Shen Yunying (simplified Chinese:沈云英;traditional Chinese:沈雲英; 1624–1660), also known asShen Guandi (沈官弟),[1] was a Chinese female military general in the imperial army of theMing dynasty in 17th century China.[2]
Shen Yunying was the daughter of General Shen Zhixu, who was in command of the garrison atDaozhou, in modern-dayHunan.[2] She accompanied her father on his missions, and she was married to a man of the army.[citation needed]
In 1643, her father was killed in battle against the rebel army ofZhang Xianzhong.[1] Shen Yunying took command after his death, and managed to both defend the city and retrieve her father's body. In a move that was highly unusual for the time, the court formally appointed her to be her father's successor.[3]
She displayed great military skill in her fight to protect the Ming dynasty from the armies of both the ManchuQing dynasty andGao Guiying, the other great female commander of the time, on whose opposite side she was, but she could not prevent the capture ofBeijing in 1644 and the death of the last Ming emperor.[citation needed] When her husband Jia Jian was himself killed in battle at Jingzhou, she resigned her post and withdrew to private life.[3] She founded a school where she educated girls in both academics and the martial arts.[citation needed]
Shen Yunying died in 1660.
Shen's life story was retold in a number of works of literature.Dong Rong [zh] (d. 1760) published a play about Shen Yuying and another notable female military figure,Qin Liangyu.[2] In the nineteenth century,Zhang Chaixin celebrated Shen Yunying's heroic deeds in the poem "The Ballad of General Shen", which depicts her as a powerful warrior and filial daughter, as well as a gifted writer, despite none of her writings surviving.[3] In the twentieth century,Cheng Yanqiu, one of the four great performers of thedan role inPeking opera, also wrote an opera about Shen Yunying.[4]
Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943)."Ch'in Liang-yü" .Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period.United States Government Printing Office.