| Shiba Inu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Standard/Red Coloured Shiba Inu Dog | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Origin | Japan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Dog (domestic dog) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shiba Inu | |||||
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.svg) "Shiba Inu" inkanji | |||||
| Japanese name | |||||
| Kanji | 柴犬 | ||||
| Kana | しば いぬ | ||||
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TheShiba Inu (Japanese:柴犬;Japanese pronunciation:[ɕi.ba.i.nɯ][1]) is abreed ofhunting dog fromJapan. A small-to-medium breed, it is the smallest of the six original dog breeds native to Japan.[2] The Shiba Inu was originally bred for hunting.[2][3] Its name literally translates to "brushwood dog", as it is used to flush game.
The Shiba Inu is a small, alert, and agile dog that copes well with mountainous terrain and hiking trails.[2][3] Its appearance is similar to other Japanese dog breeds such as theAkita Inu orHokkaido, but the Shiba Inu is a different breed with a distinct bloodline, temperament, and smaller size than other Japanese dog breeds.[4][5]
The breed's standard colors are red, sesame, black sesame, red sesame (sashige), black and tan, or cream. All have a cream to white ventral color, known asurajiro (裏白).Urajiro literally translates to "underside white".[3] Theurajiro is required in the following areas on all coat colors: on the sides of the muzzle, on the cheeks, inside the ears, on the underjaw and upper throat, inside of legs, on the abdomen, around the vent and the ventral side of the tail. On reds: commonly on the throat, fore chest, and chest. On blacks and sesames: commonly as a triangular mark on both sides of the fore chest.[6]
Other than theurajiro areas, the cream color is considered a "major fault" by both theJapan Kennel Club andAmerican Kennel Club.[7] It is not intentionally bred in a show dog, as the required markings are not discernible. However, a cream coat is acceptable according toThe Kennel Club (UK) breed standard.[8]
Shiba Inu have a double coat, the topcoat is stiff with guard hairs and the undercoat is soft and plush.[9] Although less common, Shiba Inu can also be long-haired as a result of inheriting the recessive gene from both parents.[10]
The Shiba Inu is considered an alert, affectionate, and independent breed with high intelligence but also somewhat stubborn and strong-willed.[11]
The terms "spirited boldness" (悍威,kan'i), "good nature" (良性,ryōsei), and "alertness" (素朴,soboku) have subtle interpretations that have been the subject of much commentary.[12]
A survey of experts classified the Shiba Inu as having "high aggression, high reactivity and medium trainability".[13] A possible explanation for this and other observed behaviour is that the Shiba Inu is more closely related to thewolf than domesticated dogs from other countries.[14] Due to the high intelligence of the breed it requires a lot of exercise and stimulation. Insufficient exercise may lead to anxiety which leads to undesirable behaviours, notably the "shiba scream".[11][15] The Shiba Inu has a reputation for being "aloof" and early socialization as a puppy is key for the dog to get along with other people and animals.[16]
A survey in Japan found the Shiba Inu to be more likely to engage in destructive behaviour, refusal to walk whilst on a lead, engage inmounting behaviour, and tail chasing. The Shiba Inu was also found to be less likely to bark at noises whilst inside the house.[17]
The Shiba Inu has been identified as abasal breed that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century.[18] Dogs with a similar appearance to the Shiba Inu were represented indogū made during the prehistoricJōmon period of Japanese history.[19]
The Shiba Inu was bred to hunt andflush small game, such as birds and rabbits. Shiba lived in the mountainous areas of theChūbu region. During theMeiji Restoration, western dog breeds were imported and crosses between these and native Japanese breeds became popular. From 1912 to 1926, almost no pure Shiba remained. From around 1928, hunters and intellectuals began to show interest in the protection of the remaining pure Shiba.[20]
Despite efforts to preserve the breed, the Shiba nearly became extinct duringWorld War II[3] due to wartime food shortage, as well as outbreaks ofdistemper in the 1950s and 60s and theGreat Tottori Fire [jp], which discouraged preservation efforts.[21][22][2] All subsequent dogs were bred from the only three surviving bloodlines.[23] These bloodlines were the Shinshu Shiba fromNagano Prefecture, the Mino Shiba from the formerMino Province in the south of present-dayGifu Prefecture, and the San'in Shiba fromTottori andShimane Prefectures.[24]
The Shinshu Shibas possessed a solid undercoat, with a dense layer of guard hairs, and were small and red in color. The Mino Shibas tended to have thick, prick ears, and possessed a sickle tail, rather than the common curled tail found on most modern Shibas. The San'in Shibas were larger than most modern Shibas, and tended to be black, without the common tan and white accents found on modern black-and-tan shibas.[24]
When the study of Japanese dogs was formalized in the early and mid-20th century, these three strains were combined into one overall breed, the Shiba Inu.[24] The first Japanese breed standard for the Shiba, the Nippo Standard, was published in 1934. In December 1936, the Shiba Inu was recognized as aNatural Monument of Japan through the Cultural Properties Act, largely due to the efforts of Nippo (Nihon Ken Hozonkai), the Association for the Preservation of the Japanese Dog.[24][25]
In 1954, a military family brought the first Shiba Inu to the United States.[23] In 1979, the first recorded litter was born in the United States.[23] The Shiba was recognized by theAmerican Kennel Club in 1992 and added to the AKCNon-Sporting Group in 1993.[2][26] It is now primarily kept as a pet in Japan and across the world.[27] According to the American Kennel Club, the Shiba Inu is the number one companion dog in Japan. In the United States the breed ranked 42nd place in registrations for 2024 with the American Kennel Club.[28]
A study in Japan onpatella luxation in small breeds found the Shiba Inu to have the second highest rate of the condition, with 35% of the Shiba Inus surveyed being affected.[29] Three genes belonging to the breed were associated withglaucoma, as found in an analysis ofDNA sequencing.[30] Another study from Japan reviewing cases of dogs presented forophthalmologic examination found the Shiba Inu to make up 33% of all glaucoma cases whilst only making up 2.7% of the total population used in the study.[31]Pyometra, a uterine infection of intact bitches, is slightly more common in the Shiba Inu.[32][33] The Shiba Inu is predisposed tocanine atopic dermatitis.[34][35][36] An auto-immune disease common in AkitasVogt-Koyanagi-Harada-like syndrome is known to occur in the Shiba Inu.[37]
A review of cemetery data in Japan found that the Shiba Inu had a life expectancy of 15.5 years,[38] greater than any other breed. A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 14.6 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 forcrossbreeds.[39]
The Sanin Shiba Inu is a variety of Shiba Inu.[40] It comes from theInaba Inu ofTottori Prefecture and theSekishu Inu ofShimane Prefecture, and both are endangered due to the increase of western dogs. In the earlyShowa period, Masumi Ozaki, a former landowner in Tottori prefecture, started preservation breeding to prevent the loss of local breeds.[41]
However, asWorld War II grew more intense, the breeding projects became difficult to maintain. Due to the use of dogs for fur by the military, the number of dogs decreased from 50 to 20. In 1947, the two breeds were bred together to create the foundation stock of the Sanin Shiba Inu. The numbers were still low but the dogs were protected by the Ozaki family, who carried on the preservation activities.[21]
Despite the end of the war, more threats to the breeds emerged in the 1950s and 60s, two outbreaks ofdistemper occurred in Tottori prefecture, killing many dogs. In addition, theGreat Tottori Fire discouraged preservation efforts even more.[22]
Said to be the father of the breed is Ishi go Shimane Yamashita, a Shiba Inu born in Shimane prefecture[42]
Despite not being a popular dog breed outside of Japan, the Shiba Inu has become popular on the Internet.Doge is anInternet meme from 2013 characterized byKabosu, a Shiba Inu, andbroken English. Acryptocurrency,Dogecoin, is named after this meme, and its logo bears an image of Kabosu. Kabosu died on the 24th of May 2024 and the Doge fandom held a major real-world commemoration. In 2023 a bronze Doge statue unveiled in Sakura, Japan in a park where Kabosu and her owner Atsuko Sato often walked[43]. Nowadays the statue is considered a turistic sightseeing spot. Another cryptocurrency is also namedShiba Inu after the breed. Another Shiba Inu dog that went viral was a dog known asCheems. He went viral during theCOVID-19 pandemic and gained worldwide attention. Cheems died during cancer surgery on August 18, 2023 at the age of 12½ years.[44] In December 2024, a man by the name of Kantaro Inagaki began to document his walks across Japan with a shiba inu named San-chan.[45] San-chan became the internet's newest viral Shiba Inu, and their social media continues to amass millions of views and followers.
The breed is often referred to asShibe in memes. According to Jamie Cohen, an assistant professor of media studies atQueens College of theCity University of New York, the Shiba Inu breed has had a significant presence in online culture since at least 2010.[46]
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