Shenyang has been controlled by numerous different states and peoples during its history. In the 14th century, the city came under the control of theMing dynasty (1368–1644), for whom it served as an important military stronghold. The 1621Battle of Shen-Liao resulted in Shenyang briefly serving as the capital of the JurchenLater Jin dynasty, the direct predecessor of theQing dynasty (1644–1912).[7] The 1905Battle of Mukden took place south of Shenyang as part of theRusso-Japanese War. The subsequent Japanese victory allowed its annexation of the region west of the old city and the increase of Japanese influence in Shenyang. In 1931, theMukden incident led to the Japanese invasion and occupation of the rest of Northeast China, and the establishment of the puppet state ofManchukuo. After theJapanese surrender in 1945, Shenyang remained a stronghold of theKuomintang until its capture by theCommunists in 1948 following theLiaoshen campaign.
Together with its surrounding cities, Shenyang is an important industrial center in China,[8] and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China's northeast—particularly involved in links with Japan, Russia, and Korea.[9] A center ofheavy industry in China since the 1930s, and the spearhead of the Chinese central government'sNortheast Area Revitalization Plan,[10] the city has been diversifying its industry, including expanding into theservice sector. Growing industries include software, automotive and electronics. Shenyang is also a major city for scientific research and education in Northeast China. As of 2023[update], it was listed among the top 125cities by scientific output in the world, as tracked by theNature Index.[11] The city is home toseveral major universities, notablyNortheastern University andLiaoning University, listed as prestigious universities in theDouble First-Class Construction.
Shenyang literally means "theyang side of the Shen River" and refers to the location of theHun River (formerly called the Shen River,瀋水;Shěn Shuǐ), on the southern side of the city. According to Chinese naming tradition, a river's north bank and a mountain's south slope are angled more towards direct sunlight and thus are considered the "sunny", or "yang", side.[12]
Archaeological findings show that humans resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 8000 years ago. The remains of theXinle culture, a lateNeolithic period society over 6800–7200 years old,[5] are located in a museum in the north part ofHuanggu District. It is complemented by a recreated village on site.
The city now known as Shenyang was first establishedc. 300 BCE during theWarring States period byYan generalQin Kai, who conquered theLiaodong region fromGojoseon.[13] It was then named Hou City (侯城;Hóu Chéng). Around 350 years later, during the reign ofEmperor Guangwu of Han, the city was sacked and burnt by theDonghu nomads and subsequently abandoned. The area of modern Shenyang was divided between twocommanderies calledLiaodong andXuantuc. 107 CE. Liaodong was seized by a Han governor in 189. Liaodong and Xuantu were briefly united underCao Wei and theJin dynasty (266–420). The region was in disarray during the fourth century until theGoguryeo occupied both commanderies in 404. Under Goguryeo, the city was called Gaemo. They established the cities of Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng in the region. TheSui dynasty recaptured the area and established a new Liaodong Commandery in what is now modern Shenyang. In 645, theTang dynastyinvaded Goguryeo and captured Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng. Soon after, Liaodong was administratively reorganized and enjoyed nearly 250 years of stability and development.[14]
In 916, the Shenyang region was captured by theLiao dynasty and was known as Shen Prefecture (瀋州;Shěn Zhōu) until the end ofJin dynasty (who conquered the region in 1116). The area became known as the Shenyang Circuit (瀋陽路;Shěnyáng Lù) during theYuan dynasty.[15] After the fall of the Yuan, Shenyang came under the control of theMing dynasty, and it was designated a guard town named Shenyang Central Guard (瀋陽中衛;Shěnyáng Zhōngwèi). During the Ming dynasty, Shenyang became one of the most important Chinese military strongholds beyond theShanhai Pass.
TheMukden PalaceMap of Shengjing Inner City in 1660s
In 1625, the Jurchen leaderNurhacicaptured Shenyang from the Ming and decided to relocate his entire administrative infrastructure to the city, which was then calledSimiyan hoton (Manchu:ᠰᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ)in theManchu language, Simiyan itself being the Manchu's homophonic translation of the Korean's rendering of the name Shenyang (심양).[7] The official name was changed to Mukden (Manchu: ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠨ), or Shengjing (盛京;Shèng Jīng; 'rising capital') in 1634. The new name derives from theManchu word,mukdembi (Manchu:ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠮᠪᡳ), meaning 'to rise' as reflected also by its Han Chinese name.[16] UnderNurhaci's orders, theImperial Palace was constructed in 1626, symbolizing the city's emerging status as theJurchen political center. The palace featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as a symbol of power and grandeur.[16]
After the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644 and the routing of theShun army in theBattle of Shanhai Pass just a day later, the Manchus successfully entered theShanhai Pass to establish theQing dynasty inChina proper. The capital was subsequently relocated from Shenyang toBeijing. However, Shenyang retained considerable importance as the secondary capital and spiritual home of theQing dynasty through the centuries.[16] Treasures of the royal house were kept at its palaces, and the tombs of the early Qing rulers were once among the most famous monuments in China. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture (奉天府;Fèngtiān Fǔ;Manchu:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡶᡠ, Möllendorff:abkai imiyangga fu, Abkai:abkai imiyangga fu orManchu:ᡶᡠᠩ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ, Möllendorff:fung tiyian, Abkai:fung tiyian) was established in the Shenyang area, and Fengtian was sometimes used synonymously with Shenyang/Mukden.[17]
During theRusso-Japanese War (1904–1905), Mukden became the site of theBattle of Mukden from February 19 to March 10, 1905.[20][21] Involving more than 600,000 combat participants, it was the largest battle since theBattle of Leipzig in 1813, and also the largest modern-era battle ever fought in Asia beforeWorld War II.[22] Following this Japanese victory, Mukden became one of the chief bases of Japanese presence and economic expansion into southernManchuria. It also became the government seat ofFengtian province in 1910.[23] Mukden became one of the main epicenters of theManchurian plague (1910–1911), which ultimately resulted in approximately 60,000 deaths.[24]
Zhang Zuolin's train after theHuanggutun IncidentJapanese troops entering Shenyang during Mukden Incident
In 1914, the city changed back to its old name Shenyang,[25] but continued to be known as Mukden (sometimes spelled Moukden) in some English sources and in Japan through much of the first half of the 20th century. The postmark of the Chinese postal administration kept the spelling "MOUKDEN/奉天" for usage on international mails until the late 1920s. After that, a Chinese–Manchurian bilingual type "SHENYANG (MUKDEN)/瀋陽 (奉天)" datestamp was used until 1933.
At around 10:20 pm on 18 September 1931, a small quantity of dynamite was detonated close to a railway line near Mukden owned by the JapaneseSouth Manchuria Railway Company byKwantung Army Lt. Kawamoto Suemori.[30][31] TheImperial Japanese Army, accusing Chinese dissidents of the act, then used thefalse flag explosion as pretext to launch a full attack on Mukden, and captured the city the following morning (September 19).[31][32] After theMukden Incident, the Japanese further invaded and occupied the rest of Northeast China, and created thepuppet state ofManchukuo with the deposed emperorAisin Gioro Puyi as thefigurehead.[33] During the Manchukuo era (1932–1945), the city was again called Fengtian (and Mukden in English),[34] and was developed by the Japanese into a center of heavy industry.[34][35] Japan was able to exploit resources in Manchuria using the extensive network of railroads.[36] For example, vast expanses of Manchurian forest were chopped down.[37] The development of Shenyang was also unbalanced in this period; municipal facilities were mostly located in Japanese residential areas, while Chinese residential areas had poor living conditions.[35]
UnderMarshal of the Soviet UnionAleksandr Vasilevsky, the Far East Command[38] of theRed Army occupied Manchuria in early August 1945 following the surrender of Japan.[39] On 16 August 1945, Manchurian EmperorPuyi was captured in Shenyang Airport by the Soviets while he was in an airplane fleeing to Japan.[40] On 20 August, Soviet troops captured Shenyang. British and US reports indicate that the Soviet troops that occupiedNortheast China and Eastern Inner Mongolia region looted and terrorized the people of Shenyang, and were not discouraged bySoviet occupation authorities from "three days of rape and pillage".[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]
Over the past 200 years or so, Shenyang managed to grow and increase its industrial might during consecutive wars withRussia andJapan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, theSecond World War, andChina's Civil War (Shenyang became the main battleground between theCommunists andNationalists).
Directed by state efforts to reducepollution and close unprofitable industry, the city has undergonedeindustrialization, with the shutdown of large plants.[54][55] Most notably, a large 1930ssmelter in the central city was closed in 2000.[56][57] The redevelopment of former polluted industrial land has resulted ingentrification.[58]
The old city of Shenyang resided almost entirely within the modern dayShenhe District, and used to have twocity walls.[59]
Situated roughly within the area bounded by the four "Shuncheng" (顺城; 'along the city') roads/streets in Shenhe District, the (now-demolished) square-shaped inner city wall marked the bounds of ancient Shenyang. The earliest wall was built in 926 during earlyLiao dynasty to settleNorthern Song civilians theKhitans abducted from raids to use asslave labourers[citation needed], and was then made oframmed earth because the city was merely a small settlement at the time (historically the administrative center of theLiaodong region was atLiaoyang).[citation needed] However, in 1368,Hongwu Emperor of the newly foundedMing dynasty ordered a new regional military command—the Liaodong Regional Military Commission (遼東都指揮使司)—to be established, and Shenyang was made a prominent regional "guard town" (衛所). In 1388, Min Zhong (閔忠), the newly appointed city commissioner of the Shenyang Central Guard, wrote to Hongwu Emperor immediately upon his tenure requesting permission to upgrade the city wall, and the old wall was made taller and thoroughly reinforced with overlaid bricks.[citation needed] According toHistory of Ming, the reconstructed Ming-era wall was 2.5zhàng (8 metres or 26 feet) tall, more than 1zhàng (3.2 metres or 10.5 feet) wide at the top, and 9li and 30bu (about 5.2 kilometres or 3.2 miles) long. It has two layers ofmoats dug outside, each being 3zhàng (9.6 metres or 31.5 feet) wide and 8chi (2.56 metres or 8 feet 4.8 inches) deep, fed with water from the Little Shen River (the present day South Canal). There were fourcity gates, each at the center of one side, connected by two main roads that intersected at Central Temple of the city's center in a "+" fashion.[citation needed]
This Ming wall was heavily damaged in 1625 when the Manchus laid siege and captured the city, with only the north wall andgate tower (which had undergone reinforcing reconstructions in 1545 under the orders ofJiajing Emperor) remained intact.[citation needed] The Manchu leaderNurhachi however saw the city's strategic value and decided to formally relocate hisLater Jin capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang, and ordered the wall to be rebuilt.[citation needed] According toAnnals of Mukden (盛京通志), the new city wall was a standardblack brickwall standing at a height of 3.5zhàng (about 12.5 metres or 41.0 feet), a width of 1.8zhàng (about 6.4 metres or 21.0 feet) and a total length of 9li and 332bu (about 6.4 kilometres or 4.0 miles), complete with 12towers (8 gates and 4 corners) and a widened 14.5-zhàng (about 52-metre or 171-foot) moat. The city gates were increased from four to eight, though the old Ming-era north gate tower was preserved but sealed shut, later known as the "Ninth Gate" (九門).[citation needed]
The outer city wall, called the "peripheral wall" (邊牆;Biān Qiáng) or "pass wall" (關牆;Guān Qiáng), was actually arammed earthrampart built in 1680 to expand the urban area outside the inner city.[citation needed] It was almost round in shape, standing at a height of 7.5chi (around 2.7 metres or 8 feet 10.3 inches) and an overall length of 32li and 24bu (about 20.7 kilometres or 12.9 miles), and also had eight towerless gates known as the "peripheral gates" (邊門;Biān Mén). The corresponding inner and outer gates were linked by roads that intersected within the inner city in a "#" pattern around theMukden Palace.[citation needed]
Nearly all of these city walls and gates were demolished after 1949.[citation needed] Two gates and one corner tower of the inner wall were rebuilt during the 1990s.[citation needed] There had, however, been proposals to rebuild the other gates and towers in preparation to the12th National Games in 2013.
Around 2.5 km (1.6 mi) outside Shenyang's former outer wall, there were fourpagodas each located within an associatedTibetan Buddhist temple, namely the East Pagoda in Yongguang Temple (永光寺), the South Pagoda in Guangci Temple (廣慈寺), the West Pagoda in Yanshou Temple (延壽寺) and the North Pagoda in Falun Temple (法輪寺). They were built in 1643 and completed in 1645.[citation needed] The four pagodas are identical white Buddha-stupas as tall as 26 m (85 ft). Nowadays only the temple for the North Pagoda is well preserved, the East and South has only the pagodas left, and the temple for the West Pagoda was rebuilt in 1998.[citation needed]
Both theTemple of Heaven and Temple of Earth were also to be found in the old city during theQing dynasty.[citation needed] They were smaller replicas of Beijing's counterparts. Neither exists today.
Map including Shenyang (labeled as瀋陽 SHEN-YANG (MUKDEN)) (AMS, 1956)Aerial photograph of Shenyang
Shenyang ranges in latitude from 41° 11' to 43° 02' N and in longitude from 122° 25' to 123° 48' E, and is located in the central part of Liaoning province. The western parts of the city's administrative area are located on thealluvial plain of theLiao River system, while the eastern part consists of the hinterlands of theChangbai Mountains, and is covered with forests.[60] The highest point in Shenyang is 414 m (1,358 ft)above sea level and the lowest point only 7 m (23 ft).[61] The average elevation of the urban area is 45 m (148 ft).[62]
The city's main urban area is located to the north ofHun River, formerly the largest tributary of the Liao Riverproper and often locally referred as the city's "mother river". The central urban area is surrounded by threeartificial rivers — respectively theSouth Canal (南运河) from the south and southeast, theXinkai River (新开河, formerly theNorth Canal) from the north and northeast, and theWeigong River (卫工河, formerly the WeigongNullah) from the west, all interconnected by channels as a continuouswaterway. The South Canal in particular, famous for the series oflinear parks and gardens along it, wascanalized from the old course of theWanquan River (萬泉河; 'ten thousand springs river'), historically also called theLittle Shen River (小瀋水) orWuli River (五里河; 'five-li river'), which was a principal water source for the old city.[63] These are reinforced on the peripheries by smaller rivers such as Xi River (细河), Puhe River (蒲河) and Mantang River (满堂河), and drains into the Hun River at three different locations on the southeast, due south and southwest side of the city. There was also previously another canal on the east side called Huishan Nullah (辉山明渠) that drains into Xinkai River's lower section, but is now no longer existent due toland reclamation from urban constructions.
According to the Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau, winter usage of coal byboiler stations forhydronicdistrict heating is the source of 30 percent of the air pollution in Shenyang. Half of the 16 million metric tons of coal consumed by the city during the winter of 2013–2014 were used for heating. Other major factors include dust from construction sites (20 percent), vehicle exhaust (20 percent), industrial emissions (10 percent) and extraterritorial dust (20 percent, mostlyyellow dust fromGobi Desert). However, air quality was described by the Bureau as "slowly improving".[64]
Shenyang has amonsoon-influencedhumid continental climate (KöppenDwa,TrewarthaDcac) characterised by hot, humid summers due to the monsoon, and dry, cold winters due to theSiberian anticyclone. The four seasons here are distinctive. Nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. Monthly mean temperatures range from −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) in January to 24.9 °C (76.8 °F) in July, for an annual average of 8.6 °C (47.5 °F). The frost-free period is 183 days, which is long considering the severity of the winters.[66] The city receives 2,421 hours of bright sunshine annually; monthly percent of possible ranges from 42 percent in July to 64 percent in February. Extreme temperatures range from −33.1 °C (−28 °F) to 39.3 °C (103 °F).[67]
Climate data for Shenyang, elevation 51 m (167 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1905–present)
Source: China Meteorological Administration[68][69][65] all-time extreme temperature[67]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.
Map of Shenyang (labeled as SHEN-YANG) and surrounding region (1975)
Shenyang's metropolitan area traditionally consisted of the 5 small inner urban districts, surrounded by 4 larger outer suburban districts, and accompanied by 4 rural counties on the north and west sides. In general,agriculture,animal husbandry and agricultural product processing dominate northeastern Shenyang; eastern Shenyang is anautomotive parts hub; southern Shenyang is a high-tech industrial base; and western Shenyang is home toheavy machinery manufacturing. The city center specialises in retail and financial services.[70]
Out of the rural counties, the Xinmin County was upgraded to acounty-level city in 1993, and the Liaozhong County was incorporated into a new suburban district in 2016 as part of theprovincial/national development plan.
Buildings along Youths Avenue (Qingnian Street, 青年大街) in southern Shenhe District
TheShenhe District (沈河区; 'Shen River district') is a part of the downtown and was also the most developed district in Shenyang. Until 2015, it held theseat of the City Government.[71] The old city wall is entirely located in Shenhe District. It has an area of 60 km2 (23 sq mi)[72] and aregistered population of 716,417 (as per 2014).[73] There is the Central Temple (中心庙;Zhōngxīn Mìao), built during theMing dynasty, showing the center of ancient Shenyang. This temple is located just south of theMiddle Street (中街;Zhōng Jiē), one of the most famous shopping streets and the first commercialpedestrian zone in China. Shenhe District is also home to the famous Wu'ai Market (五爱市场;Wǔài Shìchǎng), the largestlight industry wholesale trading center in the entireBohai Economic Rim.
Shenhe District is the site of theMukden Palace, just south of the Central Temple. It is also the site ofZhang Zuolin's former home and headquarters, Shengjing Ancient Cultural Street. In the western Shenhe District there is aMuslim town, and the South Pagoda (南塔;Nán tǎ) is located in southern Shenhe District. There are a lot of high-end hotels located in Shenhe District, such asSheraton,Kempinski, Lexington,Marriott (which is the first Marriott Hotel directly named "Marriott" inmainland China, but due to finance conflicts is not administered byMarriott International). The major thoroughfare ofYouths Avenue (青年大街;Qīngnián Dà Jiē), the city's primary north–southarterial road that traverses past theCity Government Square (市府广场;Shìfǔ Guǎngchǎng) at the modern center of the city linkingBeiling Park to theTaoxian Airport, separates the southern portion of Shenhe District from the neighbouring southern Heping District. The iconic 305.5 m (1,002 ft)Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower is situated alongside this avenue.
Shenhe District is also home to Northeast China's mainrailway hub, theShenyang North Railway Station (locally known as the "North Station"). The railways leading to the station forms the border between Shenhe District and the neighbouring eastern portion of Huanggu District. The station building has recently[when?] undergone a major overhaul and extension.
Chairman Mao statue at Zhongshan SquareNortheastern University (China) in Heping District, Shenyang
TheHeping District (和平区; 'peace district') is located in thedowntown of Shenyang, bordered Shenhe District. It is currently the most developed district in Shenyang. It has an area of 59 km2 (23 sq mi)[72] and a population of 645,399 (2014).[73] Heping District has all manner of commercial businesses that are brightlyneon-lit at night, centered aroundTaiyuan Street (太原街;Taìyuán Jīe), one of the most famous shopping district in the Northeast. TheProject 985 university,Northeastern University, is also located in Heping District.
The district, better known as the downtown, sprung up aroundShenyang Railway Station (known locally as the "South Station" in contrast to the "North Station" in Shenhe District), the former hub of theSouth Manchurian Railway.[citation needed] At the center of the district isZhongshan Square (中山广场;Zhōngshān Guǎngchǎng), which featuresone of China's largest statues of Chairman Mao—a record of the era of theCultural Revolution. Northwest of Zhongshan Square lies theWest Pagoda Korean Neighborhood orKoreatown. Many of the boulevards in this area are lined of very largeginkgo trees, which become golden in color and produce their distinctive fruits in autumn.[citation needed]
Heping District is also the core area for many political institutions in the Northeast, includingCPC Liaoning Provincial Committee, headquarters of theNorthern Theater Command (previously theShenyang Military Region),General Logistics Department and theconsulates-general of the United States, Japan. South Korea, North Korea and other countries. Northeast Electricity,China Post, railways, other such industrial hubs and many media outlets such asLiaoning Radio and Television, Shenyang Radio and Television andShenyang Daily newspaper are also located in this district.
TheDadong District (大东区; 'great east district') is an industrial zone and used to be the largest of the inner city districts. Its name derives from the fact that the district started off as the residential area immediately outside the old inner city wall's Fujin Gate (撫近門), which is also called Great East Gate (大東門). It has an area of 100 km2 (39 sq mi)[72] and a population of 689,576 (2014).[73]
The district contains popular tourist landmarks such as the9.18 Historical Museum, the North and East Pagodas, Bawang Temple and the Wanquan Park. The oldest airfield in Shenyang, the now-defunct East Pagoda Airport, is also located in Dadong District.
TheHuanggu District (皇姑区; 'royal aunt district') is named afterHuanggutun ("tun" means village), where theHuanggutun Incident took place. The name is actually a mis-transliteration of the pronunciation forFiyanggū (Manchu:ᡶᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡡ, Chinese:費揚武, 1605–1643), the ManchuPrince Jian of the First Rank whose tomb was in the area. It has an area of 66 km2 (25 sq mi)[72] and a population of 817,288 (2014).[73]
The district is the site ofBeiling park, the large historical mausoleum ofQing dynasty emperorHuang Taiji, as well as the Liaoning Mansion Hotel. It also hosts the seat of the Provincial Government of Liaoning.
TheTiexi District (铁西区; 'railway's west district') is the most populous district and makes up the western part of the inner city, west of theSouth Manchurian Railway (hence the district's name) and south of theJingshen Railway, and is famous for itsheavy industry. This mixed-use district also contains large blocks of residential complexes, so as well as strips of small to medium-sized shopping districts. It previously had only an area of 39 km2 (15 sq mi)[74] and a population of 764,419.[75] In May 2002, the Shenyang city government annexed a large area of suburban land from the neighbouring Yuhong District to establish a new state-level development zone—the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone (沈阳经济技术开发区), and transferred its administration to Tiexi District to form theTiexi New District (铁西新区), thus giving Tiexi District the current "necked" shape on the map. The new Tiexi District now has a population of 907,091 (2014),[73] a total area of 286 km2 (110 sq mi),[72] and enjoys the same administrative rank as a municipality (Administrative Committee of Shenyang).
The district is featured in a 9-hour epic documentary filmWest of the Tracks by a young filmmaker Wang Bing. It shows the transition in thisrust belt district—apalimpsest of not only Chinese but also world history. The first factories of this place were built in 1934 by the Japanese to produce war goods for the Imperial Army and nationalized after World War II. As late as the early 1980s, the factories here employed about one million workers, but all of them went jobless in the 1990s.[76]
TheHunnan District (浑南区; 'South of Hun River'), was formerly called theDongling District (东陵区; 'East Mausoleum district') before June 17, 2014, referring to theUNESCOWorld Heritage Site-listed tombs dedicated toNurhachi, the founder ofLater Jin, and his empressMonggo-Jerjer. The large suburban district is located on the east and southeast side of urban Shenyang, with most of its territory south of the Hun River, hence its current name. It has an area of 734 km2 (283 sq mi)[72] and a population of 324,074 (2014).[73] The Shenyang municipal government moved to Hunnan District on 13 October 2015.[71] The Shenyang Botanical Garden and the Shenyang International Expo Garden (which hosted the2006 International Horticultural Exposition) are also located in this district.
Hunnan District hosts the city's only operational commercial airport, theTaoxian International Airport, and is rapidly becoming high-end residential areas with luxury apartments, fine neighbourhoods and commercial developments,[citation needed] as Hunnan becomes the new center of Shenyang steadily with the new government being developed there.[citation needed] The district is traversed by two corridors along two major highways, one leading to the Eastern Mausoleum and the neighbouring city ofFushun, and the other leading to the airport.
Launched in 1988 as the Shenyang National New and High-Tech Industrial Development Zone and elevated to a national-level zone in 1991[citation needed], the Hunnan New Area (浑南新区) focuses on electronic and information technology products such as software, computers, network systems, communication equipment and audio/visual equipment; advanced manufacturing technologies, especially for automobiles, medical equipment; advanced materials and biological and pharmaceutical products.[citation needed] Foreign companies such as theGeneral Electric Co.,Tyco International, andMitsubishi Group operate in the zone.[citation needed]
TheSujiatun District (苏家屯区; 'Su family village district') forms the southernmost part of the suburbs, located 15 km (9 mi) away from central Shenyang. The 2014 registered population of Sujiatun is 428,859.[73] and it has an area of 782 km2 (302 sq mi).[72] Sujiatun is known mostly for its agricultural and industrial activity. It borders the districts of Yuhong and Heping to the north, Dongling to the northeast, Tiexi to the northwest; it also borders theprefecture-level cities ofFushun to the east,Benxi to the southeast, andLiaoyang to the southwest.
TheShenbei New District (沈北新区; 'Shenyang's north new district'), formerlyXinchengzi District (新城子区; 'new town district'), is a new development zone and forms the majority of the northern suburbs. It has an area of 884 km2 (341 sq mi)[72] and a population of 320,370 (2014).[73] It borders Hunnan District to the southeast, Dadong and Huanggu Districts to the south, Yuhong District to the southwest,Xinmin City andFaku County to the northwest; it also borders the prefecture-level cities ofTieling to the northeast andFushun to the southeast.
TheYuhong District (于洪区; 'Yu andHong (Chinese surname) district') forms part of the northwestern and western suburbs. It has an area of 499 km2 (193 sq mi)[72] and a population of 435,333 (2014).[73] It borders Shenbei New District to the northeast, Huanggu District to the east, Tiexi District to the south, andXinmin City to the west.China Resources Beverage, the distributor of C'estbon Water, has its Northeast regional office in the district.
The large southwestern part of the neighbouring Tiexi District also used to belong to Yuhong District, but in May 2002, the southwestern part of Yuhong District was ceded on order of the city government to establish the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and the administration of the region was later transferred to Tiexi District instead. This annexation of land left anexclave territory lying between Tiexi District, Heping District and Sujiatun District, separated from the main body of Yuhong District, hence making the Tiexi District flanked at the "neck" by the two parts of Yuhong.
TheLiaozhong District (辽中区; 'Liaoning's center district', referring to its central location within the province) is the newest and largest suburban district. Formerly theLiaozhong County (辽中县), its rural county status was made defunct in January 2016, and formally instated as a suburban city district on April 11, 2016. It lies 67 km (42 mi) southwest of downtown Shenyang, near the intersection of G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway and G91 Liaozhong Ring Expressway. As of 2014[update], it had a population of 532,900[73] residing in an area of 1,645 km2 (635 sq mi).[72] It is the most southwestern part of Shenyang City, bordering Xinmin City to the north, and Tiexi District to the northeast, as well as the prefecture-level cities ofLiaoyang to the southeast,Anshan to the south and southwest, andJinzhou to the west.
TheKangping County (康平县; 'prosperous and peaceful county') is the northernmost and most remote part of the Greater Shenyang area, and has an area of 2,167 km2 (837 sq mi) with a population of 352,434 (2014). It was historically first established in 1880 under the blessing of theGuangxu Emperor, hence the name. The county borders theFaku County to the south, theprefecture-level cities ofTieling to the east,Fuxin to the southwest andInner Mongolia'sTongliao to the north. The county is mostly agricultural, with majority of its GDP coming from crop and fruit planting. However, in recent years thesynthetic fabric,carbon fiber andalternative energy industries begin to take hold in Kangping. The county currently has the third largestwind farm in the whole province.
Shenyang is an important industrial center in China and is the core city of the Shenyang Economic Zone, a New Special Reform Zone. It has been focused on heavy industry, particularly aerospace, machine tools, heavy equipment and defence, and recently on software, automotive and electronics.[82] The heavy industry started in the 1920s and was well developed before the second world war.[83][84] During the first five-year plan (1951–1956) many factories were built in Tiexi district.[85] At its peak in the 1970s, Shenyang was one of the top three industrial centers in China alongsideShanghai andTianjin, and was at one time being considered for upgrading to adirect-controlled municipality. However, as theplanned economy fell out of favor after the 1980s, the heavy industry had declined gradually and the city became arust belt city, with hundreds of thousands of peoplelaid off from bankrupted state-owned factories.[86][87][88] Nonetheless, the economy of the city has revived significantly in recent years, thanks to thecentral government's "Revitalize Northeast China" campaign and the rapid development of software and auto manufacture industries.[89] Investment subsidies are granted tomultinational corporations (MNCs) that set up offices or headquarters in Shenyang.[70]
As thetransport hub of Northeast China, Shenyang is served by air, rail, a currently Five-line subway system and an extensive network of streets and expressways, with bus services throughout the city.[97] Terminal 3 atShenyang Taoxian International Airport is the largest terminal in northeast China.[98] A new tram network system was built in the city's south in 2013.
The old Liaoning General StationShenyangbei Railway Station in 2024
TheShenyang North Railway Station (Chinese:沈阳北站;pinyin:Shěnyáng Běi Zhàn) was formerly theLiaoning General Station (遼寧總站;Liáoníng Zǒngzhàn) before 1946, and colloquially known as the "Old North Station". The original station building (now anMHCSPNL-listed heritage building), initially named theFengtian City Station (奉天城站;Fèngtīan Chéng Zhàn) at the time of completion, was built in 1927 at the terminal point ofJingfeng Railway, about 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of the current station site, on the orders of warlordZhang Zuolin to compete with the then Japanese-administered Shenyang Railway Station. The Main Station Building (主站房) of the current "New North Station" began construction in 1986 and was commissioned for operation in December 1990, and became one of the five most important railway hubs in China, earning itself the nickname "Northeast's No. 1 Station" (东北第一站).[101][102] In 2011, a huge expansion project known as the "North Station Transport Hub Reconstruction Project" (北站交通枢纽改造工程) was initiated in response to the growing demand of floor area posed by the increasing passenger traffic after introduction of thehigh-speed rail service. The station now has an additional 3-storey "Sub-Station Building" (子站房) and a "North Square" (北广场) on the northern (Huanggu District) side of the railways, while the old waiting lounge in the original 16-storey Main Station Building is now relocated to a large elevated concourse that bridges over the rail tracks, with a pillar-less roof (the largest in mainland China) doming the platforms. The original South Square (南广场) outside the Main Station Building was rebuilt into a multi-levelled complex, with two above ground forming an elevated airport-style drop-off zone and a large ground-level area for bus stops, as well as a three-level underground city providing shopping malls, parking lots, taxi pick-up and interchange withSubway Line 2, while also capable of rapid conversion into anair raid shelter if needed.
Shenyang Railway Station
TheShenyang Railway Station (Chinese:沈阳站;pinyin:Shěnyáng Zhàn) has a history of more than 100 years. It was built by the Russians in 1899 on the eastern side of theSouth Manchurian Railway and was named theFengtian Station (Chinese:奉天站;pinyin:Fèngtiān Zhàn) at the time. It was later expanded by the Japanese after theRusso-Japanese War and renamed toFengtianYam (Chinese:奉天驛;pinyin:Fèngtiān Yì) until the end of theWorld War II. Before adopting its current name, the station was known as theShenyang South Railway Station (Chinese:瀋陽南站;pinyin:Shěnyáng Nán Zhàn) or simply the "South Station" (in contrast to the forementioned "North Station") between 1945 and 1950, a name the locals still use colloquially to present days (though the currentShenyang South railway station is actually at the suburban junction betweenHunnan andSujiatun). Today, the station focuses on regular-speed passenger service and is being refurbished with a large archway and new terminal, reducing access to the boarding platforms by rerouting customers under and over ground while construction is completed. The station was expanded in 2010 with the addition of a new West Station Building (西站房) and a West Square (西广场) on the western side of the railways.[103] The old East Station Building (东站房) is currently on the provincial protected heritage list.
In theManchukuo era, the initial road transportation network was laid out, as is now in the central districts of Shenyang.[citation needed] The city follows a largelygrid-style urban layout, with the roads follow a slightly tilted northwest-to-southeast orientation due to theSouth Manchurian Railway, which runs perpendicular to that direction. The streets in Shenyang are almost always named according to a routine convention — one that runs more in the north–south direction is called a "street" (街;Jīe) or "avenue" (大街;Dà Jīe; 'big street'), and one that runs more east–west are call a "road" (路;Lù) or "boulevard" (大道;Dà Dào; 'big path'). The only exceptions to this rule are the east–west Middle Street inShenhe District, which takes its historical name from ancient times (though its modern official name is actually the "Middle Street Road"); and the north–south Minzhu Road (民主路) inHeping District that traverses diagonally across thesuperblock between theShenyang Railway Station and the Zhongshan Park, but as one of the only three diagonal streets in the entire city it is accommodated as a "road" instead of "street" in keeping with the other two diagonal counterparts that run east–west.
In addition to the grid streets, Shenyang also was developing severalring road systems, going back as early as the "Fengtian City Plan" (奉天都邑計劃) proposed by the Japanese-controlledpuppetManchukuo government in 1932.[citation needed] Outside of the (now demolished) city walls, the city initially planned threebeltways, namely the "inner ring", "middle ring" and "outer ring" roads. Gradually with urban development, the inner ring idea faded away into the inner city grids, but the middle ring concept was retained and later transformed into the nowadays1st Ring Road (一环路, officially called the "Middle Ring Road" until 1995), and the outer ring morphed roughly into parts of the present day2nd Ring Road (二环路). The3rd Ring Road (三环路) was completed in 1995, and in 2013 was upgraded into an 8-lane, 82 km (51 mi) freeway—the G1501Shenyang Ring Expressway (沈阳绕城高速公路). The 10-lane, 132 km (82 mi)4th Ring Road (四环路) is alimited-access highway about 8 km (5.0 mi) out from the 3rd Ring, completed in 2013. The planned 6-lane, 198 km (123 mi)5th Ring Road (五环路) and the proposed 399 km (248 mi)6th Ring Road (六环路), also known as theG91 Liaozhong Ring Expressway (辽中环线高速公路), are both currently under construction.
G1 Beijing-Harbin Expressway, Shenyang segment
Shenyang is connected to the other regions by several major expressways in radial pattern. TheG15 Shenda Expressway (沈大高速公路) to the southwest is the first expressway built in China and is an 8-lane, 348.5 km (216.5 mi)controlled-access highway with a maximum speed limit of 120 km/h (75 mph), connecting Shenyang toDalian, one of the largest port city in China. The 222 km (138 mi)Shendan Expressway (沈丹高速公路) to the southeast, part of theG1113 Dandong–Fuxin Expressway that traverses Shenyang from the northwest, is a 4-lane expressway leading toBenxi andDandong, and also servesShenyang Taoxian International Airport. The 4-laneG1212 Shenji Expressway (沈吉高速公路) to the east was completed in 2011, linking Shenyang toJilin viaFushun. The 8-laneJingshen Expressway (京沈高速公路) to the west is an integral part of the extendedG1 Jingha Expressway (京哈高速公路) beyond the northeast, and is a major interprovincial "trunk road" across theShanhai Pass linking to the national capitalBeijing some 658 km (409 mi) away. There are other smaller provincial-level expressways ("S routes") to other cities likeFushun,Liaoyang andPanjin, as well as many long-distance and express bus routes to Beijing and other large Northeastern regional centers via major national roads such as theChina National Highways101,102,203 and304.
There are three other airports in Shenyang, none of them open to public. The East Pagoda Airport (东塔机场) in Dadong District is the oldest airport in Shenyang, opened in 1920s and retired in the 1980s,[107][108] though there has been proposals in 2013 to relocate and reopen it inXinmin. The Beiling Airport (北陵机场) in Huanggu District is used byShenyang Aircraft Corporation fortest flights. The Yuhong Airport (于洪机场) in Yuhong District is commissioned for military use only by the localNorthern Theater Command garrisons.[109]
In Shenyang, there are more than 160 bus routes.[110] Shenyang used to have about 20trolley bus routes, one of the biggest trolley bus networks in China.[111] The entire network was demolished in 1999 aftera serious electrocution accident that killed 5 passengers on August 12, 1998, and was replaced by gas and diesel-powered buses.
Trams in Shenyang were introduced in 1924, and had 6 lines in operation up until 1945. It suffered major disruptions during theChinese Civil War frompower outage andKuomintang bombings, but quickly resumed operation after the conclusion of theLiaoshen Campaign. After the establishment of thePeople's Republic of China, the tram network was gradually replaced by the buses and trolley buses, and eventually closed in 1974.[112] In December 2011, the Shenyang city government announced plans to rebuild thelight rail transit network in 2012, comprising 4 lines with 60 km (37 mi) distance in theHunnan New District. TheShenyang Modern Tram network started operation on August 15, 2013.
Shenyang has been planning an undergroundrapid transit system since 1940, but was unable to materialize the idea due to the city'sgeology and engineering limitations.[113] On November 18, 2005, the construction of the firstShenyang Metro line began[114] and the construction of the second line started on November 18, 2006. The first (east–west) line was opened September 27, 2010, and the second (north–south) was opened on January 9, 2012. in 2023, the second line, running north to south, extended its southern portion to connect with theShenyang Taoxian International airport. As of 2023, there are 5 running lines, with the latest of which (line 4) opening on September 29, 2023. Construction is difficult due to thegranite-richbedrock on which the city is built.[citation needed]
Shenyang has 731 medical and healthcare centers, 63,000 healthcare staff and 3.02 healthcare worker per 1,000 people. There are 34,033 hospital beds and 45,680 various kinds of medical and technical personnel, among whom there are 17,346 licensed doctors, 1,909 assistant licensed doctors, and 16887 certified nurses.[115] The average expected life-span of the people in Shenyang is 73.8 years.[citation needed]
Shenyang is home to China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University 1st, 2nd (renamed Shengjing Hospital in 2003)[117] and 4th Affiliated Hospital, 202 Hospital, Liaoning Tumor Hospital, Shenyang No.7 People's Hospital, Shenyang Orthopaedics Hospital, Shenyang Army General Hospital, North Hospital, and various other hospitals and clinics.
In 2014, South Korea and China agreed to repatriate the remains of 400People's Volunteer Army soldiers killed during theKorean War, which had been buried inPaju, and scheduled to be reburied in a state military cemetery in Shenyang.[118]
People native to Shenyang speak theShenyang dialect, a variant ofNortheastern Mandarin.[119] The dialect was formed in the early period of the Qing dynasty.[120][121] It is similar to the other Northeastern dialects and also to the national standard of Mandarin,Putonghua, but is known as a form ofDongbeihua and has a wide range of vocabulary that is not part of the country's official language.[119]
Two northeastfolk dances,Errenzhuan andYangge, are very popular in Shenyang.[122][123] The Big Stage Theatre (大舞台剧场) near Middle Street is famous for itsErrenzhuan and Chinese comedy skit performances byZhao Benshan and his students. Due to the popularity enjoyed by many Shenyang-based comedians, the city is nationally recognized as a stronghold ofChinese comedy.
Shenyang is home of manyperformance art organizations, such as Shenyang Acrobatic Troupe of China, Liaoning Song and Dance Ensemble, and Liaoning Ballet.[124] Many artists are from Shenyang, such asZimei,Na Ying and the pianistLang Lang.
Liaoning Provincial Museum (辽宁省博物馆), the largest museum in Northeast China. The museum hold many ancient relics and artefacts, including a selection of inscriptions inChinese andKhitan that are some of the earliest known forms of writing.
Shenyang Steam Locomotive Museum (沈阳蒸汽机车博物馆), with 16 steam engines from America, Japan, Russia, Belgium, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia and China.
9.18 Historical Museum (九·一八历史博物馆), a museum in memory of theMukden Incident on September 18, 1931. The museum is in the shape of an opened calendar, and is located on the site where the Japanese troops destroyed theSouth Manchuria Railway, the prelude to the invasion of Manchuria.
Xinle Relic (新乐遗址), located on the location where theXinle civilisation was first discovered, containing a reconstructed Xinle settlement and housing artefacts discovered there.Front of statue about Xinle culture
Shenyang also has one of the five full-length (400 m)speed skating rink in China, the Bayi Speed Skating Arena (八一速滑馆).
Shenyang Sport University[126] is a professional sports university, and acts asthe training base for winter sports in China and has many Olympic champions[citation needed].
The Shenyang city government, legally, recognizes five religious beliefs—Buddhism,Taoism,Islam and Christianity (Catholicism andProtestantism). During the period between 1949 and 1976, religious practices were significantly repressed, but have recovered since the end of theCultural Revolution. As of 2012[update], Shenyang has seven city-level religious organizations, with 289 legally registered places of worship, 483clerics and about 400,000 followers.
Wugoujingguang Śarīra Pagoda (无垢净光舍利塔), a 33-m-high Buddhist pagoda erected in 1044 during theLiao dynasty
Shisheng Temple (实胜寺), once known as Imperial Temple (皇寺), aTibetan Buddhist temple built in 1636 for theQing royal family
The East Pagoda (东塔), North Pagoda (北塔),West Pagoda (西塔) and South Pagoda (南塔), collectively known as the "Four Pagodas of Early Qing" (清初四塔;Qīngchū Sì Tǎ) are four white Tibetan Buddhist pagodas built byHong Taiji in 1639.
Taoism
Taiqing Palace (太清宫), built in 1663
Pengying Palace (蓬瀛宫), the only female Taoist temple in Northeast China, built in 1994
Doumu Palace (斗姆宫), formerly the second largest Taoist temple in Shenyang
Dongguan Church (东关教会), one of the largest and oldest Protestant churches in Northeast China, also known as the cradle of Christianity of the Koreans in China and in the Korean Peninsula
Xita Church (西塔教会), a Protestant church for the Korean Chinese
Islam
South Mosque (清真南寺), the largest mosque in Northeast China, built in Qing dynasty
Beiling Park andNorth Mausoleum (北陵): the tomb of the second Qing emperor,Huang Taiji. The park covers an area of 3,300,000 square metres (36,000,000 square feet), and is serviced by trams for visitors who do not wish to (or cannot) traverse the length of the park. It is aUNESCO World Heritage Site.
Qipan Mountain (棋盘山): a recreation resort inShenbei New District, northeast of Shenyang.
Strange Slope (怪坡): an 80 m (87 yd)-long, 25 m (82 ft)-wide slope on the western side of Mao Mountain in Shenbei District, famous for the unexplained phenomenon of vehicles seemingly able to move uphill unpowered.
Shenyang Botanical Garden (沈阳植物园) is located within the Qipanshan Tourism District. With a total area of 2.46 km2 (610 acres), the garden hosted theInternational Horticultural Exposition in 2006. Since then it has also been known as the Shenyang International Expo Garden (沈阳世博园). A variety of botanical exhibitions are held throughout the year.[129]
Meteorite Mountain Forest Park (陨石山森林公园), located in the southeast of Shenyang inHunnan District. The biggest meteorite lies on the Huashitai Mountain of Lixiang County, and is 160 m (520 ft) long, 54 m (177 ft) wide, 42 m (138 ft) tall and about 2,000,000 t (2,200,000 short tons) in weight. It is the oldest meteorite in the world which was formed 4.5 billion years ago and fallen into the Earth 1.9 billion years ago.[citation needed]
Xiaonan Cathedral of Shenyang (小南天主教堂), the construction of the cathedral started in 1875 and finished in 1878.
Shenyang has many shopping areas that provide necessities, luxuries and entertainments. One of the shopping districts isMiddle Street (中街). Middle Street has a history of more than 100 years. In 2005, Middle Street gained the title of China top 10 famous commercial shopping streets and in 2008; it won the International Golden Street title. Middle Street is also the first commercial pedestrian street in China. Middle Street features many western-style stores and restaurants. The largest shopping mall in Shenyang is also located on Middle Street, selling products from all around the world.
Taiyuan Street (太原街) is another shopping area which is similar to Middle Street. Taiyuan Street many restaurants and theaters for people to enjoy. Many spend their holidays shopping on these two streets. There is also a very large underground shopping center, offering many items, especially fashion jewelries, accessories and clothing.
Another area, Wu'ai Market (五爱市场), features a large multi-story shopping center with a size comparable to that of many city blocks. It is famous for wholesaling cheap clothes and household items.
Theinformation technology center is in Sanhao street (三好街) in the southern part of the city. There are large superstores located throughout the city that sell everything from meat and dairy to clothes and electronics.
Shenyang is a major city for scientific research and education inNortheast China. Shenyang has one of the highest concentrations of educational institutes in China. Roughly 30 colleges and universities and numerous research and training institutions are located in Shenyang, including core institutes of theChinese Academy of Sciences. As of 2023, it was list among the top 125science cities in the world as tracked by theNature Index.[11]
Research institutes
Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院金属研究所)
Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所)
Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所), formerly the Institute of Forestry and Pedology (林业土壤研究所)
Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院沈阳计算机技术研究所)
Shenyang Pacific International Academy (沈阳太平洋国际学校), located in Shenbei District. The school offers an American-style high school education.
Canadian International School Shenyang (加拿大国际学校), located in Shenbei District, founded in 2017 with joint co-operation of AKD International Education and the Canadian government. The school offers a Canadian-style education ranging from kindergarten to middle school.
Fengyong University (馮庸大學) was the firstprivate university in China to follow western teaching methods. It was established on August 8, 1927, with private funding by retiredFengtian cliquemajor general Feng Yong (馮庸, 1901–1981, later re-enlisted as aROCAFlieutenant general). It contained the departments of Engineering, Law and Education. After theMukden Incident, the campus was looted by Japanese troops and converted into an aircraft repair camp. The staffs and students were later forced to evacuate toBeiping, where the university continued teaching for two more years before merging with theNational Northeastern University in September, 1933. Many of the university'salumni were active members ofanti-Japanese volunteer armies.
Japan, Russia, South Korea, France, Germany, North Korea, Australia and the United States all haveconsulates in Shenyang, located inHeping District. These eight consulates make Shenyang the sixth major city to host more foreign representatives than any other city in China afterBeijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Chengdu, andChongqing.[131][132][133][134]
Shenyang has establishedsister/friendship cityrelationships with many other cities around the world. These relationships have sought to promote economic, cultural, educational and other ties.
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This article incorporates text fromThe Century illustrated monthly magazine, Volume 68, a publication from 1904, now in thepublic domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text fromThe Century: a popular quarterly, Volume 68, by Making of America Project, a publication from 1904, now in thepublic domain in the United States.
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