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Shorea

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genus of trees

Shorea
Temporal range:Early Eocene–present
Shorea roxburghii
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Tracheophytes
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Rosids
Order:Malvales
Family:Dipterocarpaceae
Tribe:Shoreae
Genus:Shorea
Roxb. exC.F.Gaertn. (1805)
Synonyms[1]
  • CaryolobisGaertn. (1788)
  • IsopteraScheff. ex Burck (1887)
  • PachychlamysDyer ex Ridley (1922)
  • ParahopeaF.Heim (1892)
Fruit of aShorea species

Shorea is agenus of about 47species of mainlyrainforest trees in the familyDipterocarpaceae. Thetimber of trees of the genus is sold under the common nameslauan,luan,lawaan,meranti,seraya,balau,bangkirai, andPhilippine mahogany.[2]

Description

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The tallest documented tropicalangiosperm is a 100.8 m (331 ft)Shorea faguetiana found in theDanum Valley Conservation Area, inSabah,Malaysia (Borneo). In Sabah'sTawau Hills National Park, at least five other species of the genus have been measured to be over 80 m (260 ft) tall:S. argentifolia,S. gibbosa,S. johorensis,S. smithiana, andS. superba.[3] Borneo is also the hotspot ofShorea diversity with 138 species, of which 91 areendemic to the island.[4]

Reproduction

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The majority ofShorea spp. are general flowering species, which is an event occurring at irregular intervals of 3–10 years, in which nearly all dipterocarp species together with species of other families bloom heavily.[5] General flowering is thought to have evolved to satiate seed predators[6] and/or to facilitate pollination.[5] Both explanations apparently hold merit.[7] Flowering is thought to be triggered by droughts that occur during transition periods fromLa Niña toEl Niño.[8] The magnitude of a flowering event is suggested to be dependent on the timing of the droughts associated with the El Niño southern oscillation cycle, with the largest events occurring after an interval of several years with no flowering.[8]

Shorea spp. areinsect pollinated. A variety of insects have been identified as pollinators, with species within the sections ofShorea sharing the same insect pollinators. Flowering within a section is sequential within one habitat and species association to prevent competition for pollinators.[9]

Seed predation and mortality have an impact on the reproduction process of dipterocarps such asShorea. In Singapore,crab-eating macaque andmoth larvae are known seed predators.[10]

Taxonomy

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Shorea fossils (linked with the modernsal,S. robusta, which is still a dominant tree species in Indian forests) are known from as early as theEocene ofGujarat,India. They are identifiable by theamber fossils formed by theirdammar resin.[11] Other fossils include aMiocene-aged fossilized fruit from the same region; this fruit most closely resembles the extantS. macroptera of theMalay Peninsula.[12]

Sections and selected species

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Main article:List ofShorea species
Anthoshorea
Brachypterae
Doona
Mutica
Neohopea
Ovalis
Pachycarpae
Pentacme
Richetioides
Rubella
Shorea
Not placed

Etymology

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The genus is named after SirJohn Shore, the governor-general of theBritish East India Company, 1793–1798.

Distribution and habitat

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Shorea spp. are native toSoutheast Asia, from northernIndia toMalaysia,Indonesia, and thePhilippines. In westMalesia and the Philippines, this genus dominates the skyline of thetropicalforests.

Conservation

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See also:List ofShorea species

Of the 148 species ofShorea currently listed on theIUCN Redlist, most are listed as beingcritically endangered.[13] Some concerns exist regarding the IUCN's listing of dipterocarps, as the criteria used to assess the level of threat are based mainly on animal population characteristics. This is thought to overstate thethreat assessment, when applied to long-lived, habitat-specific organisms such as trees.[4]

Conservation status ofShorea spp.
IUCN red list categoryNumber of species
Extinct1
Critically endangered102
Endangered34
Vulnerable3
Least concern6
Data deficient2
Not evaluated~48

Uses

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Many economically importanttimber trees belong toShorea. They are sold undervarious trade names including "lauan", "lawaan", "meranti", "seraya", "balau", "bangkirai", and "Philippine mahogany". The "Philippine mahogany" sold in North America is not a truemahogany at all, but a mixture of woods from the genusShorea.

Other products fromShorea spp. include dammar andillipe. Dammar is a resin collected from a variety of species. It varies in colour among the different taxonomic groups.Shorea wiesneri is listed in many websites as an important source of dammar;[14] however, this appears to be either a trade name or asynonym.[15][16]

Borneo tallow nut oil is extracted from the egg-shaped, winged fruit ofShorea species.[17]

References

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  1. ^"Shorea Roxb. ex C.F.Gaertn".Plants of the World Online.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved18 September 2024.
  2. ^Lauan - The Wood Database
  3. ^"Borneo".Eastern Native Tree Society. Retrieved2008-06-21.
  4. ^abAshton, P. S. "Dipterocarpaceae". InTree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E.; Saw, L. G. and Chung, R. C. K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.ISBN 983-2181-59-3
  5. ^abSakai, Shoko; K Momose; T Yumoto; T Nagamitsu; H Nagamasu; A A Hamid; T Nakashizuka (1999). "Plant reproductive phenology over four years including an episode of general flowering in a lowland dipterocarp forest, Sarawak, Malaysia".American Journal of Botany.86 (10):1414–36.doi:10.2307/2656924.JSTOR 2656924.PMID 10523283.
  6. ^Curran, Lisa M.; M. Leighton (2000). "Vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae".Ecological Monographs.70 (1):101–128.doi:10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0101:VRTSVI]2.0.CO;2.hdl:2027.42/116363.
  7. ^Maycock, Colin R.; R. N. Thewlis; J. Ghazoul; R. Nilus; David F. R. P. Burslem (2005). "Reproduction of dipterocarps during low intensity masting events in a Bornean rain forest".Journal of Vegetation Science.16 (6):635–46.doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0635:RODDLI]2.0.CO;2.
  8. ^abSakai, Shoko; Rhett D. Harrison; Kuniyasu Momose; Koichiro Kuraji; Hidetoshi Nagamasu; Tetsuzo Yasunari; Lucy Chong; Tohru Nakashizuka (2006). "Irregular droughts trigger mass flowering in aseasonal tropical forests in Asia".American Journal of Botany.93 (8):1134–39.doi:10.3732/ajb.93.8.1134.PMID 21642179.
  9. ^LaFrankie, James V. Jr.; H. T. Chan (June 1991). "Confirmation of Sequential Flowering inShorea (Dipterocarpaceae)".Biotropica.23 (2):200–203.Bibcode:1991Biotr..23..200L.doi:10.2307/2388308.JSTOR 2388308.
  10. ^Chong, Kwek Yan; Chong, Rie; Tan, Lorraine W.A.; Yee, Alex T.K.; Chua, Marcus A.H.; Wong, Khoon Meng; Tan, Hugh T.W. (1 November 2016). "Seed production and survival of four dipterocarp species in degraded forests in Singapore".Plant Ecology & Diversity.9 (5–6):483–490.Bibcode:2016PlEcD...9..483C.doi:10.1080/17550874.2016.1266404.S2CID 89849984.
  11. ^Sahni, A.; Patnaik, R. (2022-06-01)."An Eocene Greenhouse Forested India: Were Biotic Radiations Triggered by Early Palaeogene Thermal Events?".Journal of the Geological Society of India.98 (6):753–759.Bibcode:2022JGSI...98..753S.doi:10.1007/s12594-022-2064-4.ISSN 0974-6889.S2CID 249536528.
  12. ^SHUKLA, ANUMEHA; GULERIA, J. S.; MEHROTRA, R. C. (2012-02-01)."A fruit wing of Shorea Roxb. from the Early Miocene sediments of Kachchh, Gujarat and its bearing on palaeoclimatic interpretation".Journal of Earth System Science.121 (1):195–201.Bibcode:2012JESS..121..195S.doi:10.1007/s12040-012-0142-5.ISSN 0973-774X.
  13. ^"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Shorea search results". IUCN. 2012. Retrieved3 January 2013.
  14. ^"Dammar".Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved2007-11-14.
  15. ^"Dipterocarpaceae Data Base—Taxonomic Information". Royal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh. Archived fromthe original on 2007-05-20. Retrieved2007-11-14.
  16. ^"Electronic Plant Information Centre". Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Retrieved2007-11-14.
  17. ^"Minor oil crops - Individual monographs (Balanites-Borneo tallow nut-Brazil nut-Caryocar spp)".www.fao.org. FAO. Retrieved15 April 2017.

External links

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  • Data related toShorea at Wikispecies
  • Media related toShorea at Wikimedia Commons
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Shorea
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