| Shennong 神農 | |
|---|---|
| Yan Emperor | |
.jpg) Shennong as depicted in a 1503 painting by Guo Xu | |
| Successor | Linkui |
| Born | Jiang Shinian (姜石年) |
| Issue | Linkui |
| Father | Shaodian |
| Mother | Nüdeng |
| Shennong | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 神農 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 神农 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Divine Farmer/Husbandman" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Thần Nông | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chữ Hán | 神農 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hangul | 신농 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanja | 神農 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Japanese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kanji | 神農 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Shennong (Chinese:神農;pinyin:Shénnóng), variously translated as "Divine Farmer"[1] or "Divine Husbandman", bornJiang Shinian (姜石年), was a mythologicalChinese ruler known as the firstYan Emperor who has become a deity inChinese folk religion. He is venerated as aculture hero inChina.[2]
Shennong has at times been counted amongst theThree Sovereigns (also known as "Three Kings" or "Three Patrons"), a group of ancient deities or deified kings of prehistoric China. Shennong has been thought to have taught the ancient Chinese not only their practices ofagriculture,[1] but also the use ofherbal medicine.[3] Shennong was credited with various inventions: these include thehoe,[1]plow[1] (bothleisi (耒耜) style and theplowshare),axe, diggingwells, agricultural irrigation, preserving stored seeds by using boiled horse urine (to ward off the borers),trade,[1] commerce,[1]money, the weeklyfarmers market, theChinese calendar (especially the division into the 24jieqi or solar terms). He is also attributed to have refined the therapeutic understanding of taking pulse measurements,acupuncture, andmoxibustion, as well as having instituted theharvest thanksgiving ceremony (zhaji (蜡祭) sacrificial rite, later known as thelaji (腊祭) rite).[4]
"Shennong" can also be taken to refer to his people, theShennong-shi (神農氏;Shénnóngshì; 'Shennong Clan').
According to legend, Shennong's mother swallowed the vapor of a dragon and nine days later, her son was born on the banks of the river Jiang. He had a bull (or ox's) head with a man's body. He developed rapidly and began speaking after three days, eventually growing to over eight feet tall.[5]
InChinese mythology, he obtained a mystical book of herbs from a Taoist master and later journeyed across China to record 365 medicinal herbs and fungi that became essential in traditional Chinese medicine.[6] Shennong also taught humans the use of the plow, aspects of basic agriculture, and the use ofcannabis. Possibly influenced by theYan Emperor mythos or the use ofslash-and-burn agriculture,[7] Shennong was a god of burning wind. He was also sometimes said to be a progenitor to, or to have had as one of his ministers,Chiyou (and like him, wasox-headed, sharp-horned, bronze-foreheaded, and iron-skulled).[7]
Shennong is also thought to be the father of theYellow Emperor (黃帝) who carried on the secrets of medicine, immortality, and making gold.[8] According to the eighth century AD historianSima Zhen's commentary to the second century BCShiji (or,Records of the Grand Historian), Shennong is a kinsman of theYellow Emperor and is said to be anancestor, or apatriarch, of the ancient forebears of the Chinese.
After theZhou dynasty, Shennong was thought to have existed within it by some "ancient Chinese historians" and religious practitioners as the "deified" form[9] of "mythical wise king"Hou Ji[10] whose descendants later founded the Zhou.[9]
As an alternative to this view, Shennong was also thought of in the era of theHundred Schools of Thought as a culture hero rather than a god, but one with a supernatural digestive system who ate a specimen of every single plant that existed in the time of the Hundred Schools to find which ones were edible by humans.[11] In the third century BCE, during times of political crisis and expansionism and wars among Chinese kingdoms, Shennong received new myths about his status as an ideal prehistoric ruler who valued laborers and farmers and "ruled without ministers, laws or punishments."[11]
Sima Qian (司馬遷) mentioned that the rulers directly preceding theYellow Emperor were of the house (or societal group) of Shennong.[12]Sima Zhen, who added a prologue for theRecords of the Grand Historian (史記), said his surname wasJiang (姜), and proceeded to list his successors. An older and more famous reference is in theHuainanzi; it tells how, prior to Shennong, people were sickly, wanting, starved and diseased; but he then taught them agriculture, which he himself had researched, eating hundreds of plants — and even consuming seventy poisons in one day.[13] Shennong also features in the book popularly known in English asI Ching. Here, he is referenced as coming to power after the end of the house (or reign) ofPaoxi (Fu Xi), also inventing a bent-wood plow, a cut-wood rake, teaching these skills to others, and establishing a noonday market.[14] Another reference is in theLüshi Chunqiu, mentioning some violence with regard to the rise of the Shennong house, and that their power lasted seventeen generations.[15][16]
TheShénnóng Běn Cǎo Jīng is a book on agriculture and medicinal plants, attributed to Shennong. Research suggests that it is a compilation of oral traditions, written between about 200 and 250 AD.[17]
Reliable information on the history of China before the 13th century BC can come only from archaeological evidence because China's first established written system on a durable medium, theoracle bone script, did not exist until then.[18] Thus, the concrete existence of even theXia dynasty, said to be the successor to Shennong, is yet to be proven, despite efforts by Chinese archaeologists to link that dynasty with Bronze AgeErlitou archaeological sites.[19]
However, Shennong, both the individual and the clan, are very important in Chinesecultural history, especially in regards tomythology andpopular culture. Indeed, Shennong figures extensively inhistorical literature.
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According to some versions of the myths about Shennong, he eventually died as a result of his researches into the properties of plants by experimenting upon his own body, after, in one of his tests, he ate the yellow flower of a weed that caused his intestines to rupture before he had time to swallow his antidotal tea. The poisonous weed is thought to have been heartbreak grass (gelsemium elegans), as reported in chapter 6 of David Gibson'sPlanting Clues.[20] Having thus given his life for humanity, he has since received special honor through his worship as the Medicine King (藥王;Yàowáng).[21] The sacrifice of cows or oxen to Shennong in his various manifestations is never at all appropriate; instead pigs and sheep are acceptable. Fireworks and incense may also be used, especially at the appearance of his statue on his birthday, the 26th day of the fourth lunar month, according to popular tradition. Under his various names, Shennong is the patron deity of farmers, rice traders, and practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine. Many temples and other places dedicated to his commemoration exist.[22]
As noted above, Shennong is said in theHuainanzi to have tasted hundreds ofherbs to test their medical value. The most well-known work attributed to Shennong isThe Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic (神农本草经;神農本草經;Shénnóng Běncǎo Jīng;Shen2-nung2 Pen3-ts'ao3 Ching1), first compiled some time during the end of theWestern Han Dynasty — several thousand years after Shennong might have existed. This work lists the various medicinal herbs, such aslingzhi, andmarijuana that were discovered by Shennong and given grade and rarity ratings. It is considered to be the earliest Chinesepharmacopoeia, and includes 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals. Shennong is credited with identifying hundreds of medical (and poisonous)herbs by personally testing their properties, which was crucial to the development oftraditional Chinese medicine. Legend holds that Shennong had a transparent body, and thus could see the effects of different plants and herbs on himself. He is also said to have discoveredtea, which he found it to be acting as an antidote against the poisonous effects of some seventy herbs he tested on his body. Shennong first tasted it, traditionally in ca. 2437 BC, from tea leaves on burning tea twigs, after they were carried up from the fire by the hot air, landing in his cauldron of boiling water.[23] Shennong is venerated as the Father of Chinese medicine. He is also believed to have introduced the technique ofacupuncture.
Shennong is said to have played a part in the creation of theguqin, together withFuxi and theYellow Emperor. Scholarly works mention that thepaternal family of famousSong dynasty GeneralYue Fei traced their origins back to Shennong.[24]
Shennong is associated with certain geographic localities includingShennongjia, in Hubei, where theCalamoideae ladder which he used to climb the local mountain range is supposed to have transformed into a vast forest. TheShennong Stream flows from here into theYangtze River.
![Shennong Temple in Tainan, Taiwan — where he is worshiped under the names King Yan (炎帝), God of Five Grains (五穀神), Shennong the Great Emperor, the Ancestor of Farming, Great Emperor of Medicine, God of Earth, and God of Fields.[25]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a%25E8%2587%25BA%25E5%258D%2597%25E8%2597%25A5%25E7%258E%258B%25E5%25BB%259F%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E9%259D%25A2.JPG)
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Similar deities in other culture
Shennong | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Mythological Sovereign of China | Succeeded by |
