Shelby County, Tennessee | |
|---|---|
 Shelby County Courthouse | |
 Flag  Seal | |
 Location within the U.S. state ofTennessee | |
 Tennessee's location within theU.S. | |
| Coordinates:35°11′N89°53′W / 35.18°N 89.89°W /35.18; -89.89 | |
| Country |  United States |
| State |  Tennessee |
| Founded | November 24, 1819 |
| Named after | Isaac Shelby[1] |
| Seat | Memphis |
| Largest city | Memphis |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Lee Harris (D)[2] |
| Area | |
• Total | 785 sq mi (2,030 km2) |
| • Land | 763 sq mi (1,980 km2) |
| • Water | 22 sq mi (57 km2) 2.8% |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 929,744 |
• Estimate (2023) | 910,042 |
| • Density | 1,220/sq mi (470/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (Central) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| Congressional districts | 8th,9th |
| Website | shelbycountytn.gov |
Shelby County is the westernmost county in theU.S. state ofTennessee. As of the2020 census, the population was 929,744.[3] It is the largest of the state's95 counties, both in terms of population and geographic area. Itscounty seat isMemphis,[4] a port on the Mississippi River and the second most populous city in the state. The county was named for GovernorIsaac Shelby of Kentucky. It is one of only two remaining counties in Tennessee with a majorityAfrican American population, along withHaywood County. Shelby County is part of theMemphis metropolitan area. It is bordered on the west by theMississippi River. Located within theMississippi Delta, the county was developed as a center of cotton plantations in the antebellum era, and cotton continued as an important commodity crop well into the 20th century. The economy has become more diversified.
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This area along the Mississippi River valley was long occupied by varying cultures of indigenous peoples. In historic times, theChickasaw controlled much of this area. They are believed to be descendants of the importantMississippian culture, which established fortified and complex cities.[citation needed] The largest of these wasCahokia, which was active from about 950CE into the 15th century. It was developed on the east side of the Mississippi in present-day southern Illinois, roughly on the same latitude as present-day St. Louis, Missouri.[citation needed]
The Shelby County area was part of the lands acquired by the United States government from theChickasaw as part of theJackson Purchase of 1818. Shelby County was established by European-American migrants in 1819 and named forIsaac Shelby, the former governor of Kentucky who had helped negotiate the land acquisition.[1] From 1827 to 1868, the county seat was located in then calledRaleigh, Tennessee (now part of Memphis), on theWolf River.[5] After the American Civil War, in recognition of the growth ofMemphis and its importance to the state economy, the seat was moved there. (Raleigh has now been absorbed within the city limits of Memphis.)[1]
The lowlands in the Mississippi Delta, closest to the Mississippi River, were developed before the war for large cotton plantations; their laborers were overwhelmingly enslaved African Americans, whom planters transported from the east or purchased in the domesticslave trade. Well before theAmerican Civil War, the population of the county was majority black, most of whom were slaves.[citation needed] Memphis developed as a major cotton market, with many brokers.[citation needed] After the war and emancipation, manyfreedmen stayed on these lands by working assharecroppers.[citation needed]
Tennessee continued to have competitive politics after the freedmen were enfranchised. The eastern part of the state retained its Unionist leanings and supported the Republican Party. Blacks in the west also supported the Republican Party. Most conservative whites supported the Democrats. From 1877 to 1950, there were 20lynchings of blacks by whites in Shelby County, the highest number of any county in the state.[6]
Most blacks weredisenfranchised around the turn of the century when the state passed laws raising barriers to voter registration; the legislature also imposedJim Crow laws, including racial segregation of public facilities. Blacks were mostly closed out of the political system for more than six decades. In the 20th century, mechanization of agriculture reduced the need for farm workers at a time when industries and railroads in the North were recruiting workers. TheGreat Migration resulted in many African Americans moving from rural areas into Memphis or out of state to northern cities for work and social and political opportunities.
After World War II, highways were constructed that led to development of much new housing on the outskirts of Memphis where land was cheap. Suburbanization, with retail businesses following new residents, took place in the county, drawing population out of the city.[citation needed] With continued residential and suburban development, the population of the metropolitan area became majority white. Six towns in the county have become incorporated; other communities are unincorporated. Residents enjoy many parks in the area as well as attractions in the city of Memphis.[citation needed]
According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 785 square miles (2,030 km2), of which 763 square miles (1,980 km2) is land and 22 square miles (57 km2) (2.8%) is water.[7] It is the largest county in Tennessee by area. Thelowest point in the state of Tennessee is located on theMississippi River in Shelby County (just outside theMemphis city limits), where the river flows out of Tennessee and intoMississippi.
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1820 | 364 | — | |
| 1830 | 5,648 | 1,451.6% | |
| 1840 | 14,721 | 160.6% | |
| 1850 | 31,157 | 111.7% | |
| 1860 | 48,092 | 54.4% | |
| 1870 | 76,378 | 58.8% | |
| 1880 | 78,430 | 2.7% | |
| 1890 | 112,740 | 43.7% | |
| 1900 | 153,557 | 36.2% | |
| 1910 | 191,439 | 24.7% | |
| 1920 | 223,216 | 16.6% | |
| 1930 | 306,482 | 37.3% | |
| 1940 | 358,250 | 16.9% | |
| 1950 | 482,393 | 34.7% | |
| 1960 | 627,019 | 30.0% | |
| 1970 | 722,014 | 15.2% | |
| 1980 | 777,113 | 7.6% | |
| 1990 | 826,330 | 6.3% | |
| 2000 | 897,472 | 8.6% | |
| 2010 | 927,644 | 3.4% | |
| 2020 | 929,744 | 0.2% | |
| 2023 (est.) | 910,042 | [8] | −2.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census[9] 1790-1960[10] 1900-1990[11] 1990-2000[12] 2010-2014[3] | |||
| Race / Ethnicity(NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[14] | Pop 2010[15] | Pop 2020[16] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White alone (NH) | 414,888 | 359,106 | 316,740 | 46.23% | 38.71% | 34.07% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 434,201 | 481,434 | 475,074 | 48.38% | 51.90% | 51.10% |
| Native American orAlaska Native alone (NH) | 1,538 | 1,804 | 1,561 | 0.17% | 0.19% | 0.17% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 14,552 | 21,245 | 27,960 | 1.62% | 2.29% | 3.01% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 248 | 274 | 256 | 0.03% | 0.03% | 0.03% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 946 | 1,097 | 3,614 | 0.11% | 0.12% | 0.39% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 7,735 | 10,595 | 26,832 | 0.86% | 1.14% | 2.89% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 23,364 | 52,092 | 77,707 | 2.60% | 5.62% | 8.36% |
| Total | 897,472 | 927,644 | 929,744 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the2020 United States census, there were 929,744 people, 353,950 households, and 215,446 families residing in the county.
As of the2010 United States census, there were 927,644 people living in the county. 52.1% wereBlack or African American, 40.6%White, 2.3%Asian, 0.2%Native American, 3.3% of some other race and 1.4of two or more races. 5.6% wereHispanic or Latino (of any race).
As of thecensus[17] of 2000, there were 897,472 people, 338,366 households, and 228,735 families living in the county. The population density was 1,189 inhabitants per square mile (459/km2). There were 362,954 housing units at an average density of 481 per square mile (186/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 48.56%Black, orAfrican American, 47.34%White, 0.20%Native American, 1.64%Asian, 0.04%Pacific Islander, 1.20% fromother races, and 1.02% from two or more races. 2.60% of the population wereHispanic orLatino of any race.
There were 338,366 households, out of which 34.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.80% weremarried couples living together, 20.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 27.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.18.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.20% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 31.10% from 25 to 44, 21.00% from 45 to 64, and 10.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 91.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.80 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $39,593, and the median income for a family was $47,386. Males had a median income of $36,932 versus $26,776 for females. Theper capita income for the county was $20,856. About 12.90% of families and 16.00% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 22.90% of those under age 18 and 13.30% of those age 65 or over.
The first county government was established as a quarterly court in 1820. During Reconstruction following theAmerican Civil War, GovernorWilliam G. Brownlow appointed a five-member commission to govern the county. When the state drafted a new constitution in 1870, it required county officials to be elected by the people or the Quarterly Court. By 1910 the Shelby County Quarterly Court had 50 members, making it inefficient; some prominent people complained it was "too democratic."
E. H. Crump, the political boss of Memphis who was also influential in the county and state, gained a 1911 legislative act creating a three-member executive commission for the Shelby County Commission, which could override the court on all issues except setting property taxes, which was protected by the state constitution. He also had the number of districts reduced to nineteen and then seven.[18] After Crump's death in 1954, the executive commission of the county was abolished.[19]
In 1964, the US Supreme Court ruled inBaker v. Carr that legislative districts had to be apportioned by population under theEqual Protection Clause, a principle known asone man, one vote. This change was incorporated in Shelby County, which had been biased toward geographic representation. In 1965, there were nine districts established, of roughly equal population, to elect members to the Quarterly Court.[18] These have been redistricted as needed based on decennial census population changes.
In 1975, the people voted to ratify the Shelby County Restructure Act, creating a single elected executive, with the title of mayor, and an eleven-member legislative body (now called the County Commission). The commission has been expanded to thirteen members. The mayor is elected at-large and all the county commissioners are elected from 13 districts.[20] The members of the county commission serve four-year terms.
Other elected officials in Shelby County include thesheriff, the chief law enforcement officer; trustee, chief tax collector, and assessor, the chief property appraiser.[21]
The government has an annual budget of $1.1 billion and 6,000 employees.
Until 1996, the Shelby County Commission appointed members to theShelby County School Board. This system was changed to comply with interpretation by the state that its constitution required that county officials, including school board members, should be elected by all residents of the county, and provisions of the state Education Improvement Act. In 1996 under what was known as Plan C, the Shelby County Commission established seven single-member special election districts for election of county school board members by all residents of the county. This was challenged in the case known asBoard of County Commissioners of Shelby County Tennessee v. Burson.[22] Shelby County and its Board of Commissioners as plaintiffs, joined by mayors of the six suburban municipalities, filed suit in 1996 against Plan C, arguing that their rights were violated under the "one person, one vote" principle embodied in theEqual Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution, as their vote would be diluted. Although Memphis City had its own school system, the Memphis population made up 74.8% of the county's population in the 1990 census, so its representatives would dominate an elected county school board, with six of seven positions. Thus Memphis representatives would dominate a system intended to serve only county residents and students who lived outside the city.[22]
The US district court found in this case:
As a result, the County Commissioners established seven single-member special election districts in the county outside the limits of Memphis, for the purpose of electing school board members to the Shelby County School Board.
Shelby County's first elected mayor was Roy Nixon, who served from 1976 to 1978. The current Shelby County mayor isLee Harris, who was elected in 2018 after having served as the minority leader of theTennessee Senate.[24]
| Name | Term in office | Party affiliation | Previous office |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lee Harris | 2018–present | Democratic | Minority Leader of theTennessee Senate |
| Mark Luttrell | 2010–2018 | Republican | Shelby County Sheriff |
| Joe Ford | 2009–2010 | Democratic | Shelby County Commission Chair |
| A C Wharton | 2002–2009 | Democratic | Chief Shelby County Public Defender |
| Jim Rout | 1994–2002 | Republican | Shelby County Sheriff |
| William N. (Bill) Morris | 1978–1994 | Democratic | Shelby County Sheriff |
| Roy Nixon | 1976–1978 | Shelby County Sheriff[25] |
Notes:
The Shelby County Courthouse, in Memphis on Adams Avenue between North 2nd and North 3rd streets, was designed byJames Gamble Rogers and completed in 1909. Thisneoclassical pile features a long portico topped by a cornice supported by massiveIonic columns. The ambitioussculptural program designed byJ. Massey Rhind includes the pediment groups,Canon Law,Roman Law,Statutory Law,Civil Law andCriminal Law. Female allegorical figures can be found on the north facade cornice representingIntegrity, Courage, Mercy, Temperance, Prudence andLearning. Flanking the main entrances are over-life-sized seated figures embodyingWisdom, Justice, Liberty, Authority, Peace andProsperity.
It is, by far, the state's largest courthouse. The courthouse was featured in the movieThe Silence of the Lambs as the place whereDr. Hannibal Lecter was held and escapes custody.
The courthouse is included in theAdams Avenue Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[26]
During the mid-to-late twentieth century, Shelby County was competitive, voting for theDemocratic candidate six times and theRepublican candidate five times between 1952 and 1992. In the twenty-first century, the county has become reliably Democratic, due mainly to the influence of Memphis and being majority African American.Barack Obama twice won the county with more than 60 percent of the vote. In2024, the county was carried by the Democratic nomineeKamala Harris, who won 61.8 percent of the vote toDonald Trump's 36.4 percent.[27]
Democratic strength is concentrated in Memphis itself, while the eastern suburbs are some of the most Republican areas in Tennessee and the South. In2020,Joe Biden received 64.42% of the vote, which has been the highest share for a Democrat since1944.[27]
| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party(ies) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
| 1880 | 7,788 | 51.99% | 6,927 | 46.24% | 264 | 1.76% |
| 1884 | 9,165 | 54.54% | 7,626 | 45.38% | 13 | 0.08% |
| 1888 | 8,277 | 40.83% | 11,932 | 58.86% | 64 | 0.32% |
| 1892 | 1,110 | 14.37% | 6,307 | 81.67% | 306 | 3.96% |
| 1896 | 5,122 | 45.70% | 5,830 | 52.01% | 257 | 2.29% |
| 1900 | 2,961 | 35.98% | 5,143 | 62.50% | 125 | 1.52% |
| 1904 | 2,563 | 22.32% | 8,686 | 75.64% | 234 | 2.04% |
| 1908 | 3,069 | 28.53% | 7,411 | 68.90% | 276 | 2.57% |
| 1912 | 589 | 5.61% | 6,732 | 64.11% | 3,179 | 30.28% |
| 1916 | 4,515 | 28.79% | 10,967 | 69.92% | 202 | 1.29% |
| 1920 | 8,597 | 34.61% | 15,986 | 64.35% | 260 | 1.05% |
| 1924 | 7,369 | 31.95% | 13,696 | 59.37% | 2,002 | 8.68% |
| 1928 | 11,969 | 39.78% | 18,040 | 59.95% | 81 | 0.27% |
| 1932 | 6,332 | 14.01% | 38,320 | 84.76% | 557 | 1.23% |
| 1936 | 2,113 | 3.32% | 61,504 | 96.56% | 81 | 0.13% |
| 1940 | 7,312 | 11.24% | 57,664 | 88.61% | 98 | 0.15% |
| 1944 | 10,839 | 18.20% | 48,625 | 81.66% | 80 | 0.13% |
| 1948 | 14,566 | 22.35% | 23,854 | 36.60% | 26,756 | 41.05% |
| 1952 | 65,170 | 47.53% | 71,779 | 52.36% | 150 | 0.11% |
| 1956 | 65,690 | 48.65% | 62,051 | 45.96% | 7,284 | 5.39% |
| 1960 | 87,191 | 49.37% | 86,270 | 48.85% | 3,146 | 1.78% |
| 1964 | 100,527 | 47.41% | 111,496 | 52.59% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1968 | 73,416 | 31.66% | 81,486 | 35.14% | 76,996 | 33.20% |
| 1972 | 161,922 | 65.32% | 81,089 | 32.71% | 4,871 | 1.97% |
| 1976 | 128,646 | 46.01% | 147,893 | 52.89% | 3,062 | 1.10% |
| 1980 | 140,157 | 45.43% | 159,240 | 51.61% | 9,120 | 2.96% |
| 1984 | 169,717 | 50.32% | 165,947 | 49.20% | 1,638 | 0.49% |
| 1988 | 157,457 | 50.96% | 149,759 | 48.47% | 1,772 | 0.57% |
| 1992 | 153,310 | 41.88% | 191,322 | 52.26% | 21,478 | 5.87% |
| 1996 | 136,315 | 41.77% | 179,663 | 55.05% | 10,402 | 3.19% |
| 2000 | 141,756 | 42.09% | 190,404 | 56.54% | 4,595 | 1.36% |
| 2004 | 158,137 | 41.91% | 216,945 | 57.50% | 2,200 | 0.58% |
| 2008 | 145,458 | 35.96% | 256,297 | 63.35% | 2,800 | 0.69% |
| 2012 | 135,649 | 36.50% | 232,443 | 62.55% | 3,524 | 0.95% |
| 2016 | 116,344 | 34.48% | 208,992 | 61.95% | 12,047 | 3.57% |
| 2020 | 129,815 | 33.98% | 246,105 | 64.42% | 6,135 | 1.61% |
| 2024 | 118,917 | 36.42% | 201,759 | 61.80% | 5,821 | 1.78% |
Shelby County is home to fourteen institutions of higher learning and satellite campuses of institutions whose main campus is in another county.
Memphis is home toBaptist Health Sciences University,Christian Brothers University,Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Worldwide (Memphis Campus),[29]Harding School of Theology,LeMoyne–Owen College,Memphis College of Art,Memphis Theological Seminary,Rhodes College,Southern College of Optometry,Southwest Tennessee Community College,University of Memphis, and theUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center.
Cordova is home toMid-America Baptist Theological Seminary. Germantown is home to a satellite campus ofUnion University.
Shelby County Schools (SCS) is a school district serving all of Memphis and most unincorporated areas.[30]
Suburban school districts:
Shelby County Schools was previously a school district that operated almost all public schools in non-Memphis areas of Shelby County, Tennessee,[31] until the end of the 2012–2013 school year; almost all areas in Shelby County that were outside the city of Memphis were zoned to schools operated by SCS. Schools in Memphis were operated byMemphis City Schools. On June 30, 2013, Memphis city and Shelby County schools consolidated, forming a unified county school system (still called Shelby County Schools), this lasted one year.
In 2014, the incorporated suburbs of Arlington, Bartlett, Collierville, Germantown, Lakeland, and Millington (other than Memphis) broke away from the Unified System and formed their own municipal districts. Their residents had previously voted in favor of creating municipal school districts, and all voted to pass the related sales tax hike except for Millington, which narrowly rejected the sales tax hike by three votes.[32] On November 27, 2012, U.S. district court JudgeSamuel Mays voided this vote since the state law passed at the time applied only to a specific area (which is unconstitutional). The Tennessee state legislature passed the law again, to include all of the state. All six suburbs voted again for the municipal districts and started classes on August 4, 2014.
Public transportation is provided by theMemphis Area Transit Authority, also known as MATA for short. In addition toMATA buses, the MATA operates theMATA Trolley. The city also has asuspended monorail known as theMemphis Suspension Railway connecting the city toMud Island.
Shelby County is the site ofMemphis International Airport, located 3 miles (5 km) south of the center of Memphis.
Numbers refer to the map at right.
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Places adjacent to Shelby County, Tennessee | |
|---|---|
Municipalities and communities ofShelby County, Tennessee,United States | ||
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| Cities |  | |
| Towns | ||
| Unincorporated communities | ||
Nashville (capital) | |
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35°11′N89°53′W / 35.18°N 89.89°W /35.18; -89.89
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