Shenzhen roughly follows the administrative boundaries ofBao'an County, which was established in imperial times. After theOpium Wars, the southern portion of Bao'an County was occupied by the British and became part ofBritish Hong Kong, while the village of Shenzhen was next to the border. Shenzhen turned into a city in 1979. In the early 1980s,economic reforms introduced byDeng Xiaoping resulted in the city becoming the first special economic zone of China due to its close proximity to Hong Kong, attractingforeign direct investment and migrants searching for opportunities. In thirty years, the city's economy and population boomed and has since emerged as a hub for technology, international trade, and finance.
The city is a leading global technology hub. In the media Shenzhen is sometimes calledChina'sSilicon Valley.[11][12] The city's entrepreneurial, innovative, and competitive-based culture has resulted in the city being home to numerous small manufacturers and software companies. Several of these firms have become large technology corporations, such asHuawei,Tencent, andDJI. As an important international city, Shenzhen hosts numerous national and international events every year, such as the2011 Summer Universiade and the China Hi-Tech Fair.
A large portion of Shenzhen's population aremigrants from all over China, and the city's population structure skews younger than most places in China.
The oldest evidence of humans in the area on which Shenzhen was established dates back during the mid-Neolithic period.[16][17] Humans have inhabited the area throughout the past 6,700 years. Historic counties were first established in the area 1,700 years ago. The historic towns ofNantou andDapeng, were built on the area that is now Shenzhen over 600 years ago.[18] TheHakka people also have a history in Shenzhen since 300 years ago when they first immigrated.
In 214 BC, when EmperorQin Shi Huang unified China under theQin dynasty, the area was submitted to the jurisdiction of the establishedNanhai Commandery, one of the threecommanderies that were set up inLingnan, and was assimilated intoZhongyuan culture.[19] In 331 AD, theEastern Jin administration split up Nanhai and established a newDongguan Commandery [zh] (东官郡).[20] The seat of both the commandery and Bao'an County, one of its six counties, was located around the modern town of Nantou. In 590, theSui administration merged the region back into Nanhai. In 757, theTang administration renamed the county Dongguan, and moved its seat to what is nowDongguan city, although a military garrison remained.[19]
During the 12th century,Nantou and the surrounding area became an important trade hub for salt and spices in theSouth China Sea.[19][21] The area then became known for producing pearls during the 13th century. In the 1362 era, Chinese sailors of a fleet would go to aMazu temple inChiwan (in present-dayNanshan District) to pray as they go toNanyang (Southeast Asia). TheBattle of Tunmen, when the Ming won a naval battle against invadingPortuguese, was fought south of Nantou.[22]
To prevent pirates from attacking Shenzhen, residents were resettled northward.[19] As a result,Bao'an County lost two-thirds of its territory to the neighboringDongguan and was incorporated into Dongguan in 1669. After the Qing state regime was defeated by theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in theFirst Opium War and theSecond Opium Wars,Hong Kong Island and theKowloon Peninsula were ceded to the British. On 21 April 1898 the Qing government signed a "Special Article for the Exhibition of Hong Kong's Borders" with the United Kingdom, and leased theNew Territories from Xin'an to the United Kingdom for 99 years. Xin'an was briefly occupied by a British force under the command ofHenry Arthur Blake, thegovernor of Hong Kong, for half a year in 1899.[23] From the 3,076 square kilometres (1,188 sq mi) of territory that Xin'an held before the treaties, 1,055.61 square kilometres (407.57 sq mi) of the county was ceded to the British.[20]
In response to theWuchang Uprising in 1911, Xin'an residents rebelled against the local Qing administration and successfully overthrew them.[24] In the same year the Chinese section of theKowloon–Canton Railway (KCR) was opened to the public. The last stop on the Chinese side wasShenzhen railway station, helping the town's economy and opened Shenzhen up to the world.[23][25] In 1913, theRepublic of China administration renamed Xin'an County back to Bao'an County to prevent confusion fromanother county of the same name inHenan Province.[19]
During theCanton–Hong Kong strike in 1925, theAll-China Federation of Trade Unions set up a reception station for strike workers in Hong Kong in Shenzhen.[26] Strike workers were also given pickets and armored vehicles by the strike committee to create a blockade around Hong Kong. In 1931Chen Jitang and his family established several casinos in Shenzhen, the largest of which being Shumchun Casino.[27]
DuringWorld War II, theJapanese occupied Shenzhen andNantou,[19] forcing theBao'an County government to relocate to the neighboring Dongguan County.[28][29] In 1941, theJapanese army tried to cross into Hong Kong through theLo Wu Bridge in Shenzhen, though this was detonated by the British, preventing the Japanese from entering Hong Kong.[30]
In 1953, four years after the founding of thePeople's Republic of China, the Bao'an County government decided to move to Shenzhen, since the town was closer to the KCR and had a larger economy than Nantou.[19] From the 1950s to the end of the 1970s, Shenzhen and the rest of Bao'an County oversawa huge influx of refugees trying to escape to Hong Kong from the upheavals that were occurring inmainland China, and a range from 100,000[31] to 560,000[32] refugees resided in the county.
In January 1978, a Central Inspection Team sent by theState Council investigated and established the issue of creating a foreign trade port in Bao'an County.[33] In May, the investigation team wrote the "Hong Kong and Macao Economic Investigation Report" and proposed to turn Bao'an County andZhuhai into commodity export bases. In August 1978, theHuiyang District Committee reported to the Provincial Committee on the "Report on the Request for the Change of Bao'an County to Shenzhen". On 18 October, the Standing Committee of theGuangdong Provincial Party Committee decided to change Bao'an County into Bao'an City and to turn it into a medium-levelprefecture-level city with a foreign trade base. The Huiyang District Committee and the Bao'an County Committee, however, defended the change to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen, claiming that people in the world know more about Shenzhen and its port than they know about Bao'an County.
On 23 January 1979, theGuangdong provincial administration and the district ofHuiyang announced their proposal to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen and was approved and put into effect by theState Council on March 5 of that year.[33] Also, the city would establish six districts:Luohu, Nantou, Songgang,Longhua,Longgang and Kuiyong. On 31 January 1979, theCentral Committee of the Communist Party approved a plan to establish theShekou Industrial Zone in Shenzhen with the purpose "to lead domestic, overseas, and diversified operations, industrial and commercial integration, and trading" based on the systems of that of Hong Kong andMacau.[34] The Shekou Industrial Zone project was led by Hong Kong-basedChina Merchants Group underYuan Geng's leadership and was to become the first export processing industrial zone in mainland China.
At the beginning of April 1979, the Standing Committee ofGuangdong Province discussed and proposed to theCentral Committee to set up a "trade cooperation zone" in Shenzhen,Zhuhai, andShantou.[33] In the same month, the Central Working Conference decided on the "Regulations on Vigorously Developing Foreign Trade to Increase Foreign Exchange Income" and agreed to pilot the firstspecial economic zones (SEZ) in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, andXiamen.[35] In November, Shenzhen was elevated to the status of prefecture-level city at the regional level by the Guangdong provincial administration.[24] Hundreds of small villages nearby, such as Yumin Cun, were incorporated into Shenzhen.[36]: 60
In March 1981 Shenzhen was promoted to asub-provincial division.[16][19] There were plans for Shenzhen to develop its currency, but the plans were shelved due to the risk and the disagreement that a country should not be operating with two currencies.[44] To enforce law and order in the city, the Shenzhen government erected barbed wire and checkpoints between the land borders of the main sections of the SEZ and the SEZ outskirts, as well as the rest of China, in 1983, which was known as the second line border.[45][46] Much of Shenzhen's urban development in the 1980s focused in the area around the old border crossing and the market town.[36]: 61 Itsurbanization was typical for the 1980s.[47]: 157
In December 1990, under the authority of theChina Securities Regulatory Commission, theShenzhen Stock Exchange was established to provide a platform for centralized securities trading.[48] In February 1992, the Standing Committee of the NPC granted the government of Shenzhen the power to make local laws and regulations.[15] In 1996 and early 1997, theShenzhen Guesthouse Hotel in Shenzhen was home to theProvisional Legislative Council andProvisional Executive Council of Hong Kong in preparation for thehandover of Hong Kong in 1997.[49][50] By 2001, as a result of Shenzhen's increasing economic prospects, increasing numbers of migrants from mainland China chose to go to Shenzhen and stay there instead of trying to illegally cross into Hong Kong.[51] There were 9,000 captured border-crossers in 2000, while the same figure was 16,000 in 1991. Around the same time, Shenzhen hosted the second Senior Officials' Meeting ofAPEC China 2001 on 26 May 2001 in its southern manufacturing center and port.[52] In May 2008, the State Council approved the Shenzhen SEZ to promote Shenzhen's administrative management system, economic system, social field, independent innovation system and mechanism, system and mechanism for opening up and regional cooperation, and resource conservation and environmental friendliness.[53]
On 1 July 2010 the State Council dissolved the "second line," and expanded the Shenzhen SEZ to include all districts, a five-fold increase over its pre-expansion size.[54] On 26 August 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Shenzhen SEZ, the State Council approved the "Overall Development Plan forQianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone."[55] In August 2011, the city hosted the26th Universiade, an international multi-sport event organized for university athletes.[56] In April 2015, the Shekou Industrial Zone and the Qianhai Zone were integrated within the newly establishedGuangdong Free-Trade Zone.[57]
On 18 August 2019 thecentral government inBeijing unveiled reform plans covering economic, social, and political sectors of Shenzhen,[58] labeling Shenzhen a pilot demonstration zone for socialism with Chinese characteristics.[59]: 58
Shenzhen roughly follows the administrative boundaries of the historicalBao'an County. The southern portion of Bao'an County became part ofBritish Hong Kong after theOpium Wars, while the village of Shenzhen was on the border.Shenzhen railway station was the last stop on the mainland Chinese section of theKowloon–Canton Railway, and Shenzhen's economy grew and it became a city by 1979.
Shenzhen is located within thePearl River Delta, borderingHong Kong to the south,Huizhou to the north and northeast,Dongguan to the north and northwest.Lingdingyang andPearl River to the west andMirs Bay to the east and roughly 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of the provincial capital ofGuangzhou. As of the end of 2017, the resident population of Shenzhen was 12,528,300, of which the registered population was 4,472,200, the actual administrative population was over 20 million.[60] It makes up part of the Pearl River Delta built-up area with 44,738,513 inhabitants, spread over 9 municipalities (includingMacau). The city is elongated measuring 81.4 kilometers from east to west while the shortest section from north to south is 10.8 kilometers.
Over 160 rivers or channels flow through Shenzhen. There are 24 reservoirs within the city limits with a total capacity of 525 million tonnes.[61] Notable rivers in Shenzhen include theShenzhen River,Maozhou River and Longgang River.[62]
Although Shenzhen is situated about a degree south of theTropic of Cancer, due to the Siberiananticyclone it has a warm,monsoon-influenced,humid subtropical climate (KöppenCwa) though it is fairly close to aTropical one. Winters are mild and relatively dry, due in part to the influence of theSouth China Sea, and frost is very rare; it begins dry but becomes progressively more humid and overcast. However, fog is most frequent in winter and spring, with 106 days per year reporting some fog. Early spring is the cloudiest time of year, and rainfall begins to dramatically increase in April; the rainy season lasts until late September to early October. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 27 percent in March to 53 percent in October, the city receives 1,853 hours of bright sunshine annually.
The monsoon reaches its peak intensity in the summer months, when the city also experiences very humid and hot conditions. Despite this, extreme heat is rare, there are only 2.4 days of 35 °C (95 °F)+ temperatures.[63] The region is prone to torrential rain as well, with 9.7 days that have 50 mm (1.97 in) or more of rain, and 2.2 days of at least 100 mm (3.94 in).[63] The latter portion of autumn is dry. The annual precipitation averages at around 1,933 mm (76 in), some of which is delivered intyphoons that strike from the east during summer and early autumn. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0.2 °C (32 °F) on 11 February 1957 to 38.7 °C (102 °F) on 10 July 1980.[64]
Climate data for Shenzhen, elevation 63 m (207 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Despite being asub-provincial city, Shenzhen as a SEZ still wields a lot of autonomy from the central government.[16][19] In addition to being promoted to a sub-provincial city, theNational People's Congress (NPC) in 1981 granted legislative powers to Shenzhen and other Special Economic Zones, giving the city the privilege to make its own laws and regulations.[73] TheStanding Committee of the NPC also granted Shenzhen voted and passed the "Decision on Authorizing the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress and its Standing Committee and the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government to respectively formulate laws and regulations for implementation in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone" in order to give fully strengthen Shenzhen's legislative powers without interference from the central government.[74]
There were several cases of high-ranking Shenzhen officials who were arrested on charges relating to corruption. In December 2002, the Shenzhen People's Intermediate Court sentenced Zhao Yucun, former Commissioner of Shenzhen Customs, to life imprisonment for taking bribes of 9 millionRMB.[75] In November 2003, the Guangzhou People's Intermediate Court charged former Shenzhen Deputy Mayor Wang Ju with bribery and abuse of power and sentenced him to 20 years in prison.[76] In June 2005, the Shenzhen People's Intermediate Court charged sentenced Luohu District Public Security Director An Huijun to 15 years in prison for accepting bribes.[77] In May 2011, the Zhengzhou Intermediate Court sentenced former mayorXu Zongheng to thedeath penalty with a two-year reprieve for accepting bribes up to US$5.4 million.[78]
Shenzhen was originallyBao'an County. On 5 March 1979, theState Council of the People's Republic of China dissolved the county and set up the city of Shenzhen in its place initially with six districts: Luohu (罗湖), Nantou (南头), Songgang (松岗), Longhua (龙华), Longgang (龙岗), and Kuiyong (葵涌), with the seat based in Luohu. In October 1981, Bao'an County was re-established, with its region now based outside Shenzhen. In June 1983, the districts were dissolved and re-established instead as five management areas (管理区):Shekou (蛇口; south-west Shenzhen), Nantou (南头; west Shenzhen), Shangbu (上步; central Shenzhen), Luohu (罗湖; east-central Shenzhen), and Shatoujiao (沙头角; far-east Shenzhen).[82] To enforce law and order in the city, the Shenzhen government erected a border known as the second line (Chinese:二线关), which consisted of barbed wire and checkpoints between the city and the rest of China.[45][46] Initially, the border control was relatively strict, requiring non-Shenzhen citizens to obtain special permissions for entering. Over the years, border controls have gradually weakened, and permission requirement has been abandoned.
In January 1990, the city merged Shekou Management Area and Nantou Management Area to form theNanshan District, renamed Shangbu Management Area to theFutian District, and merged Luohu Management Area and Shatoujiao Management Area to form theLuohu District. In December 1992, Bao'an County was dissolved again, with its area taken by Shenzhen and split into two new districts:Bao'an District andLonggang District, though economic privileges within special economics zones did not pertain to them as they were outside the second line border. At this point, Shenzhen has five districts: Luohu, Futian, Nanshan, Bao'an, and Longgang. In March 1998, Shenzhen's government created theYantian District from the eastern portions of the Luohu District (the original area of the Shatoujiao Management District), and within the second line border.[82] Yantian, Luohu, Futian, and Nanshan together as the special economic districts within the second line border are referred to asguannei (关内; 'within the border') while districts that are outside the second line and do not have special economic privileges such as Bao'an and Longgang are referred to asguanwai (关外; 'outside the border').[83] The Shenzhen government later established two new districts as part of theguanwai:Guangming New District in August 2007 andPingshan New District in June 2009.[84][85]
On 1 July 2010, the second line border was dissolved, and the Shenzhen SEZ was expanded to cover the entire city. Therefore, the fourguanwai districts Bao'an District, Longgang District, Guangming New District, and Pingshan New District, would be given special economic privileges like theguannei districts.[54] The area of the Shenzhen SEZ also increased from 396 square kilometres (153 sq mi) to 1,953 square kilometres (754 sq mi).[86] Since June 2015, the existing unused border structures have been demolished and are being transformed into urban greenspaces and parks.[87][88][89] On 15 January 2018, the State Council approved the removal of the barbed wire fence set up to mark the boundary of the SEZ.[90][91]
In early 2011, the provincial government of Guangdong approved the establishment of the Shenzhen-Shantou Special Cooperation Zone in the city and SEZ ofShantou,Guangdong that will last until 2040 with the purpose of economic development. The zone would be managed by Shenzhen and another Cantonese city,Shanwei.[92] The zone is under the jurisdiction of Shenzhen instead of Shantou, with residents living there considered to be permanent residents of Shenzhen.[93]
The Shenzhen government later established two new districts on 27 October 2011,Longhua New District andDapeng New District.[94] With approval of the State Council, Shenzhen re-organized Longhua New District as Longhua District and Pingshan New District as Pingshan District on 11 October 2016 and Guangming New District as Guangming District on 24 May 2018, therefore becoming their own jurisdictions.[95][96]
In the 2021Global Financial Centres Index, Shenzhen was ranked as having the 8th most competitive and largest financial center in the world and 6th in Asia &Oceania region (after Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, and Tokyo).[106] As of 2020, Shenzhen is ranked as an Alpha- (global first-tier) city by theGlobalization and World Cities Research Network.[107] According toForbes, Shenzhen has the fifth-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world.[108] Shenzhen'snominal GDP is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in 2035 (together withBeijing,Shanghai andGuangzhou in China) according to a study by Oxford Economics[109] and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above US$57,000 (ranking first in mainland China) in 2030, which is comparable to Tokyo and Seoul.[110]
As of August 2023, Shenzhen has the seventh-mostFortune Global 500 headquarters of any city in the world and the third-most in China after (Beijing and Shanghai) within its city limits.[116]
Shenzhen's historical nominal GDP indicator in the main years[117]
Shenzhen's industry is described by its Municipal Bureau of Statistics to be upheld by its four-pillar industries:high tech,finance,logistics, andculture.[120]
Shenzhen is a large hub of the Chinese and global technology industry and home to a large startup ecosystem. As of 2020 the city was ranked as the 4thFintech powerhouse in the world.[121] Shenzhen is primarily known for its high-tech industry, which has a value of 585.491 billion RMB (US$82.9 billion) in 2015, a 13 percent increase compared to last year.[120] Out of the nominal GDP of 1,750.299 billion RMB in 2015 the high-tech industry generated 33.4 percent. Shenzhen is home to a number of prominent tech firms, such asHuawei,[122]Tencent,[123]DJI,[124] andZTE.[125][126] Other tech firms include personal computer manufacturerHasee,[127]Hytera,[128]OnePlus,[129] andBYD Company.[130]
Shenzhen annually holds the China International High-tech Achievements Fair, which showcases high-tech products and provides for dialogue and investment for high-tech.[131] As a result, Shenzhen is dubbed by media outlets as "China'sSilicon Valley"[132][12][133][11] or the "Silicon Valley of Hardware" for the world.[134][135]
Shenzhen is home to a number of large financial institutions, such asChina Merchants Bank[136] andPing An Insurance[137] and its subsidiaryPing An Bank.[138] Since the city's establishment as a SEZ, a number of foreign banks had established offices in the city, includingCitibank,HSBC,Standard Chartered, andBank of East Asia.[139] In total, the financial industry accounts for 14.5% of the city's nominal GDP in 2015 (254.282 billion RMB), which was a 15.9% increase over the previous year.[120] By the end of 2016, the total assets of the financial industry amounted to 12.7 trillion RMB (banking industry assets were 7.85 trillion RMB, security companies assets were 1.25 trillion RMB, and insurance industry assets were 3.6 trillion RMB), making Shenzhen's financial industry the third largest in China.[140]
Shenzhen is one of the world'stop ten financial centers as of 2019, jumping five places to ninth place as determined by "variety of areas of competitiveness, including business environment, human capital, infrastructure, financial sector development and reputation."[141]
High port traffic levels combined with a high urban population make Shenzhen a largeport megacity.[147] The logistics industry accounts for around 10.1 percent (178.27 billion RMB) of the city's nominal GDP in 2015, which was an increase of 9.4 percent.[120] Shenzhen Port's first foreign tradeblockchain cargo release platform was launched recently.[148]
Shenzhen had prioritized the cultural industry in according to the 13th Five-Year Plan, establishing the Shenzhen Fashion Creative Industry Association (深圳市时尚文化创意协会) and planning the 4.6 square-kilometer Dalang Fashion Valley (大浪时尚创意城).[149][150] On 7 December 2008,UNESCO approved Shenzhen's entrance into theCreative Cities Network, and awarded the Shenzhen the title of "United Nations Design Capital."[151] Altogether, the cultural industry in turn contributes to 5.8 percent (102.116 billion RMB) of Shenzhen's economy in 2015.
In addition to the four pillar industries that were listed by the municipal government, Shenzhen also has a relatively notable real-estate industry.[153] The real-estate industry altogether contributes to 9.2 percent (162.777 billion RMB) of Shenzhen's economy in 2015, which was an increase of 16.8 percent compared to the previous year.[120] Real estate developers such as theEvergrande Group,[154]Vanke,[155] andChina Resources Land[156] are headquartered within the city.
In 1996, the State Council approved and established the 11.5 km2 (4.4 sq mi) Shenzhen High-tech Industrial Development Zone, helping to develop Shenzhen's high-tech industry in areas such as electronics and information technology.[157] In accordance to the National Plan in 2001, the Shenzhen Software Park, integrated within the High-tech Industrial Development Zone, was established for software production and assists in the development of the city's software industry.[158] On 26 August 2010, the State Council approved the "Overall Development Plan for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone" to solidify ties between Hong Kong and Shenzhen.[55][159]
Fairmont Shenzhen Interlaken Hotel atOCT EastBeach in ShenzhenSongpingshan Park
Tourism is gradually growing as an important industry for Shenzhen. Shenzhen has been ranked second on the list of 'top 10 cities to visit in 2019' by Lonely Planet.[160] The Shenzhen administration in its "12th Five-Year Plan for Tourism Development of Shenzhen" had focused on turning the city into an international tourist hub, with emphasis on the city's scientific, fashion, and industrial elements.[161] The Shenzhen tourist industry is claimed by the local administration in having a strong development advantage, due to the city being one of thetier-one cities in China, as well as being known for its coastal resources, climate environment, capitalist economy, and technological innovation.[162]
In 2015 the tourism industry's total revenue was 124.48 billion RMB (US$17.6 billion), a 98.1 percent increase from 2010. Out of the total revenue, 28 percent (35 billion RMBor US$4.968 billion) came from international tourists, an increase of 56.2 percent from 2010. In addition, in that year, Shenzhen received 11.63 million tourists, a 51 percent increase from 2010.
Shenzhen's tourism industry is recently expanding under the "13th Five-Year Plan for Tourism Development of Shenzhen" as promoted under the Shenzhen local government.[161] In this plan, the tourist industry plans to exceed 200 billion RMB and receive 150 million domestic and foreign tourists by 2020.[162] In 2023 an increasing numbers of Hong Kong residents began visiting Shenzhen during weekends, which in turn caused Hong Kong service establishments to face a decline in business.[182]
Retail is an important pillar of Shenzhen'stertiary sector. Out of the added value of Shenzhen's tertiary sector of 1.42 trillion RMB (US$201 billion) in 2018, retail contributed 43% (616.89 billion RMB) of this amount, a 7.6 percent increase compared to last year (601.62 billion RMB).[183] In addition, 10.9% of Shenzhen'sFDI is directed towards the wholesale and retail sector.
"Smart retail", which uses technologies such asartificial intelligence andbig data in production, circulation, and sales of consumer goods, has been growing popular within enterprises in Shenzhen.[191] Businesses in Shenzhen are encouraged to use the Internet to develop the consumer market and new retail projects would be assisted with the use of technology. In addition, the Shenzhen administration is setting up a new retail industry development fund to promote the use of "smart retail", with the intention of stimulating the economy of Shenzhen and to turn the city into a "new retail" hub.
As of 2020, Shenzhen had a total permanent population of 17,560,000, with 5,874,000 (33.4 percent) of themhukou holders (registered locally).[193][194][195][196] As Shenzhen is a young city, senior citizens above 60 years old took up only 5.36 percent of the city's total population.[194] Despite this, thelife expectancy in Shenzhen is 81.25 in 2018, ranking among thetop twenty cities in China.[197] The male to female ratio in Shenzhen is 130 to 100, making the city having the highest sex disparity in comparison to other cities inGuangdong.[194] Shenzhen also has a high birth rate compared to other Chinese cities with 21.7 babies for every 10,000 of its 13.44 million population in 2019.[198] Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shenzhen is thefifth most populous city proper in China.[199] Shenzhen is part of thePearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (covering cities such asGuangzhou,Dongguan,Foshan,Zhongshan,Zhuhai,Huizhou,Hong Kong, andMacau), the world's largest urban area according to theWorld Bank,[200] which has a population of 78 million according to the2020 census.[194]
Before Shenzhen's establishment as a SEZ in 1980, the area was composed mainly ofHakka andCantonese people.[201] When the SEZ was established, the city attracted migrants from all around Guangdong, including Hakka, Cantonese, andTeochew, as well as migrants fromSouthern andCentral Chinese provinces such asHunan,Guangxi,Jiangxi,Sichuan, andHenan.[202] Most of these migrants live in urban villages calledchengzhongcun (城中村; 'village in the city') such asBaishizhou in theNanshan District.[203] Shenzhen also has a notableKorean minority based in the Nanshan District and theFutian District originating from migrants moving to Shenzhen to work for South Korean companies that had branched out into the city when China hadopened up.[204][205]
Due to Shenzhen's population overshooting the 14.8 million population target for 2016 to 2020, the Shenzhen justice bureau on 25 May 2021 announced it would make it harder to earn a hukou to live in the city.[195] In regards to the registered population (hukou), Shenzhen experienced an increase of 2.178 million (58.9 percent) registered residents in the city from 2015 to 2020.[202] The city's permanent population increased by 7,136,088 (68.46 percent) from 2010 to 2020, for an average annual growth rate of 5.35%.[193]
According to the Department of Religious Affairs of the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government, the two main religions present in Shenzhen areBuddhism andTaoism. Every district also hasProtestant andCatholic churches, as well asmosques.[206] According to a 2010 survey held by theUniversity of Southern California, approximately 37 percent of Shenzhen's residents were practitioners ofChinese folk religions, 26 percent were Buddhist, 18 percent Taoist, 2 percentChristian, and 2 percentMuslim. 15 percent were unaffiliated to any religion. Most new migrants to Shenzhen rely upon the common spiritual heritage drawn from Chinese folk religion.[207][208] Shenzhen also hosts the headquarters of theHoly Confucian Church, established in 2009.[209]
Prior to the establishment ofSpecial Economic Zone, the indigenous local communities could be divided intoCantonese andHakka speakers,[210] which were two cultural and linguistic sub-ethnic groups vernacular to Guangdong province. Two Cantonese varieties were spoken locally. One was a fairly standard version, known asstandard Cantonese. The other, spoken by several villages south of Fuhua Road was calledWeitou dialect.[211] Two or three Hong Kong villages south of the Shenzhen River also speak this dialect. This is consistent with the area settled by people who accompanied the Southern Song court to the south in the late 13th century.[212]
The influx of migrants from other parts of the country has drastically altered the city's linguistic landscape, as Shenzhen has undergone alanguage shift towardsMandarin, which was both promoted by theChinese Central Government as a nationallingua franca and natively spoken by most of the out-of-province immigrants and their descendants.[213][214] However, in recent years multilingualism has been on the rise as descendants of immigrants of out-of-province Mandarin native speakers have begun to assimilate into the local culture through friends, television and other media.[215] Despite the ubiquity of Mandarin Chinese, according to theSCMP, some Shenzhen residents, Cantonese and non-Cantonese alike, have attempted to revive the Cantonese language as part of Shenzhen's culture.[215]
Nighttime panoramic view of the ShenzhenCivic Center, with the Ping An Finance Centre towards the right. Located in the Central District, the civic center building was designed by Lee | Timchula Architects and was the main focal point of the urban plan.
In 2019, Shenzhen has been dubbed byThe Guardian as "the world leader completing new skyscrapers."[216][217] The city is ranked the second in the world in terms of the number of buildings above 150 meters, with 297 of them completed as of July 2021, after neighboring Hong Kong.[218] There were more skyscrapers completed in Shenzhen in the year 2016 than in the whole of the US and Australia combined.[219] The construction boom continues today with over 85 skyscrapers under construction across the city as of 2021, the most in the world.[220] Most of the skyscrapers in Shenzhen were built by eitherHong Kong or foreign-based architects, utilizing amodern style, thoughfunctionalism was a dominant form of architecture in the city's skyscrapers in the late 20th century.[221] Among the most prominent examples are the 160 metres (525 ft) highGuomao Building,[222] the 384 metres (1,260 ft) highShun Hing Square,[223][224] the 441.8 metres (1,449 ft) highKK100,[225] the 392 metres (1,286 ft) highChina Resources Headquarters, and the 599 metres (1,965 ft) highPing An Finance Centre, which is also thesecond tallest in China and thefifth tallest building in the world.[226] Built in 2015, the skyscraper is to be unique and elegant among its surroundings to represent the history and achievements of the main tenant:Ping An Insurance.[227]
Shenzhen also has several historical buildings based intraditional Chinese architecture. There areHakka walled villages located in the city such as Crane Lake and Gangeng in theLonggang District.[228][229] Like typical Hakka walled villages, the architecture of Crane Lake and Gangeng are based around large thick grey walls, narrow alleyways, and courtyards.[228]Nantou (or Xin'an) is a historic town located in the present-dayNanshan District and has some buildings that date back to theMing dynasty such as the Guandi Temple, though most of these traditional buildings have been replaced by modern ones.[230][231][232]Chiwan, located in the Nanshan District, also has several historical buildings, such as the tomb to the last emperor of theSouthern Song,Zhao Bing and Tianhou Temple which was built byZheng He as an offering toMazu to protect theMing treasure fleet.[233][234] There are also several historical forts that had defended the coastline located within the city, such as Dapeng Fortress and Chiwan Left Fort.[235][236]
In 2023, theMarisfrolg Pavilion, featuring an insect exoskeleton design, was completed and became a new landmark in Longhua District.
Before the 1980s, Shenzhen's education system was based onprimary and limitedsecondary schooling. No residents were admitted to a university.[237] Since Shenzhen's establishment as a SEZ in the 1980s, migrants poured into the city, and jobs requiring a university education grew.
In the mid-1980s, as upper secondary education became popular, there was a need forhigher education institutions in the city.[237] Opened in 1983, Shenzhen Normal School, later upgraded to Shenzhen Normal College, trained students to become primary school teachers. Approved by theState Council in the same year,Shenzhen University became Shenzhen's first comprehensive full-time higher educational institution.[238][239] In 1999, the Shenzhen Municipal Government set up the Shenzhen Virtual University Park in the Science and Technology Park, where teachers from China's top universities taught graduate students.[240] In 2011, theSouthern University of Science and Technology was established[241] followed in 2018 by theShenzhen Technology University.[242] Other universities have established campuses in the city, including Tsinghua University, Peking University, theChinese University of Hong Kong, theHarbin Institute of Technology, andMoscow State University.[243]
Quality primary education in Shenzhen depends on parent's ability to get their kidshukou. In Shenzhen, this depends on the birth, education and marriage of the parents.[245][246] In 2020, 33% of Shenzhen residents had hukou.[247][248] The nine-year compulsory education in Shenzhen is free.[249][250] For secondary education, parents try to get their children intoShenzhen's four famous schools:Shenzhen Middle School,Shenzhen Experimental School,Shenzhen Foreign Languages School, and Shenzhen High School.[251][252] These schools have an approximately 10% admission rate for hukou students and 2% for students applying without hukou.[252]
As of 2015, Shenzhen has 12 higher educational institutions, 335 general secondary schools, 334 primary schools, and 1,489preschools.[253] According to Laurie Chen of theSouth China Morning Post, Shenzhen, which had 15 million people as of 2019, had not built as many primary and secondary schools for its populace as it should have, compared to similarly developed cities in China.[254] Laurie Chen cited the acceptance rate of Shenzhen secondary schools in 2018: 35,000 slots were available for almost 80,000 applicants. She also cited howGuangzhou had 961 primary schools while Shenzhen had only 344 primary schools, as well as how Guangzhou's count of primary school teachers exceeded that of Shenzhen's by 17,000; Chen argued that Guangzhou and Shenzhen have similar populations. In response Shenzhen schools began increasing salaries for prospective teachers.[254]
Shenzhen is the second largest transportation hub inGuangdong andSouth China, trailing behind the provincial capital ofGuangzhou.[255] Shenzhen has a developed extensive public transportation system, coveringrapid transit, buses andtaxis,[256] most of which can be accessed by either using aShenzhen Tong card or using QR codes generated byWeChat mini programs.[257][258][259] Shenzhen is noted for being the first major city worldwide to only use electric buses and taxis.[260] As of 2023, 70% of cars in Shenzhen were electric vehicles.[261]: 104
TheShenzhen Metro serves as the city's rapid transit system. The system in 2022 reaches 419 kilometres (260 miles) of route operating on 12 lines with 290 stations. By 2030 the network is planned to be 8 express and 24 non-express lines totalling 1142 kilometres of trackage.[270][271][272] The average daily metro ridership in 2021 is 5.99 million passengers. The metro also operates atram system in theLonghua District.[273]
As of August 2019, the city's bus system encompasses over 900 lines,[288] with a total of over 16,000electric vehicles, the largest of its kind in the world.[289] The system is operated by multiple companies.[290] As at January 2019 conversion of Shenzhen's taxi fleet to electric vehicles reached 99%.[291]Electric taxis have a blue and white colour scheme. Petroleum fuelled taxis are coloured either green or red.[292][293]
Due to its proximity to Hong Kong, Shenzhen has the largest number of entry and exit ports, the largest number of entry and exit personnel, and the largest traffic volume in China.[307] Shenzhen is busiest in China when it comes to border crossings, with people entering and exiting the country through the city and Hong Kong reaching 239 million in 2015.[308] In the same year, a total of 15.5 million vehicles crossed the border in Shenzhen, a 0.4% increase of last year. Border crossing ports include theShenzhen Bay Port,Futian Port,Huanggang Port,Man Kam To Port, andLuohu Port.
Multiple ports on the part of the coastline of Shenzhen constitute the Shenzhen Port. In 2019, Shenzhen had 211 international container routes, and the container throughput of the entire Shenzhen port reached nearly 25.77 million boxes in 2019, ranking fourth in the world. Yantian Port is the busiest port among Shenzhen ports and the main foreign trade channel in South China in the mid-term.[309]
As Shenzhen is located inGuangdong, the city historically had a Cantonese culture before its transition to a SEZ.[310] The competitive culture that the city promotes among the youth have also used the term "Shenzhen speed", which resulted from the fast construction of the tallest building in Shenzhen. The term also describes a period of constant competition, quick changes, and high-efficiency.[311]
In 2003 the municipal government announced plans to turned Shenzhen into a cultural city by promoting design, animation, and library construction.[312] The municipal government also intends to develop the city's cultural industry in accordance to the13th Five-Year Plan [zh], establishing theShenzhen Fashion Creative Industry Association [zh] and the 4.6-square-kilometre (1.8 sq mi)Dalang Fashion Valley [zh].[313]
[150] Shenzhen's cultural industry specializes in being one of the largesthandicraft manufacturers in China,[314] and is also an industry center foroil painting in bases such asDafen Village.[315] Shenzhen also hosts the Shenzhen International Cultural Fair which specializes as an expo for the world's cultural industries, with the first expo being in November 2004.[316][317] As a result of these developments, Shenzhen was awarded byUNESCO the title of "United Nations Design Capital" and was accepted entry into theCreative Cities Network on 7 December 2008.[151]
As part of turning Shenzhen into a cultural city, the municipal government established the "Library City" (图书馆之城) concept in 2003.[318] The plan would create a library network within the city through library construction, service improvement, and create a comfortable reading environment. By the end of 2015, Shenzhen has 620public libraries, including 3 city-level public libraries, 8 district-level public libraries, and 609 grassroots libraries. Notable libraries include theShenzhen Library and the Shenzhen Children's Library.[319] Shenzhen also has bookstores, with the most notable beingShenzhen Book City in theFutian District.[320] With an operating area of 42,000 square metres (450,000 sq ft), it claimed to be the largest bookstore of Asia at the time of its opening. Shenzhen has a number of museums and art galleries,[321][322] such as theShenzhen Museum,[36]: 111 the Shenzhen Art Museum, the Shekou Maritime Museum, the Longgang Museum of Hakka Culture,Shenzhen Museum of Contemporary Art and Urban Planning, and theHe Xiangning Art Museum. Shenzhen also has a few theaters, notably theShenzhen Concert Hall, the Shenzhen Grand Theater, and the Shenzhen Poly Theater.[323]
Shenzhen Middle Schools Summer Uniform
Shenzhen has a citywide standardized school uniform for primary and secondary schools. The uniforms feature a blue and white color scheme, with the colors reversed for boys and girls. This well-known uniform set is a representative of Chinese student uniforms. It is often worn by internet celebrities and anime characters.[324]
Shekou area inNanshsan District is the first opening up area in China, which has a lot of local restaurants that opened for many years, that you can eat Desserts, Chicken Pot, Goose, Sea food, also western food.[327]
In regards to food chains, firstMcDonald's restaurant in mainland China opened for business in ShenzhenLuohu District on 8 October 1990 providing the city American fast food.[328] Now you can find McDonald everywhere in the city.
Shenzhen also has its owntea culture.,[329] Shenzhen is home to theHey Tea chain of tea shops, which provides a variety of cheese and fruit teas.[330][331]
In 2020, Shenzhen passed legislation banning the consumption of cats, dogs, and wildlife, becoming the first city in China to enact a law that mandatorily prohibits the eating of cats and dogs.[332]
Shenzhen has a prominentnightlife culture, with most of the activity centered in the entertainment complexes ofCOCO Park andShekou,[326] with the former being referred by theSouth China Morning Post (SCMP) as "Shenzhen's answer toLan Kwai Fong."[333][334] There are many bars and clubs in the city, mostly unregulated, that stay open till the morning.Tunnel raves, referred by theSCMP as "a Shenzhen nightlife staple", have earned a reputation in the world, though they are often cracked down by police. Police has also cracked down onprostitution andpornography, which were elements of nightlife entertainment in Shenzhen, with one of the most prominent operations being centered in Shazui (沙嘴村) in theFutian District in the mid-2000s, resulting in closures of entertainment businesses and a decrease of foreign tourists in that area of the city.[335]
Shenzhen is the host of several international sports events. In August 2011, the city has hosted the26th Summer Universiade, a multi-sporting event for university students.[340] In 2018, Shenzhen hosted a pre-seasonNational Hockey League game between theCalgary Flames andBoston Bruins.[341] From 2019 to 2028, Shenzhen is hosting theWTA Finals tennis tournament, which is the season-ending championship for women's tennis.[342] Shenzhen is also one of the host cities of the2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.[343] Shenzhen is also a popular destination for skateboarders from all over the world, due to the architecture of the city and its lax skate laws.[344]
One of the most significant sporting events unique to Shenzhen isRoboMaster, an annual intercollegiaterobot competition founded and hosted byDJI based on autonomous movingtarget shooting.[348] Started in 2015, the competition introduced a 5-on-5MOBA-stylerobot combat between university students around China and later the world. Rewards to the competition include a prize pool of 3,750,000RMB and a job landing at DJI.[349]
Shenzhen has an extensive three-level public park system that was established in 2006, which categorizes parks as natural parks, urban parks, and community parks. By 2019, the city had 1,090 parks covering about 39,320 hectares, including 33 natural parks, 152 urban parks and 905 community parks. According to state-owned news outletXinhua, Shenzhen plans to build and renovate over 40 parks per year, bringing the number of parks in the city to 1,500 by 2035.[350][351]Lianhuashan Park is located on the territory of 150 hectares in theFutian District. At the top of its Lotus Hill is a six-metre bronze statue ofDeng Xiaoping.[36]: 111 Wutongshan National Park is spread around themountain of the same name in the Luohu District. From the observation deck, there is a view of the Shenzhen skyline as well as Hong Kong and the surrounding bay, and on the next peak there is a transmission tower of a local television station.[352]
Shenzhen Bay Park, located along the city's coastline alongShenzhen Bay, opened in 2011, which included the nearby Mangrove Park. There are several thematic recreation areas and attractions, and along the 9-kilometer-long coastal strip there is an embankment.[353] The Mangrove Ecopark was established in 2000 in the Futian District and at that time was the smallest national park in China. A large group of birds migrate to the ecopark in themangroves on an area of 20.6 hectares in a 9-kilometer coastal zone of the Shenzhen Bay.[354]
Shenzhen Bay Park is connected to the Dashahe Park (大沙河公园, 'big sand river'), located in Nanshan District, it follows the Dashahe River.[355] Other notable parks in Shenzhen include the Shenzhen Garden Flower Exposition Center,Shenzhen Safari Park,[356] Xili Lake Resort,[357] and Yangtai Mountain Fountain Park. Shenzhen also has several beaches:Dameisha (大梅沙; 'big mesa') andXiaomeisha [zh] (小梅沙; 'small mesa') in theYantian District, and Jinshawan (金沙湾; 'golden sands bay'), Nan'ao (南澳; 'southern inlet'), andXichong (西冲) inDapeng Peninsula (in the vicinity ofDapeng New District, which is administered by theLonggang District).[178]
During theCOVID-19 pandemic, Shenzhen achieved an averageair quality index (AQI) score of 44.8 μg/m3 and daily AQI score of 19 μg/m3. Out of ten Chinese mega-cities, Shenzhen recorded the lowest in average PM2.5 concentration (22.5 μg/m3), average PM10 concentration (37.7 μg/m3), average carbon monoxide concentration (0.6 μg/m3), and average nitrogen dioxide concentration (21.9 μg/m3).[358] Swiss environmental technology companyIQAir attributed most of the pollution in Shenzhen to stem from the engineering industry, continued use of coal, and traffic.[359]
In 2014, Shenzhen experienced severe water pollution in the city's rivers and waterways, with 173 of the 310 rivers considered to be in "critical" condition and four rivers: the Maozhou, Guanlan, Longgang and Pingshan Rivers, to be the most polluted out of all rivers in the Pearl River Delta. The pollutants in the river consisted mainly of ammonia, phosphorus, and nitrogen. In response, the city conducted a campaign to restore the city's rivers by building more water pipes and sewage treatment plants.[360][361]
From 2000 to 2014, Shenzhen spent 30 billion RMB to restore the city's rivers from water pollution, which some were considered at the time to be the most polluted in the Pearl River Delta. The city had constructed 33 sewage treatment plants and laid almost 4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) of sewage pipes.[360] By 2020, the city laid an additional 3,274 kilometres (2,034 mi) of water pipelines and completed 13,793 pipeline renovation projects in urban villages and housing estates.[361]
In 2009, Shenzhen was chosen as one of thirteen cities to pilot a national new-energy vehicle program. In 2017, Shenzhen offered 3.3 billion RMB in subsidies in electric buses and the construction of charging facilities. In mid-2018, the city made major headlines for being the first city to roll an all-electric public bus fleet. In the same year, more than half of the city's taxi fleet are electric, with the goal to turn the fleet all-electric.[362][363][364][365] By early 2019, Shenzhen rolled out an all-electric taxi fleet, with 99% of taxis now electric-powered.[366]
In late 2019, Shenzhen launched a garbage classification program in which waste is to be sorted in four categories: recyclables, kitchen waste, hazardous waste, and other waste.[367] Residents who follow the guidelines will be given cash while those who do not would be fined by the government.[368][369]
In Shenzhen there are 14 newspapers, one comprehensive publishing house, three video-audio products publishing houses, 88 bureaus of inland and Hong Kong media organizations, 40 periodicals, and about 200 kinds of in-house publications of which the majority belong to enterprises.[370] The most prominent media companies in Shenzhen are the Shenzhen Media Group,[371] the Shenzhen Press Group,[372] China Entertainment Television (CETV),[373] andPhoenix Television branch iFeng.[374]
Shenzhen News [zh] (深圳晚报, sznews.com) is a Chinese-language newspaper owned by the Shenzhen Press Group that serves as Shenzhen's main online news source.[375]Shenzhen Daily is an English-language news outlet for Shenzhen covering local, national and international news.[376] That's Shenzhen is the Shenzhen edition ofThat's PRD, an English-language media company with an online, print and social footprint.[377] ShekouDaily.com is an online media outlet providing news and resources focusing on theShekou sub-district in Nanshan District of Shenzhen.[378]
TheShenzhen Bay Bridge forms part of the Shenzhen Bay Port crossing, connectingDongjiaotou in Shenzhen with Ngau Hom Shek in Hong Kong
The area encompassed by Shenzhen andHong Kong formerly belonged toBao'an County in imperial times. After theQing defeat in theSecond Opium War, theUnited Kingdom seizedHong Kong Island and was leased theNew Territories, forming the modern-day boundaries between Hong Kong and Shenzhen (the successor to Bao'an).[19] The two cities are separated by two bays:Shenzhen Bay andMirs Bay, and a river:Sham Chun River. According to then-Executive Council memberLeung Chun-ying, the two cities' close relationship can be due to the close distance between the two, similar economic systems, differences in wages and price levels, and that the two cities have different systems compared to other Chinese cities, with Hong Kong embracing theone country, two systems principle while Shenzhen is aSEZ.[379]
From the establishment of Shenzhen as a SEZ in 1980 to 2007, Hong Kong has been Shenzhen's largest trade partner, with exports to Hong Kong accounted for 46.6% of Shenzhen's total exports.[380] In 2015, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen Port to Hong Kong was 1.1 trillion RMB.[381] Both cities had established theQianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industries Cooperation Zone within theNanshan District which is afree-trade zone that mirrors the economic policies of both cities and to bring Hong Kong closer to mainland China.[159][382][383]Tencent estimated that by 2020, Qianhai is expected to create a total output value of 150 billion RMB, with an output of 10 billion RMB per square kilometer.[384] As of 23 February 2021, Qianhai has a total of 11,325 firms from Hong Kong.[383]
Shenzhen has been very active in cultivatingsister city relationships. In October 1989, Shenzhen Mayor Li Hao and a delegation travelled toHouston to attend the signing ceremony establishing a sister city relationship between Houston and Shenzhen.[387] Houston became the first sister city of Shenzhen. As of 2015, Shenzhen has established sister city relationship with 25 cities in the world.As of May 2021[update], Shenzhen istwinned with the following regions, cities, and counties:[388]
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