| Shimenawa | |
|---|---|
| しめ縄 | |
.jpg) | |
| Material | Hemp fiber/Straw |
| Present location | Japan |
| Culture | Shinto |
Shimenawa (標縄/注連縄/七五三縄, lit. 'enclosing rope') are lengths of laidricestraw orhemp[1]rope used forritual purification in theShinto religion.
Shimenawa vary in diameter from a few centimetres to several metres, and are often seen festooned withshide—traditional paper streamers. A space bound byshimenawa typically indicates asacred or ritually pure space, such as that of aShinto shrine.[2]Shimenawa are believed to act as a ward againstevil spirits, and are often set up at aground-breaking ceremony before construction begins on a new building. They are often found at Shinto shrines,torii gates, and sacred landmarks.
Shimenawa are also placed onyorishiro, objects considered to attract spirits or be inhabited by them. These notably include being placed on certain trees, the spirits considered to inhabit them being known askodama. Cutting down these trees is thought to bring misfortune. In the case of stones considered to be inhabited by spirits, the stones are known asiwakura (磐座/岩座).[3]
A variation of theshimenawa are worn insumo wrestling byyokozuna (grand champions), during the entrance ceremony to debut as grand champion rank. In this instance,shimenawa used byyokozuna are seen as being livingyorishiro (a vessel capable of housing a spirit, known asshintai when inhabited by a spirit), and are therefore visually distinguished as "sacred".
Shimenawa originate in Shinto mythology as a hallowed sacrifice related to the Japanese gods calledkami, and are used in various Shinto ceremonies. Aboriginal people in Japan have respected and reveredshimenawa since ancient times.[citation needed]
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The prototype ofshimenawa in Shinto is a rope of Amaterasu, Japan's "Heaven-shining greatkami".[4] According to "A popular dictionary of Shinto", Amaterasu hid in a cave calledAmano-Iwato after an argument with her brotherSusanoo.[4] Therefore, the entire universe lost its luster.[5] Other deities tried numerous ways to attract Amaterasu out of the cave.[5] At the moment that Amaterasu left the cave, thekamiFuto-tama used a magical rope that drew a line of demarcation between her and the cave, to avoid her returning to the cave.[4] The rope became known as ashimenawa. Because of theshimenawa, the universe returned to its previous state.[5]
Shimenawa and nature have been a hallmark of Shinto shrines since in early times. The shrine in Shinto is a place forkami.[6] Local people held rituals in shrines. Early shrines were not composed of classical buildings,[6] with rocks, plants and shimenawa instead marking their boundaries,[6] as part of the Shinto respect for nature. InShinto, all the sacred objects and nature were personified.[6] Even a sword from a deceased Japanese warrior could be seen as the god because of its internal spirit and sense of awe.[7] In modern-day society, there are still some sites that useshimenawa to demarcate boundaries, such as theNachi Falls inKumano.[6] A rock inIse Bay is still connected byshimenawa as well.[6]
Shimenawa usually appear in a shape similar to a twisted narrow rope with various decorations on it.[4] Zig-zag paper and colorful streamers calledshide commonly decorateshimenawa.[4] The size ofshimenawa differs from simple to complicated. In shrines, they are usually tapered and thick with a diameter of 6 ft (1.8 m).[4]
Shimenawa are decorated differently depending on the intended blessing and meaning.
The biggestshimenawa in Japan is located atIzumo Taisha Grand Shrine,[8] which occupies over 27,000 m2 (290,000 sq ft) of land in Japan. Theshimenawa is 13.5 m (44 ft) in length and 8 m (26 ft) in width and was made by more than 800 indigenous people in Japan.[8]
Shimenawa are used in Japan's Mountain Opening Ceremony, which is held every May 1.[5] There are over 100 Shinto believers who participate in this ceremony.[5] It is a 2-hour journey that they climb from Akakura Mountain Shrine to Fudō Waterfall.[5] The overall purpose is to carry theshimenawa and fix it between two towering trees.[5] When the ceremony is finished, people get together and celebrate.[5]
In Japan's New Year celebration, ornaments such asshimenawa decorate every household. During this time period, local residents usually hang it on the door in order to drive away evils.
Shimenawa are used inHadaka Matsuri, Japan's Naked Festival.[4] This festival has been held during the New Year period for more than 500 years.[4] The festival's participants, who are all young men, wear nothing but afundoshi in cold weather in order to show their strength and manliness.[4] It also includes various activities such as 'jostling, climbing fighting with a wooden ball' as well as being sprayed with water.[4] Sometimes these festivals are held in Shinto shrines.[4] The participants putshimenawa on the roof to wish them good luck for the upcoming year.[4]Shimenawa are presented to thekami as a sacrifice in the shrine on New Year's day.[4]
Sumo, Japan's traditional national sport,[4] still involves some elements of Shinto.[4] Sumo matches are held in Shinto shrines, where the arena is demarcated byshimenawa.[4] Moreover, the grand champion (whose name, Yokozuna, means "horizontal rope" and refers to theshimenawa) wearsshimenawa around his waist when making his entrance to the ring in a ceremony calleddohyo-iri.[10]
Hemp fiber is the basic material used in the production ofshimenawa, and has been used since ancient times.[10] In Shinto, hemp is regarded as a sacred food with a meaning of purity and fertility.[10] After theCannabis Control Act of 1948, when the growing of hemp was banned,[10] straw began to be used instead as the raw material ofshimenawa.[11] During the process of production, the straw stems are harvested between 70 and 80 days of growth, as beyond this, the quality of the fibre decreases as the plant starts to produce its seeds.[11] After theshimenawa straw is collected by machine, it is heated for more than 10 hours, to avoid the stems being dried by the sun.[11] The best stems are then chosen by hand in order to createshimenawa.[11]
Heihaku (also calledmitegura orheimotsu), a vertical wooden stick decorated withshide, cloth or metal calledgohei, usually in red or white, which is used priests in Shinto.[4] People putheihaku in front ofhonden doors.[4] In a procession calledshinkō-shiki [ja;simple] ,heihaku are seen as a sacrifice for the gods or a symbol of the existence of the gods.[4] In ancient times, people offered cloth to the Shinto shrines, similarly to today's processions.[4]Heihaku are also sometimes used in the wayshide are.[4] The stripes can also hang on theshimenawa.[4]
Himorogi are the sacred spaces delimited byshimenawa,[4] which sometimes feature acherry blossom tree surrounded by green plants appears, symbolising the seat of the gods.[4]
Likeshimenawa,kazari are also a New Year's decoration in Japan,[4] consisting of ashimenawa decorated with items related to rice like rice-cakes.[4] The purpose of thekazari is to bring good fortune to people.[4]
Kamidana are a reduced version ofshimenawa used in daily life,[4] and are thought to control rice, salt, and water which could bring people good luck.[4] Therefore, it always appears in the business area such as restaurants as well as conventional industries.[4] Places like the police stations and board ships will also featurekamidana.[4]
Raijin is thekami of thunder who also has power over drought.[4] According to "A popular dictionary of Shinto", there is a custom in Japan which talks aboutshimenawa and Raijin.[4] Local residents in Japan'sKantō area put ashimenawa between green bamboo after a bolt of lightning appears on the planted rice field out of gratitude to Raijin.[4]
Ashinboku is a sacred tree located in a Shinto shrine sometimes indicated byshimenawa.[4] It also be seen as a god'sshintai.[4] These trees surrounding the shrine are seen as part of the shrine itself.[4]
Torii are an archway composed of two round posts and two upper cross-beams.[4] The ends of the cross-beams are typically curved, which is a symbol of a style calledmyōjin.[4] There is an under-cross-beam just below the top individually.[4]
Torii first appeared in Japan at the time Chinese culture andBuddhism were introduced,[4] though their exact origin, including the origin of their shape and name, is unknown;[4] some researchers believe the nametorii to have originally come fromSanskrit.[4]
With the exception of the cross-beams, people also useshimenawa to decoratetorii.[4] The type oftorii using onlyshimenawa as cross-beams is known asshimenawa torii, which consist of only two posts and ashimenawa; thesetorii are intended to be temporary instead of permanent.[4]
In Japan, there are more than 20 different kinds oftorii, varying from simple wood constructions to those made of concrete gates, typically used as gates to Shinto shrines.[4] The style oftorii is not strictly based on the style of shrine, and there could be more than one style oftorii in one shrine.[4]
Similar toshimenawa,torii also have meaning in Shinto, representing a gate to the world, people, or any relationship.[7] The purpose oftorii andshimenawa is the same, in bringing lost people to thekami-filled world.[7]
During the 2017Yokohama Triennale, Indonesian artist Joko Avianto's artwork, "The border between good and evil is terribly frizzy", was displayed in the center of the hall in theYokohama Museum of Art.[12] The name, taken from the quote "The border between good and evil is terribly fuzzy" by Czech novelistMilan Kundera,[12] changed 'fuzzy' to 'frizzy' because of the twisted,shimenawa-inspired shape of his artwork.[12] Avianto took the meaning ofshimenawa to separate 'the sacred and the profane', or 'the ideal and the secular',[12] as inspiration in his work, using it to symbolise the boundary between 'the earth and heaven'.[12]
Taiwan'sMiaoli County began to produceshimenawa for export to Japan in 1998.[11] In the late 1990s, Japanese manufacturers visited Taiwan and found the high quality of straw as well as the relatively low cost of producing it.[11] However, as there were no local residents who knew how to makeshimenawa,[11] the Japanese started to provide free classes for them to study the skills for producingshimenawa.[11] Theshimenawa industry in Taiwan developed rapidly,[11] with many largeshimenawa factories appeared in Taiwan in the late 1990s. However, due to industrial disruption, most factories were forced to shut down a few years later, and only one factory was left to continue production.[11] Other remaining factories chose to hand over the work to otherSoutheast Asian countries, particularlyVietnam, for a lower cost production.[11] Later in 2005, a large number ofshimenawa orders were transferred back to Taiwan because buyers in Japan found that the quality ofshimenawa produced in Vietnam was poorer compared to those produced in Taiwan.[11]
The craftsmen in Taiwan harvest the straw to makeshimenawa, while Japanese manufacturers provide samples or finished products to the customers according to their orders.[11]
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