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Shina language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in the northern Pakistan and Ladakh
Not to be confused withKohistani Shina.
Shina
Gilgiti
ݜݨیاٗ
Ṣiṇyaá
'Shina' (Ṣiṇyaá) written in theArabic script (Nastaliq)
Pronunciation[ʂiɳjá]
Native toPakistan,India
RegionGilgit-Baltistan,Kohistan,Drass,Gurez
EthnicityShina
Native speakers
1.1 million (2018)[1]
Early forms
Arabic script (Nastaʿlīq)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
scl – Standard Shina
plk – Kohistani Shina
Glottologshin1264  Shina
kohi1248  Kohistani Shina
Distribution of Shina language in Dark Orange
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Shina (ݜݨیاٗ,Ṣiṇyaá,[ʂiɳjá]), also known by itsexonymGilgiti,[a] is anIndo-Aryan language of theDardic branch in theIndo-European language family, primarily spoken by theShina people,[3][4] native tonorthern Pakistan, specificallyGilgit-Baltistan andKohistan.[3][5] A small community of Shina speakers is also found inIndia, in theGurez valley ofJammu and Kashmir and inDras valley ofLadakh.[3]Outliers of Shina language such asBrokskat are found inLadakh,Kundal Shahi inAzad Kashmir,Palula andSawi inChitral,Ushojo in theSwat Valley andKalkoti inDir.[3]

It is one of the majorregional languages of Pakistan, being the most-widely spoken one in Gilgit-Baltistan. It is also spoken outside of Gilgit-Baltistan and Kohistan by Shina communities in major metropolitan areas around the country, particularlyIslamabad–Rawalpindi,Karachi,Lahore, andPeshawar.

Until recently, there was no writing system for the language. A number of schemes have been proposed, but presently, there is no single writing system used by speakers of Shina.[6] Shina is mostly a spoken language and not a written language.

Due to the effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media likeUrdu, Punjabi, andEnglish, in addition to the religious significance ofArabic andPersian, Shina is continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.[7] This process is also ongoing with that of many otherlanguages in Pakistan. It has close relationships with other Indo-Aryan languages, especiallyHindko,Punjabi,Sindhi,Saraiki, and the dialects ofWestern Pahari.[8]

Distribution

[edit]

In Pakistan

[edit]

There are an estimated 1,146,000 speakers of both Shina andKohistani Shina inPakistan according toEthnologue (2018), a majority of whom reside in the provinces ofKhyber-Pakhtunkwa andGilgit-Baltistan. A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in theNeelam valley ofAzad Jammu and Kashmir.[9][10]

In India

[edit]

A small community of Shina speakers is also settled inIndia in the far north of theKargil district borderingGilgit-Baltistan. Their population is estimated to be around 32,200 according to the2011 census.[9]

Phonology

[edit]

The following is a description of the phonology of the Drasi, Shina variety spoken in India and the Kohistani variety in Pakistan.

Vowels

[edit]

The Shina principal vowel sounds:[11]

FrontMidBack
unrd.rnd.
Highiu
High-mideo
Low-midɛəʌɔ
Low(æ)a

All vowels except /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with the contrast are found.[11] /æ/ is heard from loanwords.[12]

Diphthongs

[edit]

In Shina there are the following diphthongs:[13]

  • falling: ae̯, ao̯, eə̯, ɛi̯, ɛːi̯, ue̯, ui̯, oi̯, oə̯;
  • falling nasalized: ãi̯, ẽi̯, ũi̯, ĩũ̯, ʌĩ̯;
  • raising: u̯i, u̯e, a̯a, u̯u.

Consonants

[edit]

In India, the dialects of the Shina language have preserved both initial and finalOIAconsonant clusters, while the Shina dialects spoken in Pakistan have not.[14]

LabialCoronalRetroflexPost-alv./
Palatal		VelarUvularGlottal
StopVoicelessptʈkq[b]
Aspiratedpʰtʰʈʰkʰ
Voicedbdɖɡ
Breathy[b]bʱdʱɖʱɡʱ
AffricateVoicelesst͡sʈ͡ʂt͡ʃ
Aspiratedt͡sʰʈ͡ʂʰt͡ʃʰ
Voicedd͡z[c]d͡ʒ[c]
Breathyd͡ʒʱ[b]
FricativeVoiceless(f)sʂʃx[c]h
Voicedzʐʒ[c]ɣ[c]ɦ[c]
Nasalm (mʱ)[b]nɳŋ
Laterall (lʱ)[b]
Rhoticrɽ[d]
Semivowelʋ~wj
  1. ^In linguistics, applied only to the dialect of Shina spoken in and aroundGilgit
  2. ^abcdeOccurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)
  3. ^abcdefAccording to Rajapurohit (2012, p. 33–34)
  4. ^Degener (2008, p. 14) lists it as a phoneme

Tone

[edit]
icon
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Shina words are often distinguished by three contrasting tones: level, rising, and falling tones. Here is an example that shows the three tones:

"The" (تھےࣿ) has a level tone and means the imperative "Do!"

When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling.Thée (تھےٰ) means "Will you do?"

When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising.Theé (تھےٗ) means "after having done".

Orthography

[edit]
Shina alphabet
ابپتٹثجچحخڅځڇدڈذرڑزژڙسشݜصضطظعغڠفقکگلمنݨںوہ (ھ)ءیے
ExtendedPerso-Arabic script

Shina is one of the few Dardic languages with a written tradition.[15] However, it was an unwritten language until a few decades ago.[16] Only in the late 2010s has Shina orthography been standardized and primers as well as dictionaries endorsed by the territorial government ofGilgit-Baltistan have been published.[17][18]

Since the first attempts at accurately representing Shina's phonology in the 1960s, there have been several proposed orthographies for the different varieties of the language. Debates have centered on how to write several retroflex sounds not present inUrdu, and whether vowel length and tone should be represented.[19]

There are two main orthographic conventions now, one in Pakistani-controlled areas ofGilgit-Baltistan and inKohistan, and the other in Indian-controlled area ofDras,Ladakh.

Below, the alphabet has been standardized, documented, and popularized thanks to the efforts of literaturists such as Professor Muhammad Amin Ziya, Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel, and Razwal Kohistani. The alphabet established by these individuals has been developed for all Shina language dialects, including the Gilgit dialect and theKohistani dialect.[17][18][20] There are minor differences, such as the existence of the letterڦ inKohistani dialect of Shina. Furthermore, variations and personal preferences can be observed across Shina documents. For example, it is common to see someone useسً instead ofݜ for[ʂ], or usesukun◌ْ (U+0652) instead ofsmall sideway noon◌ࣿ (U+08FF) to indicate short vowels. However, these variations are no longer an issue. Another issue is that of how to write loanwords that use letters not found in Shina language, for example letters "س / ث / ص", which all sound like [s] in Shina. Some documents preserve the original spelling, despite the letters being homophones and not having any independent sound of their own, similar to orthographic conventions ofPersian andUrdu. Whereas other documents prefer to rewrite all loanwords in a single Shina letter, and thus simplify the writing, similar to orthographic conventions ofKurdish andUyghur.

Shina vowels are distinguished by length, by whether or not they're nasalized, and by tone. Nasalization is represented like other Perso-Arabic alphabets in Pakistan, withNun Ghunna (ن٘ـ / ـن٘ـ / ں). In Shina, tone variation only occur when there is a long vowel. There are conventions unique to Shina to show the three tones. In Shina conventions, specific diacritics are shown in conjunction with the lettersalif,waw,buṛi ye, andye (ا، و، یـ، ی، ے), as these letters are written down to represent long vowels. The diacriticsinverted damma◌ٗ (U+0657) andsuperscript alef◌ٰ (U+0670) represent a rising tone and a falling tone respectively. Another diacritic, asmall sideway noon◌ࣿ (U+08FF) is used to represent short vowels when need be.[21]

Consonants

[edit]

Below table shows Shina consonants.[17][18]

NameFormsIPATransliteration[22]UnicodeNotes
ShinaIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
الف
alif		اـاا / آ[ʌ],[∅],silent– / aaU+0622
U+0627		At the beginning of a word it can either come with diacritic, or it can come in form ofalif-madda (آ), or it can be stand-alone and silent, succeeded by a vowel letter. Diacriticsاَ اِ، اُ can be omitted in writing.
بےࣿ
be		بـبـبـبـ[b]bU+0628
پےࣿ
pe		پـپـپـپـ[p]pU+067E
تےࣿ
te		تـتـتـتـ[t̪]tU+062A
ٹےࣿ
te		ٹـٹـٹـٹـ[ʈ]ṭU+0679
ثےࣿ
se		ثـثـثـثـ[s]sU+062BOnly used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with lettersiinس.[17]
جوࣿم
ǰom		جـجـجـجـ[d͡ʒ]ǰU+062C
چےࣿ
če		چـچـچـچـ[t͡ʃ]čU+0686
څےࣿ
tse		څـڅـڅـڅـ[t͡s]tsU+0685Letter borrowed fromPashto alphabet.
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letterژ is used.[23]
ڇےࣿ
c̣e		ڇـڇـڇـڇـ[ʈ͡ʂ]c̣U+0687Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, useحٍـ instead ofڇـ.
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letterچْ is used.[23]
حےࣿ
he		حـحـحـحـ[h]hU+062DOnly used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letterhayہ.[17]
خےࣿ
khe		خـخـخـخـ[x]~[kʰ]khU+062DOnly used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with digraph letterkheکھ.[17]
دال
daal		دـد-[d̪]dU+062F
ڈال
ḍaal		ڈـڈ[ɖ]ḍU+0688
ذال
zaal		ذـذ-[z]zU+0688Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letterzeز.[17]
رےࣿ
re		رـر-[r]rU+0631
ڑےࣿ
ṛe		ڑـڑ[ɽ]ṛU+0691
زےࣿ
ze		زـز[z]zU+0632
ژےࣿ
že / ǰe		ژـژ-[ʒ]‍~[d͡ʒ]‍ž / ǰU+0632Only used in loanwords of Persian and European origin. Can be replaced with letterjomج.[17]
ڙےࣿ
ẓe		ڙـڙ-[ʐ]ẓU+0699Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, useرً instead ofڙ.
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letterجْ is used.[23]
سِین
siin		سـسـسـسـ[s]sU+0633
شِین
šiin		شـشـشـشـ[ʃ]šU+0634
ݜِین
ṣiin		ݜـݜـݜـݜـ[ʂ]ṣU+0687Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, useسً instead ofݜ.
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letterشْ is used.[23]
صواد
swaad		صـصـصـصـ[s]sU+0635Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with lettersiinس.[17]
ضواد
zwaad		ضـضـضـضـ[z]zU+0636Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letterzeز.[17]
طوے
tooy		طـطـطـطـ[t̪]tU+0637Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letterteت.[17]
ظوے
zooy		ظـظـظـظـ[z]zU+0638Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letterzeز.[17]
عَین
ayn		عـعـعـعـ[ʔ],silent-U+0639Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letteralifا.[17]
غَین
gayn		غـغـغـغـ[ɣ]~[ɡ]gU+0639Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with lettergaafگ.[17]
فےࣿ
fe / phe		فـفـفـفـ[f]~[pʰ]f / phU+0641Only used in loanwords. Can be replaced with digraph letterpheپھ.[17]
قاف
qaaf / kaaf		قـقـقـقـ[q]~[k]q / kU+0642Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letterkaafک.[17]
کاف
kaaf		کـکـکـکـ[k]kU+0643
گاف
gaaf		گـگـگـگـ[ɡ]gU+06AF
لام
laam		لـلـلـلـ[l]lU+0644
مِیم
miim		مـمـمـمـ[m]mU+0645
نُون
nuun		نـنـنـنـ[n]nU+0646
نُوݨ
nuuṇ		ݨـݨـݨـݨـ[ɳ]ṇU+0768In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letterنْ is used.[23]
نُوں / نُون گُنَہ
nū̃ / nūn gunna		ں /ن٘ـںـن٘ـن٘ـ/◌̃/◌̃For middle of word:
U+0646
plus
U+0658
For end of word:
U+06BA
نُون٘گ
nuung		ن٘گـن٘گـن٘گـن٘گـ/ŋ/ngU+0646
plus
U+0658
and
U+06AF		Adigraph, counted as a letter.[17]
واؤ
waaw		و / اوـو-[oː] /[w]w / ōU+0648The letterwaaw can either represent consonant ([w/v]) or vowel ([oo]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letterwaaw will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letterwaaw needs to be preceded by analifا. When the letterwaaw comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [w], ahamza is usedؤ to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.[21]
ہَے
hai		ہـہـہـہـ[h]hU+0646This letter differs fromdo-ac̣hi'ii hay (ھ) and they are not interchangeable. Similar to Urdu,do-chashmi hē (ھ) is exclusively used as a second part ofdigraphs for representingaspirated consonants. In initial and medial position, the letterhē always represents the consonant [h]. In final position, The letterhē can either represent consonant ([h]) or it can demonstrate that the word ends with short vowelsa◌َہ / ـَہ,i◌ِہ / ـِہ,u◌ُہ / ـُہ.[21]
ہَمزَہ
hamza		ء-[ʔ],silent’U+0621Used mid-word to indicate separation between a syllable and another that starts with a vowel.hamza on top of letterswaaw andye at end of a word serves a function too. When the letterwaaw orye come at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [w] or [y], ahamza is usedؤ / ئ / ـئ to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.[17][21]
یےࣿ / لیکھی یےࣿ
ye / leekhii ye		یـیـیـیـ[j] /[e] /[i]y / e / iU+06CCThe letterye can either represent consonant ([j]) or vowels ([e]/[i]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letterye will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letterye needs to be preceded by analifا. When the letterye comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [j], ahamza is usedئ to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel. When representing a vowel at the end of a word, it can only be [i]. For vowel [e], the letterbuṛi yeے is used.[21]
بُڑیࣿ یےࣿ
buṛi ye		ےـے-[e] /[j]e / yU+06D2The letterbuṛi ye only occurs in final position. The letterbuṛi ye represents the vowel "ē" [eː] or the consonant "y" [j].
بھےࣿ
bhe		بھـبھـبھـبھـ[bʱ]bhU+0628
and
U+06BE		Digraphs counted as letters.[17]
پھےࣿ
phe		پھـپھـپھـپھـ[pʰ]phU+067E
and
U+06BE
تھےࣿ
the		تھـتھـتھـتھـ[t̪ʰ]thU+062A
and
U+06BE
ٹھےࣿ
ṭhe		ٹھـٹھـٹھـٹھـ[ʈʰ]ṭhU+0679
and
U+06BE
جھوࣿم
ǰhom		جھـجھـجھـجھـ[d͡ʒʱ]ǰhU+062C
and
U+06BE
چھےࣿ
čhe		چھـچھـچھـچھـ[t͡ʃʰ]čhU+0686
and
U+06BE
څھےࣿ
tshe		څھـڅھـڅھـڅھـ[t͡sʰ]tshU+0685
and
U+06BE		Adigraph, counted as a letter.[17]
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letterژھ is used.[23]
ڇھےࣿ
c̣he		ڇھـڇھـڇھـڇھـ[ʈ͡ʂʰ]c̣hU+0687
and
U+06BE		Adigraph, counted as a letter.[17]
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letterچْھ is used.[23]
کھےࣿ
khe		کھـکھـکھـکھـ[kʰ]khU+0643
and
U+06BE		Digraphs counted as letters.[17]
گھےࣿ
ghe		گھـگھـگھـگھـ[ɡʱ]ghU+06AF
and
U+06BE

Vowels

[edit]

There are five vowels in Shina language. Each of the five vowels in Shina have a short version and a long version. Shina is also atonal language. Short vowels in Shina have a short high level tone˥. Long vowels can either have "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone˧, a long rising tone[˨˦], or a long falling tone (/˥˩/.

All five vowels have a defined way of presentation in Shina orthographic conventions, including letters anddiacritics. Although diacritics can and are occasionally dropped in writing. Short vowels [a], [i], and [u] are solely written with diacritics. Short vowels [e] and [o] are written with letterswaw andbuṛi ye. A unique diacritic, asmall sideway noon◌ࣿ (U+08FF) is used on top of these letters to indicate a short vowel.[21] Long vowels are written with a combination of diacritics and lettersalif,waaw orye.

Below table shows short vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word.[21][22]

Vowel at the beginning of the word
aeiou
اَ‎ایࣿـ / اےࣿ‎اِ‎اوࣿ‎اُ‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
ـَ‎یࣿـ / ـیࣿـ‎ـِ‎وࣿ / ـوࣿ‎ـُ‎
Vowel at the end of the word
◌َہ / ـَہ‎ےࣿ / ـےࣿ‎◌ِہ / ـِہ‎وࣿ / ـوࣿ‎◌ُہ / ـُہ‎

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone˧.[21][22]

Vowel at the beginning of the word
aaeeiioouu
آ‎ایـ / اے‎اِیـ / اِی‎او‎اُو‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
ا / ـا‎یـ / ـیـ‎◌ِیـ / ـِیـ‎و / ـو‎◌ُو / ـُو‎
Vowel at the end of the word
ا / ـا‎ے / ـے‎◌ِی / ـِی‎و / ـو‎◌ُو / ـُو‎

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long rising tone[˨˦].[21][22]

Vowel at the beginning of the word
aáeéiíoóuú
آٗ‎ایٗـ / اےٗ‎اِیٗـ / اِیٗ‎اوٗ‎اُوٗ‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
اٗ / ـاٗ‎یٗـ / ـیٗـ‎◌ِیٗـ / ـِیٗـ‎وٗ / ـوٗ‎◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ‎
Vowel at the end of the word
اٗ / ـاٗ‎ےٗ / ـےٗ‎◌ِیٗ / ـِی‎وٗ / ـوٗ‎◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ‎

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long falling tone (/˥˩/.[21][22]

Vowel at the beginning of the word
áaéeíióoúu
آٰ‎ایٰـ / اےٰ‎اِیٰـ / اِیٰ‎اوٰ‎اُوٰ‎
Vowel at the middle of the word
اٰ / ـاٰ‎یٰـ / ـیٰـ‎◌ِیٰـ / ـِیٰـ‎وٰ / ـوٰ‎◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ‎
Vowel at the end of the word
اٰ / ـاٰ‎ےٰ / ـےٰ‎◌ِیٰ / ـِیٰ‎وٰ / ـوٰ‎◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ‎

Text sample

[edit]

Below is a short passage of sample phrases.[24]

Shina Arabic alphabet (orthography ofGilgit-Baltistan andKohistan)اَساٰ ایࣿک سَنِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. اَساٰ دَہِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. گوٰݜ جیٰجِہ دَہِیٰلوࣿ لیٰل بِیٰنوࣿ. گوٰݜ وَزِیٗ نَہ دِتوباٰلو.‎
Latin TransliterationAsáa ek saníilo góoṣ pašées. Asáa dahíilo góoṣ pašées. Góoṣ jéeji dahíilo léel bíino. Góoṣ wazií na ditobáalo.
TranslationWe saw a completely constructed house. We saw the house burnt down. The house appears burnt by someone. The house could not collapse completely.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Shina".Ethnologue. Archived fromthe original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved25 June 2019.
  2. ^"Ethnologue report for Shina".Ethnologue.
  3. ^abcdSaxena, Anju; Borin, Lars (2008-08-22).Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 137.ISBN 978-3-11-019778-5.Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group, spoken in the Karakorams and the western Himalayas: Gilgit, Hunza, the Astor Valley, the Tangir-Darel valleys, Chilas and Indus Kohistan, as well as in the upper Neelam Valley and Dras. Outliers of Shina are found in Ladakh (Brokskat), Chitral (Palula and Sawi), Swat (Ushojo; Bashir 2003: 878) and Dir (Kalkoti).
  4. ^Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26).The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 1018.ISBN 978-1-135-79710-2.
  5. ^"Shina".Ethnologue. Archived fromthe original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved25 June 2019.
  6. ^Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008).Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 144.ISBN 9781139465502.
  7. ^Shams, Shammim Ara (2020)."The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina".Pakistan Social Sciences Review.4 (III):1092–1106.doi:10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79.
  8. ^M. Oranskij, “Indo-Iranica IV. Tadjik (Régional) Buruǰ ‘Bouleau,’” in Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Émile Benveniste, Paris, 1975, pp. 435–40.
  9. ^ab"Shina".Ethnologue. Retrieved2022-05-22.
  10. ^"Shina, Kohistani".Ethnologue. Retrieved2022-05-22.
  11. ^abRajapurohit 2012, p. 28–31.
  12. ^Schmidt & Kohistani 2008, p. 16.
  13. ^Rajapurohit 2012, p. 32–33.
  14. ^Itagi, N. H. (1994).Spatial aspects of language.Central Institute of Indian Languages. p. 73.ISBN 9788173420092. Retrieved14 August 2017.The Shina dialects of India have retained both initial and final OIA consonant clusters. The Shina dialects of Pakistan have lost this distinction.
  15. ^Bashir 2003, p. 823. "Of the languages discussed here, Shina (Pakistan) and Khowar have developed a written tradition and a significant body of written material exists."
  16. ^Schmidt 2003–2004, p. 61.
  17. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvZiya, Muhammad Amin, Prof. (2010, October). Gilti Shina Urdu Dictionary / ݜِناٗ - اُردو لغت. Publisher: Zia Publications, Gilgit. ضیاء پبلیکبشنز، گلیٗتISBN 978-969-942-00-8https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up
  18. ^abcRazwal Kohistani. (Latest Edition: 2020)(First published: 1996) Kohistani Shina Primer, ݜݨیاٗ کستِین٘و قاعده. Publisher: Indus Kohistan Publications.https://archive.org/details/complete-shina-kohistani-qaida-by-razwal-kohistani_202009/page/n1/mode/1up
  19. ^Bashir 2016, p. 806.
  20. ^Pamir Times (September 5, 2008), "Shina language gets a major boost with Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel's efforts"https://pamirtimes.net/2008/09/05/shina-language-gets-a-major-boost-with-shakeel-ahmad-shakeels-efforts/
  21. ^abcdefghijShakeel Ahmad Shakeel. (2008).Sheena language An overview of the teaching and learning system / شینا زبان نظام پڑھائی لکھائی کا جائزہ.https://z-lib.io/book/14214726Archived 2024-03-11 at theWayback Machine
  22. ^abcdeRadloff, Carla F. with Shakil Ahmad Shakil.1998. Folktales in the Shina of Gilgit. Islamabad: The National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics.[1]
  23. ^abcdefgSamoon, M. (2016). Shina Language Proverbs (Urdu: شینا محاورے اور مثالیں)(Shina: شْنْا مَحاوَرآے گےٚ مِثالےٚ). Rabita Publications.[2]
  24. ^Schmidt, R. L., & Kohistani, R. (2008).A grammar of the Shina language of Indus kohistan. Harrassowitz.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Bashir, Elena L. (2003). "Dardic". In George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.).The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 818–94.ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.
  • Bashir, Elena L. (2016). "Perso-Arabic adaptions for South Asian languages". InHock, Hans Henrich;Bashir, Elena (eds.).The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide. World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 803–9.ISBN 978-3-11-042715-8.
  • Rajapurohit, B. B. (1975). "The problems involved in the preparation of language teaching material in a spoken language with special reference to Shina".Teaching of Indian languages: seminar papers. University publication / Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. V. I. Subramoniam, Nunnagoppula Sivarama Murty (eds.). Trivandrum: Dept. of Linguistics, University of Kerala.
  • Rajapurohit, B. B. (1983).Shina phonetic reader. CIIL Phonetic Reader Series. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
  • Rajapurohit, B. B. (2012).Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary : (Based on the dialect spoken around Dras)(PDF).
  • Schmidt, Ruth Laila (2003–2004)."The oral history of the Daṛmá lineage of Indus Kohistan"(PDF).European Bulletin of Himalayan Research (25/26):61–79.ISSN 0943-8254.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Schmidt, Ruth Laila; Kohistani, Razwal (2008).A grammar of the Shina language of Indus Kohistan. Beiträge zur Kenntnis südasiatischer Sprachen und Literaturen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.ISBN 978-3-447-05676-2.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Buddruss, Georg (1983). "Neue Schriftsprachen im Norden Pakistans. Einige Beobachtungen". In Assmann, Aleida; Assmann, Jan; Hardmeier, Christof (eds.).Schrift und Gedächtnis: Beiträge zur Archäologie der literarischen Kommunikation. W. Fink. pp. 231–44.ISBN 978-3-7705-2132-6. A history of the development of writing in Shina
  • Degener, Almuth; Zia, Mohammad Amin (2008).Shina-Texte aus Gilgit (Nord-Pakistan): Sprichwörter und Materialien zum Volksglauben, gesammelt von Mohammad Amin Zia. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.ISBN 978-3-447-05648-9. Contains a Shina grammar, German-Shina and Shina-German dictionaries, and over 700 Shina proverbs and short texts.
  • Radloff, Carla F. (1992). Backstrom, Peter C.; Radloff, Carla F. (eds.).Languages of northern areas. Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan. Vol. 2. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University.
  • Rasool, Ishtayaq (2025-03-28)."The Battle to Save a Dying Language".The Wire.
  • Rensch, Calvin R.; Decker, Sandra J.; Hallberg, Daniel G. (1992).Languages of Kohistan. Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i- Azam University.
  • Zia, Mohammad Amin (1986).Ṣinā qāida aur grāimar (in Urdu). Gilgit: Zia Publishers.
  • Zia, Mohammad Amin.Shina Lughat (Shina Dictionary). Contains 15000 words plus material on the phonetics of Shina.

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