Shaoxing 绍兴市 Shaohsing | |
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     Left to right, top to bottom:Bazi Bridge over theEastern Zhejiang Canal, Shaoxing cityscape, Didang subdistrict,Tishan Bridge, traditional houses inZhuji. | |
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  Shaoxing  Shaoxing | |
| Coordinates (Shaoxing Theatre):30°03′04″N120°35′00″E / 30.0511°N 120.5833°E /30.0511; 120.5833 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Zhejiang |
| County-level divisions | 6 |
| Municipal seat | Yuecheng District |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Yu Zhihong (俞志宏) |
| Area | |
| 8,279.1 km2 (3,196.6 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 2,965.1 km2 (1,144.8 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 8,107.9 km2 (3,130.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census) | |
| 5,270,977 | |
| • Density | 636.66/km2 (1,648.9/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 2,958,643 |
| • Urban density | 997.82/km2 (2,584.3/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 13,035,326 |
| • Metro density | 1,607.7/km2 (4,164.0/sq mi) |
| GDP[1] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 837 billion US$ 118 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 158,766 US$ 22,293 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Area code | 0575 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-ZJ-06 |
| License Plate Prefix | 浙D |
| Website | www |
| Shaoxing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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.svg) "Shaoxing" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 绍兴 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 紹興 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Shaohing | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | (Anera of theSong dynasty) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Kuaiji | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 会稽 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 會稽 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Kwaiki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Shanyin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 山阴 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 山陰 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Shanyin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Shaoxing[a] is aprefecture-level city on the southern shore ofHangzhou Bay in northeasternZhejiang province, China. Located on the south bank of theQiantang River estuary, it bordersNingbo to the east,Taizhou to the southeast,Jinhua to the southwest, andHangzhou to the west. As of the 2020 census, its population was 5,270,977 inhabitants among which, 2,958,643 (Keqiao, Yuecheng and Shangyu urban districts) lived in the built-up (or metro) area ofHangzhou–Shaoxing, with a total of 13,035,326 inhabitants.
Notable residents of Shaoxing includeWang Xizhi, the parents ofZhou Enlai,Lu Xun, andCai Yuanpei. It is also noted forShaoxing wine,meigan cai, andstinky tofu, and was featured onA Bite of China. Its local variety ofChinese opera sung in the local dialect and known asYue opera is second in popularity only toPeking opera. In 2010, Shaoxing celebrated the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the city.
Economically, the city is driven by manufacturing of textiles, electronics, and energy-efficient lighting. Zhejiang has the fifth highestper capita GDP in the nation, with the city itself at 32ndnationally by GDP per capita.
The city was first named Shaoxing in 1131 A.D. during theSouthern Song dynasty. The name comes from the Shaoxingreign period ofEmperor Gaozong of Song, and is a poetic term meaning "inheriting the imperial task and resurging to prosperity".[2]
Modern-day Shaoxing lies north of theKuaiji Mountains, which were an important center of the people ofYue duringancient China'sSpring and Autumn period.Chinese legend connected them with events in the life ofYu the Great, the founder of theXia. Around the early 5th century BC, the time of Yue's famous kingGoujian, his people began establishing permanent centers in thealluvial plain north of the hills. Following his freedom from captivity inWu, Goujian commissioned his advisorFan Li to erect a major triangular fortification in the area of present-day Shaoxing'sYuecheng District. Following Yue's conquest of Wu, though, its royal court was removed toits former rival's capital (present-daySuzhou) until its own conquest byChu in 334 BC.[3]
Following the area's conquest in 222 BC, theQin Empire'sKuaiji Commandery was also established inWu (which then took the name "Kuaiji" from this role) but theFirst Emperor visited the town in the last year of his reign (210 BC), ascendingMount Kuaiji (present-day Mount Xianglu) and sacrificing to the spirit ofYu. The commemorativestele he erected is now lost but was visited bySima Qian during his 1st-century BC pilgrimage of China's historical sites and was preserved in hisRecords of the Grand Historian.[3] By the time of theLater Han, the lands between theYangtze andHangzhou Bay received their own commanderies and administration ofKuaiji—then stretching along the south shore of the bay fromQiantang (present-dayHangzhou) to theEast China Sea. The area's capital in present-dayYuecheng was then known as Kuaiji until the 12th century, when it was renamed Shaoxing. The present site of Yu's mausoleum dates to the 6th-centurySouthern dynasties period.[citation needed]
Under theMing andQingdynasties, the area was organized as aprefecture containing the following eightcounties: urbanKuaiji and Shanyin and rural Yuyao, Zhuji, Xiaoshan, Shangyu, Xinchang, and Cheng (or Sheng). From the later Ming through the Qing, Shaoxing was famous (or notorious) for its network of native sons throughout the Chinese government bureaucracy, cooperating out of native-place loyalty. In addition to the substantial number of Shaoxing natives who succeeded in becoming officials via the regular civil-service examination route, this vertical Shaoxing clique also included county-level jail wardens, plus unofficial legal specialists (muyou) working privately for officials at the county, prefectural, and provincial levels, plus clerks working in Beijing's Six Boards (central administrative offices), especially the Boards of Revenue and Punishment. The legal experts were also known as Shaoxing shiye (Shaoxing masters), and they were indispensable advisers to the local and regional officials who employed them, since their knowledge of the detailed Qing legal code permitted the officials, whose education was in the Confucian Classics, to competently perform one of their major functions, that of judging local civil and criminal cases. Coming from the same gentry social class as the officials, the legal experts were expected to adhere to the ethical dictum enunciated by Wang Huizu, Shaoxing's most famous muyou: "If not in accord [with your employer], then leave" (Bu he ze qu).[4]
During theTaiping Rebellion, Shaoxing was home to a local militia leader namedBao Lisheng who organized an armed resistance to the Taiping army in his home village ofBaochun. Bao was amartial arts expert and recruited thousands of people from the surrounding area to his cause by convincing them he had supernatural powers. However, after a months-long siege, Baochun was captured by the Taiping.[5]
Under theRepublic of China during the early 20th century, the prefecture was abolished and the name Shaoxing was applied to a new county comprising the former Shanyin and Kuaiji. Currently, Shaoxing is a municipality with a somewhat smaller land area than its Ming-Qing namesake prefecture, having lostXiaoshan county to Hangzhou on the west andYuyao county to Ningbo on the east.[citation needed]
| Climate data for Shaoxing, elevation 8 m (26 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24.3 (75.7) | 29.1 (84.4) | 34.1 (93.4) | 35.0 (95.0) | 36.7 (98.1) | 38.0 (100.4) | 39.9 (103.8) | 42.5 (108.5) | 39.0 (102.2) | 34.9 (94.8) | 31.5 (88.7) | 24.9 (76.8) | 42.5 (108.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) | 11.2 (52.2) | 15.8 (60.4) | 22.1 (71.8) | 26.9 (80.4) | 29.2 (84.6) | 34.0 (93.2) | 33.1 (91.6) | 28.4 (83.1) | 23.4 (74.1) | 17.9 (64.2) | 11.5 (52.7) | 21.9 (71.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 7.1 (44.8) | 11.2 (52.2) | 17.2 (63.0) | 22.3 (72.1) | 25.3 (77.5) | 29.6 (85.3) | 29.0 (84.2) | 24.5 (76.1) | 19.2 (66.6) | 13.4 (56.1) | 7.3 (45.1) | 17.6 (63.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.3 (36.1) | 4.0 (39.2) | 7.8 (46.0) | 13.2 (55.8) | 18.5 (65.3) | 22.1 (71.8) | 26.1 (79.0) | 25.8 (78.4) | 21.5 (70.7) | 15.9 (60.6) | 10.1 (50.2) | 4.2 (39.6) | 14.3 (57.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6.6 (20.1) | −5.5 (22.1) | −2.0 (28.4) | 0.5 (32.9) | 8.2 (46.8) | 12.1 (53.8) | 17.4 (63.3) | 19.0 (66.2) | 12.5 (54.5) | 2.9 (37.2) | −2.4 (27.7) | −10.2 (13.6) | −10.2 (13.6) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 99.3 (3.91) | 89.5 (3.52) | 137.4 (5.41) | 120.3 (4.74) | 139.4 (5.49) | 231.7 (9.12) | 140.5 (5.53) | 193.8 (7.63) | 132.8 (5.23) | 80.7 (3.18) | 80.7 (3.18) | 72.6 (2.86) | 1,518.7 (59.8) |
| Average snowy days | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 7.1 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 78 | 77 | 75 | 72 | 72 | 80 | 73 | 76 | 80 | 78 | 78 | 76 | 76 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 105.2 | 106.0 | 128.9 | 154.4 | 168.1 | 136.9 | 230.2 | 214.3 | 159.2 | 147.8 | 120.2 | 116.7 | 1,787.9 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 32 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 40 | 33 | 54 | 53 | 43 | 42 | 38 | 37 | 40 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[6][7] all-time extreme temperature[8] | |||||||||||||
Theprefecture-level city of Shaoxing administers threedistricts, twocounty-level cities and onecounty.
| Map | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin |
| Yuecheng District | 越城区 | Yuèchéng Qū |
| Keqiao District | 柯桥区 | Keqiao Qū |
| Shangyu District | 上虞区 | Shàngyú Qū |
| Zhuji City | 诸暨市 | Zhūjì Shì |
| Shengzhou City | 嵊州市 | Shèngzhōu Shì |
| Xinchang County | 新昌县 | Xīnchāng Xiàn |
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There are a number of historical places connected with the writer Lu Xun:
Historical sites:
Shaoxing was the location of the officialWorld Choir Games in 2010.[10] It also hosted the worldKorfball championship in late October 2011.
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Due to its long history, Shaoxing has accumulated and handed down a characteristic culture known as "Yue Culture". As an important part of Yue Culture and a traditional folk custom of Shaoxing, Zhufu (Chinese:祝福;lit. 'worshipping the God of Blessing') still has great influence on Shaoxing people and their lives.
Zhufu is also called Zuofu and is the most prominent annual sacrificial ceremony in Shaoxing. The gods worshipped are Nanchao Shengzhong (南朝圣众) and Huangshan Xinan (黄山西南). They have been worshipped since theYuan dynasty (1279–1368 CE). Legend holds that when the government of theSong dynasty (960–1279 CE) was overthrown by the Mongolian army and replaced by the Yuan dynasty, the original Song citizens, namely the Han people, were extremely afraid of the newly established minority political power. They secretly offered sacrifices at midnight to the emperors of South Song dynasty and those patriotic martyrs who died to save the nation.
Nanchao Shengzhong refers to a group of martyrs, who died in the war of resistance against the Mongolian invasion, includingEmperor Huaizong of Song, last emperor of the Southern Song dynasty,Wen Tianxiang, scholar-general of Southern Song dynasty, who was captured but didn't give in to the enemy and later was killed by the Yuan Government, andLu Xiufu, the Southern Song Prime Minister who committed suicide, together with Emperor Huaizong and 800 other officials and members of the imperial court. Huangshan Xinan refers to two anonymous brothers who sacrificed their lives to save civilians from being killed by the Mongolian army. In memory of the brothers, the local people named the place where they were killed after them and offered sacrifice to a portrait or statue of the brothers.
Records show that the Mongolian nobility, the ruling class of the Yuan dynasty, treated the Han people harshly,[citation needed] such that the Han people created and cleverly disguised their gods Nanchao Shengzhong and Huangshan Xinan in order to mourn for the lost nation and its patriotic martyrs whilst praying for their blessing. The ruling class knew only of the ostensible purpose of the annual sacrificial ceremony, believing it was the means to entertain the God of Blessing and pray for a good harvest the next year as well as harmony. The ceremony was handed down from generation to generation and finally became a convention whilst its political meaning gradually dimmed. It became a pure sacrificial ceremony, held annually to offer thanks to the God of Blessing for all his blessings and to pray for the next year's blessing.
Zhufu is often held during the period between 24 December and 28 December according to theChinese lunar calendar. Shaoxing people first choose an auspicious day according to the Chinese lunar calendar to hold the ceremony. In Shaoxing, the days between 20 December and 30 December of the Chinese lunar calendar are called nights instead of days so as to remind homemakers that the Spring Festival is approaching and they should hurry up to prepare for Zhufu and the Spring Festival.
Thereafter, the officiant of the ceremony who is usually the man of the house, lights incense and red candles, hangs golden and silverTaiding made of paper on the left and right candleholders, puts cushions for kneeling on the ground in order, and inserts a Mazhang Stick, which represents Nanchao Shengzhong or Huangshan Xinan into the prepared holder. Females are not allowed to be present whilst the sacrifice is underway. After tasks are completed, the male members of the family successively kneel down facing the main door andkowtow to the god. At that moment there are many taboos. For example, the wine should not be poured from a cup, and chopsticks should not fall into the ground. Silence is also maintained to avoid taboos.
When all is prepared, the officiant pours wine for those present. They hold their wine cups high as quickly as possible to see the god out. Then the officiant burns the Mazhang Stick together with golden and silverTaiding in the courtyard. He cuts the tongues from the chicken and goose then throws them on to the roof of the house at the same time and praying to the god to take away the tongues which symbolize possible calamities emanating from the spoken word. Finally, the officiant put a cup of wine with tea onto the ashes of Mazhang Stick signifying the end ofZhufu. Ancestor worship follows the ceremony and, although similar to Zhufu, differences do exist. After worship, the family sits down at tables and eatFuli together, which they callSanfu or sharing the blessings.
As a featured folk custom, Zhufu has been handed down and well protected as part of Shaoxing's cultural heritage. It is reputable because of its special origin. It was widely popularized byLu Xun (1881–1936, Shaoxing-born) in his short storyZhufu [zh] (祝福), which he named after the sacrificial ceremony. Whilst deeply moved by the ill-fated leading character of the novel, readers get to learn the details of theZhufu tradition.
TheShaoxing Baseball & Softball Sports Centre is the largest baseball and softball venue in China conforming to international competition standards. The stadium was built for the2022 Asian Games, which hosted thebaseball andsoftball events.[11]
In September 2024, Shaoxing hosted the2024 U-23 Baseball World Cup, which was the first international baseball world cup held in mainland China.[12]
Shaoxing has a metro system with 3 operational lines (one branch line), one under construction line and two extension projects. It has 61.9 km of total mileage and 43 stations in total.[13]Line 1 of the Shaoxing Metro connects the Yuecheng and Keqiao districts withLine 5 of theHangzhou Metro at its western terminus stationGuniangqiao. This created a direct metro link between the two cities.[14] Phase 2 of the Shaoxing MetroLine 2 will connect the Yuecheng and Shangyu districts.[15]
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