| Scottish Gaelic name | Siapansaigh |
|---|---|
| Scots name | Shapinsee[1] |
| Old Norse name | Hjálpandisey |
| Meaning of name | Possibly Old Norse for 'helpful island' or 'judge's island' |
 Cannon decorate the quayside of Balfour Harbour on Shapinsay, the round tower in the background isThe Douche | |
| Location | |
  Shapinsay Shapinsay shown within Orkney | |
| OS grid reference | HY505179 |
| Coordinates | 59°03′N2°53′W / 59.05°N 2.88°W /59.05; -2.88 |
| Physical geography | |
| Island group | Orkney |
| Area | 2,948 hectares (11.4 sq mi) |
| Area rank | 29 [2] |
| Highest elevation | Ward Hill 64 metres (210 ft) |
| Administration | |
| Council area | Orkney Islands |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 307[3] |
| Population rank | 27 [2] |
| Population density | 10.4 people/km2[3][4] |
| Largest settlement | Balfour |
 | |
| References | [4][5][6][7][8] |
Shapinsay (/ˈʃæpɪnziː/,Scots:Shapinsee) is one of theOrkney Islands off the north coast of mainland Scotland. With an area of 29.5 square kilometres (11.4 sq mi), it is the eighth largest island in theOrkney archipelago. It is low-lying and, with abedrock formed fromOld Red Sandstone overlain byboulder clay, fertile, causing most of the area to be used for farming. Shapinsay has twonature reserves and is notable for its bird life.Balfour Castle, built in theScottish Baronial style, is one of the island's most prominent features, a reminder of the Balfour family's domination of Shapinsay during the 18th and 19th centuries; the Balfours transformed life on the island by introducing new agricultural techniques. Other landmarks include astanding stone, anIron Agebroch, asouterrain and a salt-water shower.
There is one village on the island,Balfour, from whichroll-on/roll-off car ferries sail toKirkwall on theOrkney Mainland. At the 2011 census, Shapinsay had a population of 307. The economy of the island is primarily based on agriculture with the exception of a few small businesses that are largely tourism-related. A community-ownedwind turbine was constructed in 2011. The island has a primary school but, in part due to improving transport links withmainland Orkney, no longer has a secondary school. Shapinsay's long history has given rise to variousfolk tales.
Unlike most of the larger Orkney islands, the derivation of the name 'Shapinsay' is not obvious. The final 'ay' is from theOld Norse forisland, but the first two syllables are more difficult to interpret. Haswell-Smith suggests the root may behjalpandis-øy (helpful island) owing to the presence of a good harbour, although anchorages are plentiful in thearchipelago.[4] The first written record dates from 1375 in a reference toScalpandisay, which may suggest a derivation fromJudge's island. Another suggestion isHyalpandi's island, although no one of that name is known to be associated with Shapinsay.[5]Blaeu's 1654Atlas Novus includes a map of the island and names itSiapansa Oy, but the descriptive text lists it asShapinsa.[9]
Standing stones show evidence of the island's human occupation sinceNeolithic times. According toTacitus, the Roman generalAgricola subdued the inhabitants of the Orkney Islands, and a local legend holds that he landed on Shapinsay. During the 18th century, a croft namedGrukalty was renamedAgricola (which is also Latin for "farmer"). Roman coins have been found on Shapinsay, but they may have been brought to the island by traders.[10][11]
Shapinsay is mentioned in theNorse sagas:The Saga of Haakon Haakonsson states thatHaakon IV of Norway anchored in Elwick Bay before sailing south to eventual defeat at theBattle of Largs.[4]
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Atlas Novus included a map and various descriptions of the island. The harbour at Elwick is described as "quite commodious", and the dwelling of "Sound" is praised.[14] The estate of Sound, which covered the western part of the island, had passed from the Tulloch family to the Buchanan family in 1627. John Buchanan was a royal servant and his wifeMargaret Hartsyde was from a Kirkwall family.[15] In 1674, Arthur Buchanan built the new house of Sound, which was situated 250 metres west of whereBalfour Castle now stands.[16] The atlas’s description of Orkney by Walter Stewart then goes on to note that Shapinsay had oneminister at the time.[14][17]
The 18th century saw the beginnings ofchange to agriculture on Shapinsay, courtesy of the Balfour family. Arthur Buchanan’s granddaughter married James Fea, who supported theJacobite rising of 1715; his house was burned byHanoverian troops in revenge. The estate was acquired by Andrew Ross, Stewart Depute in Orkney of theEarl of Morton[Note 1] and Ross's heirs, the Lindsay brothers, sold the estate to Thomas Balfour in 1782.[10][19] Balfour had previously rented the Bu ofBurray, a large manor farm on another Orkney island, but had insufficient wealth to acquire the estate even though his wife received a large inheritance from her brother. To raise the necessary funds of £1,250, Balfour sold his military commission and borrowed from his brother.[19] Once installed on the island, Balfour built a new house, Cliffdale, and founded the village of Shoreside, now known asBalfour. He also reformed the local agriculture, enclosing fields and constructing farm buildings.[20]
The last person to be executed in Orkney was Marjory Meason, a native of Shapinsay, in 1728. She was a young servant who was hanged in Kirkwall for the murder of a child. The execution is recorded as requiring 24 armed men, not including officers, and costing £15 8s.[10]
During this period, burningkelp was a mainstay of the island economy. More than 3,048tonnes (3,000long tons) of burned seaweed were produced per annum to makesoda ash, bringing in £20,000 for the inhabitants.[4] Thomas Balfour's income from the kelp industry brought him four times the income that farming did.[21]
The 19th century saw radical change in Shapinsay. Thomas Balfour's grandson, David Balfour, transformed the island after inheriting the family estate, which by 1846 encompassed the whole of Shapinsay. Most of the land was divided into fields of 4 hectares (10 acres),[22] a feature still apparent today.[6] Tenants were required toenclose and drain the land or pay for the estate to do it in the form of a surcharge added to their rents. In 1846, 303 hectares (1.17 sq mi) on Shapinsay consisted of arable land. By 1860, that had trebled to more than 890.3 hectares (3.44 sq mi).[22] New crops and breeds of cattle and sheep were also introduced.[10] Balfour's reforms were described as "the fountain and origin" of Orkney improvement.[23]
Thomas Balfour had enemies amongst the Orkney establishment, and one of them described his attempts in disparaging language.[Note 2] Thomson notes that the wholesale clearance of cottars from their land and re-settlement in the planned village turned them into estate employees, which may not have been seen by them as a "change for the better".[20] The process by which his son David came to own the whole island was also part of a controversial process ofenclosure. At the beginning of the 19th century, 45% of all Orkney and fully 2,956 acres of Shapinsay wascommon land.[24] Today, only 624 acres of commons remains throughout Orkney.[25] This process ofclearance and enclosure, common throughout Scotland at this time,[26] was accompanied by an estrangement between landowner and tenants. For example, Thomas Balfour went to thegrammar school in Kirkwall as had his father before him, but two of his sons were educated at the prestigiousHarrow School in southern England.[27] The power of the landowners is suggested by an incident during his grandson David's period of ownership. Variouschurch elders complained about what they considered to be immoral behaviour at a social event (men were allowed to dance with women) so Balfour had them evicted from the island.[28]
David Balfour also gave the island its most noticeable landmark when he recruited anEdinburgh architect,David Bryce, to transform Cliffdale House into theScottish Baronial Balfour Castle.[29][30] Other buildings he added to the island include the porter's lodge (now apublic house called The Gatehouse), a water mill, a school, and a gasworks that remained operational until the 1920s.[10] The gasworks is in the form of a round tower with a corbelled parapet of red brick and carved stones—including one possibly removed fromNoltland Castle onWestray, which is inscribed with the year 1725. The structure appears to be fortified, in accordance with Balfour's intention to give the village a medieval appearance.[31][32] David Balfour was also responsible for the construction ofMill Dam, a wetland which was once thewater supply for the mill and is now anRSPB nature reserve.[10]
Fishing forherring andcod grew in importance during the 19th century. Herring fishing was expanding generally in Scotland at that time, with fishing stations being set up in remote areas. Herring fishing began in 1814 onStronsay and soon spread throughout the Orkney Islands.[33] By the middle of the century, Shapinsay had 50 herring boats.[34] Cod became important largely because theNapoleonic Wars forced English fishing boats to fish further north. Local fishermen, who had been catching fish using lines from small boats for centuries, begantrawling for cod, though fishing was largely a part-time venture.[35]Helliar Holm's beaches were used to dry both herring and cod after they had been salted. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars, which led to cheaper sources ofsoda ash becoming available from continental Europe, the kelp industry collapsed by 1830.[10] This collapse fueled agricultural reform, ascrofters accustomed to earning a second income had to now earn more from farming.[35]
Orkney was a strategic site during both World Wars. In 1917, during the First World War, the 836-tonne (823-long-ton)Swiftsure was hit by a mine 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of Haco's Ness and sank in 19 metres (62 ft) of water with the loss of a single life. The site of the wreck was not discovered until 1997.[36]
The Balfour estate sold its farms on Shapinsay between 1924 and 1928. This was a common occurrence in Orkney at the time as wealthy landowners moved to more lucrative forms of investment. Farms were generally sold to the sitting tenant or to their neighbours who wished to expand.[37]
During the Second World War, gun batteries were built on the island. A twinsix pounder emplacement at Galtness Battery on the coast at Salt Ness protected the Wide Firth from Germantorpedo boats. A Castle Battery was operational from 1941 to 1943, as was an anti-aircraft battery.[10]
Mechanised implements came to the island, particularly after the Second World War, and the amount of land given over to growing grass increased. The growing of grain (with the exception ofbarley) andturnips steadily declined as these were replaced as winter fodder for livestock bysilage, usually harvested by mechanicalforage harvesters.[Note 3] The trend towards moreintensive farming began to be partially reversed by the end of the century as more environmentally friendly practices were encouraged by government andEuropean Union grants. Some of the land is managed under a Habitat Creation Scheme, which aims to encourage natural vegetation, wild flowers and nesting birds by limiting grazing and reducing the use of chemical fertilisers.[39]
Mains electricity arrived on Shapinsay in the 1970s, when an underwater cable was laid from Kirkwall.[40] Tourism became important in the latter half of the century; the first restaurant to incorporatebed and breakfast facilities opened in 1980.[40] Before 1995, the island had a secondary school but lost this because of falling enrolment and improved transport links with Kirkwall, to where Shapinsay secondary pupils now travel.[40] The shorter ferry crossing times enabled Shapinsay residents to work in Kirkwall, making it a "commuter isle".[41]
With an area of 2,948 hectares (11 sq mi), Shapinsay is the 8th largest Orkney island and the 29th largestScottish island. The highest point of Ward Hill is 64 metres (210 ft) above sea level.[4] The east coast is composed of low cliffs and has several sea caves, including thegeo at the extreme northern tip known asGeo of Ork.[10] Elwick Bay is a sheltered anchorage on the south coast, facing the Orkney mainland; the island's largest settlement, Balfour, is at the western end of the bay.[6] When seen from the air Shapinsay’s square ten-acre fields and straight roads are an obvious feature of the landscape. These are the result of David Balfour’s 19th century "improvments".[42][6]
The island has severalayres, orstorm beaches, which form narrow spits ofshingle or sand cutting across the landward and seaward ends of shallow bays. They can sometimes cut off a body of water from the sea, forming shallow freshwaterlochs known as oyces.[43][44] Examples includeVasa Loch and Lairo Water.[45]
There are several small islands in the vicinity including Broad Shoal, Grass Holm and Skerry of Vasa.Helliar Holm is atidalislet at the eastern entrance to the main harbour at Balfour; it has a smalllighthouse and a ruinedbroch. The String, a stretch of water that lies between Helliar Holm and the mainland, has strong tidal currents.[4]
Shapinsay has abedrock formed fromOld Red Sandstone, which is approximately 400 million years old and was laid down in theDevonian period. These thick deposits accumulated as earlierSilurian rocks, uplifted by the formation ofPangaea, eroded and then deposited into river deltas. The freshwaterLake Orcadie existed on the edges of theseeroding mountains, stretching fromShetland to the southernMoray Firth.[46] The composition of Shapinsay is mostly of theRousay flagstone group from the Lower Middle Devonian, with some Eday flagstone in the southeast formed in wetter conditions during the later Upper Devonian. The latter is regarded as a better quality building material than the former.[4] At Haco's Ness in the south east corner of the island is a small outcrop of amygdaloidaldiabase. The island is overlain with a fertile layer of boulder clay formed during thePleistocene glaciations.[10][47][48]
The island's bird life is rich in waders such ascurlew andredshank, found atThe Ouse andVeantro Bay, and gull andtern colonies on the rockier shores and cliffs.Pintail,shovelers andwhooper swans are regular summer visitors, and there are breeding populations ofshelducks,hen harriers andArctic skuas.[49] There is an introduced population ofred-legged partridges.[50]Otters can be seen at the Ouse, Lairo Water and Vasa Loch, and at various places around the coast along withcommon seals andAtlantic grey seals.[51] The island has aRSPB reserve at Mill Dam[52] and aScottish Wildlife Trust reserve at Holm of Burghlee in the southeast.[53][42] Mill Dam is home to thegreat yellow bumblebee, one of the rarest bumblebees in the UK.[52][54]
Shapinsay has very few stands of trees. The two largest are on the grounds of Balfour Castle and the southwest shore of Loch of Westhill 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the north.[6] The coastlines of Orkney’s islands, including Shapinsay, are well-known for their abundant and colourful spring and summer flowers includingsea aster,sea squill,sea thrift,common sea-lavender,bell andcommon heather.[55] ThelichenMelaspilea interjecta, which isendemic to Scotland, is found in only three locations, including Shapinsay.[56][57]
| Year | Pop. | Year | Pop. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1798 | 730 | 1911 | 718 |
| 1841 | 935 | 1921 | 624 |
| 1851 | 899 | 1931 | 584 |
| 1861 | 973 | 1951 | 487 |
| 1871 | 949 | 1961 | 346 |
| 1881 | 974 | 1981 | 345 |
| 1891 | 903 | 1991 | 322 |
| 1901 | 769 | 2001 | 300 |
| 2011 | 307 |
The highest recorded population for Shapinsay is 974, in 1881. Since then, the population of the island has steadily declined; less than a third of that number was recorded in the 2001 census. The rate of absolute population loss was lower in the last decades of the 20th century than it had been in the first half of that century. In 2001, Shapinsay had a population of 300, a decline of 6.8% from 322 in 1991. This was greater than the population decline for Orkney overall in the same period, which was 1.9%. However, the loss in population on Shapinsay was less than that experienced by most Orkney islands, most of which experienced declines of more than 10%. The number of persons per hectare on Shapinsay was 0.1, similar to the 0.2 persons per hectare across Orkney.[58][59] At the time of the2011 census the usually resident population had increased to 307.[3] During the same periodScottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702.[60]
Of the island's 300 inhabitants recorded in 2001, 283 were born in the United Kingdom (227 in Scotland and 56 in England). Seventeen were born outside the United Kingdom (four elsewhere in Europe, four in Asia, four in North America, one in South America and four in Oceania). By age group, 85 of the inhabitants were under 30 years of age, 134 were aged between 30 and 59, and 71 were age 60 and over.[61]
Balfour Castle dominates views of the southwest of the island and can be seen from the tower ofSt. Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall. The castle library features a secret passage hidden behind a false set of bookshelves. The Balfours escaped unwelcome visitors through this passageway, which leads to the conservatory door. Another feature of the castle is the stags' heads with gaslights at the tips of their antlers, although these are no longer used as working lights. The castle grounds feature deciduous woodland (now rare in Orkney) and 2 acres (8,100 m2) of walled gardens.[62] Though built around an older structure that dates at least from the 18th century, the present castle was built in 1847, commissioned by Colonel David Balfour, and designed by Edinburgh architectDavid Bryce.[29][30]
Other buildings constructed by David Balfour include the Dishan Tower, known locally asThe Douche. This is a saltwater shower building with adovecote on top. A local landmark due to its high visibility when approaching the island by sea, the building is now in a serious state of disrepair, the roof having collapsed.[63]
A more ancient dwelling on Shapinsay is the Iron Age Broch ofBurroughston. David Balfour arranged for the site to be excavated by the archaeologistsGeorge Petrie and Sir William Dryden in 1861.[Note 4] The site was neglected after the excavation, slowly filling up with vegetation and rubble before being cleared in 1994.[64] Only the interior of this partially buried building has been excavated, allowing visitors to look down into the broch from the surrounding mound. The survivingdrystone walls rise to about three metres (10 ft) and are more than four metres (13 ft) thick in some places.[65]
Shapinsay Heritage Centre is located in Balfour's former smithy, along with a craft shop and a cafe. The castle's former gatehouse is now the village public house.[56]
In common with the other Orkney islands, Shapinsay is fertile agricultural land, with farms specialising in beef and lamb which export thousands of cattle and sheep annually.[51][66] Shapinsay has an active agricultural association which hosts an annual agricultural show, as well as other regular events.[67]
The Shapinsaydevelopment trust has created a community plan for the island and owns a wind turbine, which was erected in August 2011 after the community voted for its construction.[68] According to the development trust, the turbine could earn more than £5 million during its 25-year lifetime.[69] In 2022–23 Shapinsay Renewables Ltd., which operates the wind turbine, made a gift aid payment of just under £134,000 to the development trust.[70] In both 2022 and 2023 the Development Trust received funding to develop affordable rental housing on the island[71][72] and in 2023 they also opened a newly refurbished heritage centre and cafe.[73]
Small businesses on Shapinsay include ajam andchutney manufacturer, which uses traditional methods.[74]Balfour Castle was run as a hotel by the family of Captain Tadeusz Zawadzki, aPolish cavalry officer, but is now in use as a private house.[75] There is a salmonfish farm off Shapinsay.[76]
Orkney Ferries provides transport for pedestrians and vehicles, proximity toKirkwall permitting closer contacts with the Orkney Mainland than is possible for most of the other North Isles. There are six crossings per day, the journey lasting about 25 minutes.[77][41] Between 1893 and 1964, the island was served by the steamerIona which was originally owned by John Reid and purchased by William Dennison in 1914. After 1964, the convertedtrawlerKlydon[78] and then theClytus, an exClyde pilot vessel operated by the government-owned Orkney Islands Shipping Company[79] ran on this service. The current ferry is theMV Shapinsay which docks at the slipway at Balfour on arrival.[80][81] Orkney is to trial two electric ferries after Artemis Technologies, based inBelfast, were awarded more than £15m of funding by the UK government's Zero Emission Vessels and Infrastructure Fund in 2023. One of the vessels will ferry passengers from Kirkwall, to Shapinsay and the nearby islands ofRousay,Egilsay andWyre.[82] The Orkney Islands Council has also considered building a tunnel to the Orkney Mainland.[83]
The development trust offers electric bicycles for hire[84] and operates 3 electric vehicles which are available to residents, community groups on the island and visitors.[85]
Shapinsay has a primary school, which in the 2022–23 academic year had 23 pupils.[86] The school doubles as a community centre and is host to a learning centre supported by theUHI Millennium Institute. This centre uses the internet, email and video-conferencing to allow students in Shapinsay to study without leaving the island.[87]
In December 2006, the pupils staged a joint Christmas show with a school inGrinder, Norway, 875 kilometres (544 mi) from Shapinsay. The schools used the internet to collaborate, supported byBT Group (BT), which upgraded the school's broadband connection. The finale of the show involved the Norwegian pupils singingAway in a Manger in English while the Shapinsay pupils responded withEn Stjerne Skinner I Natt in Norwegian. This multilingual collaboration was somewhat easier for the Grinder pupils, who are taught English from the age of six.[88] This collaboration was part of an ongoing relationship between the schools, whose children exchange letters and cards. Shapinsay school's headteacher has visited the Norwegian school, and there are plans for a reciprocal visit in 2008.[89]
Shapinsay Community School has gained a Silver Award under the internationalEco-Schools programme. School pupils have carried out an energy audit, helped to plant more than 600 trees close to the school and carried out energy saving campaigns.[90][91] Shapinsay pupils have also won an award from the Scottish Crofters Commission for producing a booklet oncrofting on the island.[92]
Cubbie Roo, the best known Orcadiangiant, has a presence on Shapinsay. He was originally based on the historical figureKolbein Hrúga, who built Cubbie Roo's Castle in 1150 on the isle ofWyre, which is possibly the oldestcastle in Scotland, and was mentioned in theOrkneyinga Saga.[4] The figure Cubbie Roo has departed far from his historical origins and has become a giant in the fashion thatFinn MacCool (legendary builder of theGiant's Causeway) has in parts of Scotland and Ireland. He is said to have lived on the island of Wyre and used Orkney's islands as stepping stones. Many large stones on Orkney islands, including Shapinsay, are said to have been thrown or left there by the giant. Cubbie Roo's Burn is a waterway on Shapinsay that flows through a channel calledTrolldgeo. Cubbie Roo's Lade is a pile of stones on the shore near Rothiesholm Head, the westmost point ofStronsay. This is supposedly the beginning of a bridge between the two islands that the giant had failed to complete. The name derives from the Old Norsetrolla-hlad, meaning "giant's causeway".[93]
In 1905,The Orcadian newspaper reported that a strange creature had been seen off the coast of Shapinsay. It was reportedly the size of a horse, with a spotted body covered in scales. Opinion on the creature's origin was divided, with some islanders believing it to be asea serpent, while others opined that it was merely a large seal.[94]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: "Pont, Timothy".Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
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