتـ‎تـ‎[t]Т тT tU+062a
ث‎ـث‎ـثـ‎ثـ‎[s]С сS sU+062bOnly used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Pronounced as it would be inDari.
ٿ‎ـٿ‎ـٿـ‎ٿـ‎[θ]Т̌ т̌Θ θ/ϑU+067FUnique to Shughni, not part ofPersian (Dari) alphabet. While the letterse "ث‎" represents the phoneme [θ] in Arabic, this new letter has been introduced so that there can be distinguishment between the native sound [θ] and the sound [s] produced by the letter "ث‎" in loanwords of Arabic-origin entering viaPersian.
Some authors have used letterse with a dot underneath "ݑ‎" or have used the letterse "ث‎" for both purposes.
ج‎ـج‎ـجـ‎جـ‎[d͡ʒ]Ҷ ҷJ̌ ǰU+062c
چ‎ـچ‎ـچـ‎چـ‎[t͡ʃ]Ч чČ čU+0686
ح‎ـح‎ـحـ‎حـ‎[∅] ([h])Ҳ ҳH hU+0686Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. In most cases, the letterhe "ح‎" is silent.
خ‎ـخ‎ـخـ‎خـ‎[x]Х хX xU+062e
څ‎ـڅ‎ـڅـ‎څـ‎[t͡s]Ц цC cU+0685Letter adopted fromPashto. Similar letter exists inKhowar,Munji, andWakhani orthographies.
ځ‎ـځ‎ـځـ‎ځـ‎[d͡z]Ҙ ҙƷ ʒU+0681Letter adopted fromPashto. Similar letter exists inKhowar,Munji, andWakhani orthographies.
د‎ـد‎--[d]Д дD dU+062f
ذ‎ـذ‎--[z]З зZ zU+0630Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Pronounced as it would be inDari.
ڎ‎ـڎ‎--[ð]Д̌ д̌Δ δU+068EUnique to Shughni, not part ofPersian (Dari) alphabet. While the letterzol "ذ‎" represents the phoneme [ð] in Arabic, this new letter has been introduced so that there can be distinguishment between the native sound [ð] and the sound [z] produced by the letter "ث‎" in loanwords of Arabic-origin entering viaPersian.
Some authors have used the letterzol "ذ‎" for both purposes.
ر‎ـر‎--[r]Р рR rU+0631
ز‎ـز‎--[z]З зZ zU+0632
ژ‎ـژ‎--[ʒ]Ж жŽ žU+0698
ږ‎ـږ‎--[ɣ]Г̌ г̌Ɣ̌ ɣ̌U+0696Letter adopted fromPashto.
س‎ـس‎ـسـ‎سـ‎[s]С сS sU+0633
ش‎ـش‎ـشـ‎شـ‎[ʃ]Ш шŠ šU+0634
ښ‎ـښ‎ـښـ‎ښـ‎[χ]Х̌ х̌X̌ x̌U+069aLetter adopted fromPashto. Similar letter exists inMunji, andWakhani orthographies.
ص‎ـص‎ـصـ‎صـ‎[s]С сS sU+0635Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
ض‎ـض‎ـضـ‎ضـ‎[z]З зZ zU+0636Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
ط‎ـط‎ـطـ‎طـ‎[t]Т тT tU+0637UOnly used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
ظ‎ـظ‎ـظـ‎ظـ‎[z]З зZ zU+0638Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
ع‎ـع‎ـعـ‎عـ‎[∅]/[ʔ]--U+0639Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
غ‎ـغ‎ـغـ‎غـ‎[ʁ]Ғ ғƔ ɣU+063a
ف‎ـف‎ـفـ‎فـ‎[f]Ф фF fU+0641
ڤ‎ـڤ‎ـڤـ‎ڤـ‎[v]В вV vU+06a4Letter adopted fromKurdish. Similar letter exists inMunji andWakhani.
ق‎ـق‎ـقـ‎قـ‎[q]Қ қQ qU+0642
ک‎ـک‎ـکـ‎کـ‎[k]К кK kU+06a9
گ‎ـگ‎ـگـ‎گـ‎[g]Г гG gU+06af
ل‎ـل‎ـلـ‎لـ‎[l]Л лL lU+0644
م‎ـم‎ـمـ‎مـ‎[m]М мM mU+0645
ن‎ـن‎ـنـ‎نـ‎[n]Н нN nU+0646
و‎ـو‎-او / و‎[w]/[uː]В̌ в̌
Ӯ ӯ		W w
Ū ū		U+0648Represents two phonemes based on context, [w] and [u].
If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant [w], it will be written standalone "و‎", if representing a vowel [u], it will be preceded byalif "او‎".
ۈ‎ـۈ‎-اۈ‎[ɵ]У̊ у̊Ů ůU+06C8Letter unique to Shughni, combination of letterwāw "و‎" andsuperscript alif "◌ٰ‎", reflecting that the letter represents a vowel phoneme that's approximately between [u] and [ɔ]. Similar letter exists inUyghur, representing the phoneme[y].
ه‎-ـهـ‎هـ‎[Ø]/[◌ː]
([aː]/[ɛː])
([h])		(А̄ а̄)(Ā ā)U+0647Silent letter in most cases. Lengthens the vowel preceding it, vowels [aː] "ـَ‎"
ـه‎--[a]
([h])		А а
А̄ а̄		A a
Ā ā		Only at the end of the word does this letter represent vowel phoneme [a]. In the middle of words, this vowel is represented with diacritic (ـَ‎) which is usually dropped in writing. At the beginning of a word, the diacritic is placed on top ofalif (اَ‎).
ی‎ـی‎ـیـ‎ایـ / یـ‎[j]/[i]Й й
Ӣ ӣ		Y y
Ī ī		U+06ccRepresents two phonemes based on context, [j] and [i].
If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant [j], it will be written standalone "یـ‎", if representing a vowel [i], it will be preceded byalif "ایـ‎".
ې‎ـې‎ـېـ‎اېـ‎[e]Е е
Э э		E e
Ê ê		U+06d0Unique to Shughni, not part ofPersian (Dari). Similar letter exists inPashto andUzbek orthographies. Indicates a vowel, and when a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded byalif (اېـ‎).
ے‎ـے‎--[ɛ]~[i]И иI iU+06D2
ئ‎ـئ‎ـئـ‎-[Ø]/[ʔ]- / Ъ ъU+0626Limited use for writing of some diphthongs and mid-wordglottal stops

Vowels

[edit]

Shughni language consists of 10 vowels. There are 3 short vowels, which have 3 corresponding long vowels, and there are 4 additional long vowels. One of the topics of controversy in the process of compiling and standardizing Shughni orthography, was how to express all 9 of the vowels. In this process, letters from Pashto and Urdu have been borrowed (ې‎ andے‎), a new letter has been created (اۈ‎) and due to a lack of the sound [h], the letterhe (هـ ـهـ‎) has been repurposed from a consonantgrapheme to a vowel one.[15]

Below tables demonstrate how vowels are to be written in different positions within a word. Note that some vowels don't occur in specific positions in Shughni phonology. Also note that diacritics are generally dropped in writing. Also note that there existsfree variation between the short vowels in colloquial Shughni.[15]

А аИ иУ уА̄ а̄Ě ěО оУ̊ у̊Е еӢ ӣӮ ӯ
A aI iU uĀ āÊ êO oŮ ůE eĪ īŪ ū
[a][ɛ~ɪ][ʊ][aː][ɛ][ɔ][ɵ][e][i][uː]
Vowels at the beginning of a word
اَ / ا‎اِ / ا‎اُ / ا‎اَهـ‎اِهـ‎آ‎اۈ‎اېـ‎ایـ‎او‎
Vowels at the middle of a word
◌َ‎◌ِ‎◌ُ‎◌َهـ / ـَهـ‎◌ِهـ / ـِهـ‎ا / ـا‎ۈ / ـۈ‎ېـ / ـېـ‎یـ / ـیـ‎و / ـو‎
Vowels at the end of a word
ه / ـه‎ے / ـے‎و / ـو‎--ا / ـا‎ۈ / ـۈ‎ې / ـې‎ی / ـی‎و / ـو‎

Cyrillic and Latin alphabets

[edit]
Cyrillic
(Latin)
[IPA]
Persian		А а
(A a)
[a]
اَ / ◌َ / ه ـه‎		А̄ а̄
(Ā ā)
[aː]
اَهـ / ◌َهـ ـَهـ‎		Б б
(B b)
[b]
ب‎		В в
(V v)
[v]
ﭪ‎		В̌ в̌
(W w)
[w]
و‎		Г г
(G g)
[g]
گ‎		Ғ ғ
(Ɣ ɣ)
[ʁ]
غ‎		Г̌ г̌
(Ɣ̌ ɣ̌)
[ɣ]
ږ‎
Cyrillic
(Latin)
[IPA]
Persian		Д д
(D d)
[d]
د‎		Д̌ д̌
(Δ δ)
[ð]
ڎ‎		Е е
(E e)
[e]/[je]
اېـ / ـېـ / ې‎		Ӗ ӗ
(Ê ê)
[ɛ]
‎اِهـ / ◌ِهـ ـِهـ‎		Ж ж
(Ž ž)
[ʒ]
ژ‎		З з
(Z z)
[z]
ز، ذ، ض، ظ‎		Ҙ ҙ
(Ʒ ʒ)
[d͡z]
ځ‎		И и
(I i)
[ɛ~ɪ]
اِ / ◌ِ / ے‎
Cyrillic
(Latin)
[IPA]
Persian		Ӣ ӣ
(Ī ī)
[i]
ایـ / ـیـ / ی‎		Й й
(Y y)
[j]
یـ / ی‎		К к
(K k)
[k]
ک‎		Қ қ
(Q q)
[q]
ق‎		Л л
(L l)
[l]
ل‎		М м
(M m)
[m]
م‎		Н н
(N n)
[n]
ن‎		О о
(O o)
[ɔ]
آ / ا ـا‎
Cyrillic
(Latin)
[IPA]
Persian		П п
(P p)
[p]
پ‎		Р р
(R r)
[r]
ر‎		С с
(S s)
[s]
‌س، ث، ص‎		Т т
(T t)
[t]
ت، ط‎		Т̌ т̌
(Θ θ/ϑ)
[θ]
ٿ‎		У у
(U u)
[ʊ]
اُ‌ / ◌ُ / و‎		Ӯ ӯ
(Ū ū)
[u]
او / ـو‎		У̊ у̊
(Ů ů)
[ɵ]
اۈ / ـۈ‎
Cyrillic
(Latin)
[IPA]
Persian		Ф ф
(F f)
[f]
ف‎		Х х
(X x)
[χ]
خ‎		Ҳ ҳ
(H h)
[∅]([h])
هـ، ح‎		Х̌ х̌
(X̌ x̌)
[x]
ښ‎		Ц ц
(C c)
[t͡s]
څ‎		Ч ч
(Č č)
[t͡ʃ]
چ‎		Ҷ ҷ
(J̌ ǰ)
[d͡ʒ]
ج‎		Ш ш
(Š š)
[ʃ]
ش‎
Cyrillic
(Latin)
[IPA]
Persian		Э э
(E e)
[e]
اېـ / ـېـ / ې‎

Sample Text

[edit]

Below is a sample text, the first few passages from translations of a British nursery rhyme,The Old Woman and Her Pig.[19]

Persian Scriptیے کمپیر ږنِکِک خو چید زِدیداوَند ڤَدت یے ځُلِکِک جُکچِن شش پولے یے ڤِرود. یه یے لۈد اِدی:‌ «وُز کو مے ځُلِکِک شش پولے قتے چیز زِهم؟» — «وُز بازار سَهم خو یے خوگبُڅ خَریتُم.» یه تَر بازار سَت خو یے خوگبُڅے خَریت چود.‎
Cyrillic ScriptЙи кампӣр г̌никик хӯ чӣд зидӣдов̌анд вадт йи ҙуликик ҷукчин шаш пӯли йи вирӯд. Йа йи лу̊д иди: «В̌уз кӯ ми ҙуликик шаш пӯли қти чӣз зӗм?» —«В̌уз бозор са̄м хӯ йи хӯгбуц харӣтум.» Йа тар бозор сат хӯ йи хӯгбуци харӣт чӯд.
Latin ScriptYi kampīr ɣ̌inikik xu čīd zidīdowand vad at yi ʒulikik jukčin xoɣ̌ pūli virūd. Yāyi bād lůd idi: «Wuz ku mi ʒulikik xoɣ̌ pūl qati čīz zȇm?» —«Wuz tar bozor sām xu yi xūgbuc xarītum.» Yā tar bozor sat xu yi xūgbuci xarīt čūd.
Persian Translationپیرزنی در حال جارو کردن خانه‌اش بود و یک سکه خورد و کج شده شش پنسی را پیدا کرد. او به خودش گفت که: «با این سکه خورد شش پنسی چه کنم؟»—«من به بازار می روم و یک خوکچه را می خرم.» پیرزن به بازار رفت و یک خوکچه را خرید.
Persian Translation (Tajik)Пиразан хонаашро руфта истода буд, ки сиккаи шикастаи шаш пенсӣро ёфт. Худ ба худ гуфт: «Ин сиккаи шикастаи шаш пенсӣро чӣ кунам?» — «Ба бозор рафта, як хукча мехарам.» Пиразан ба бозор рафта, хукча харид.
Pashto Translationیوه بوډۍ ښځه په خپل کور کې جاړو کوله کله چې هغې د شپږو پیسو ټوټه وموندله. له ځان سره يې وويل: "زه د دې موندلې شوي شپږ پیسو سره څه وکړم؟" - "زه به بازار ته لاړه شم او يو سور به واخلم." بوډۍ بازار ته لاړه او یو خنزیر یې واخیست.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^хуг̌ну̊ни зив, خُږنۈنے زِڤ, xuɣ̌nůni ziv;Tajik:шуғнонӣ,Persian:شغنانی

Literature

[edit]
  • Edelman, D. (Joy) I. and Leila R. Dodykhudoeva (2009). "Shughni." In: Gernot Windfuhr (ed.),The Iranian Languages, 787-824. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Olson, Karen (2017).Shughni Phonology Statement. SIL International.
  • Zarubin, I. I. (1960).Shugnanskie teksty i slovar. Moskva: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR.

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Endangered languages: the full list".The Guardian. 15 April 2011. Retrieved10 September 2025.
  2. ^abKaramšoev, Dodchudo K. (1988–99).Šugnansko-russkij slovar. 3 vols. Moskva: Nauka.ISBN 5-02-016991-9 (Vol. 2),ISBN 5-02-018101-3 /ISBN 5-02-017858-6 (Vol. 3)
  3. ^Cite error: The named referencee18 was invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).
  4. ^Windfuhr, Gernot (13 May 2013).Iranian Languages. Routledge.ISBN 978-1-135-79704-1.
  5. ^Arno, James C. (2007)."Shughni"(PDF) – via people.umass.edu.
  6. ^abСюань-цзан (2012). Α. Β. Александрова (ed.).Записки о Западных странах [эпохи] Великой Тан (Да Тан си юй цзи) [Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang](PDF) (in Russian). Translated by Α. Β. Александрова. Москва: Наука. pp. 325–326, 354.
  7. ^"Язык и письменность".Памир — История, природа и культура великого края (in Russian). Retrieved7 October 2025.
  8. ^Залеман, К. Г. (1895).Шугнанский словарь Д. Л. Иванова [Shughni Dictionary of D. L. Ivanov] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Типография Императорской Академии наук. pp. 269–320.{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)
  9. ^Parker, Clinton (2023).A grammar of the Shughni language (Doctoral dissertation). Montreal, QC, Canada: McGill University, Department of Linguistics. Retrieved5 September 2025.
  10. ^Khair Mohammad "Haidari", (2004)Alphabet of Shughni Language / الفبای زبان شغنی. (Dari) Academy of sciences of Afghanistan, Kabul, Afghanistan.
  11. ^Dr. Nur Ali Dost (2011)Shughni Language Alphabet / الفبای زبان شغنی (Dari). Sohravardi Foundation for Iranian Studies, Montreal, Canada.[1] (Archive)
  12. ^Mazhab Shah Zahoori (19 February 2011).Determining and using the Shughni alphabet by Mazhab Shah Zahoori / تعین واستفاده الفبای شغنی توسط مذهب شاه ظهوری (Dari). Sīmā-yi Shughnān Publications Office.[2] (Archive)
  13. ^Nawruz Ali Sabitī. (2011, 1 March)Some matters surrounding the proposed alphabet of Sughnani language / مطالبی پيرامون الفبای مطروحه زبان شغنانی (Dari). Fayzabad, Afghanistan.[3] (Archive)
  14. ^Nawruz Ali Sabitī. (2012, 1 May)The discussion of the structure of alphabet of Shughnani language should be resumed / گفتگوی ساختار الفبای زبان شغنانی از سر گرفته شود (Dari). Fayzabad, Afghanistan.[4] (Archive)
  15. ^abcdNawruz Ali Sabitī. (2011, 25 April).A reflection on the thoughtful research of Noor Ali Dost, Ph.D., regarding the Shoghnani alphabet / تأملی در قسمت پژوهش مدبرانه محترم دکتورانت نور علی دوست در مورد الفبای شغنانی (Dari). Fayzabad, Afghanistan.[5] (Archive)
  16. ^"آخرۈن سرچښمه یېن - کتابخانه درخت دانش".
  17. ^Nawruz Ali Sabitī. (22 September 2016)A phonemic alphabet scheme for the Pamir languages / طرح الفبای فونیمیکی برای زبان های پامیری (Dari). Fayzabad, Afghanistan.[6] (Archive)
  18. ^Ali Bek Salik (15 July 2020).How to learn Shoghani language outside of Afghanistan? (Dari). Calgary, Canada. Sīmā-yi Shughnān Publications Office.[7] (Archive)
  19. ^Nawruz Ali Sabitī, Sarvar Arkan. (May 2020)The Old Woman and Her Pig / پیره‌زن و خوگچه‌اش (Dari) / کمپیر ږنِکِک ات خوگبُڅَک (Shughni). Calgary, Canada. Fayzabad, Afghanistan.[8] (Archive)

Further reading

[edit]

External links

[edit]
Official language
Significant
minority
Uzbek
Indigenous languages
Pamir
Regional/Minority
languages
Families
Mixed-speech
  • Iranian style
  • Russian-Tajik mixed speech
  • Tajik-Uzbek mixed speech
  • Tajik-Pamiri mixed speech
Signs
Foreign languages
Official languages
Regional languages
Minority languages
Sign languages
Official languages
Other languages
(byadministrative unit)
Azad Kashmir
Balochistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab
Sindh
Related topics
Europe
Asia
Africa
History
Eastern
Pamir
Scythian/Northern
Others
Western
North
South
Others
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shughni_language&oldid=1315544789"
Categories:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp