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| Shandong Peninsula | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 The Shandong Peninsula on an administrative map of eastern China | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 山东半岛 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 山東半島 | ||||||||
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| Jiaodong Peninsula (tsiaotung Peninsula) | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 胶东半岛 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 膠東半島 | ||||||||
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TheShandong Peninsula orJiaodong (tsiaotung) Peninsula is apeninsula inShandong ineastern China, between theBohai Sea to the north and theYellow Sea to the south. The latter name refers its location being to the east ofJiaozhou.[1]
The waters bordering the peninsula areLaizhou Bay to the northwest, which opens into theBohai Sea to the north, which in turn passes through theBohai Strait to the northeast into theYellow Sea to the east and south. The peninsula's territory comprises threeprefecture-level cities ofShandong:Qingdao in the southwest,Yantai in the north and centre, andWeihai at the eastern tip.
Shandong Peninsula is the largest peninsula in China. Stretching into the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, it is 290 kilometers long from east to west, 190 kilometers wide from north to south, and 50 kilometers narrow. The total area of Shandong Peninsula is 73,000 square kilometers.
Geologically it was once connected to theKorean Peninsula and theLiaodong Peninsula, but was split starting around 27Ma ago, resulting in the formation of theYellow Sea.[2]
In thePaleolithic, the Shandong Peninsula area was covered by forest. In theNeolithic, about 7,000 years ago, a large number ofDongyi people inhabited the peninsula. The Dongyi had their own kingdom called theState of Lai. The peninsula later belonged to theState of Qi. The Qi built theGreat Wall of Qi, which is partially on the peninsula. During theHan dynasty, the peninsula belonged to the semi-independent feudatoryJiaodong Kingdom.
TheKiautschou Bay Leased Territory was a leased territory of theGerman Empire from 1898 to 1914 located aroundJiaozhou Bay, where the village ofQingdao (Tsingtao) developed into a major seaport.
Japan seized the territory from Germany in 1914 in theFirst World War. In the 1919Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost Qingdao and itssphere of influence in Shandong. Instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area, the treaty transferred the leased territory to theEmpire of Japan. This resulted in popular dissatisfaction in China with the outcome, known as theShandong Problem, and led to theMay Fourth Movement. Eventually, Shandong was reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after mediation by the United States during theWashington Naval Conference. However, Japan retained economic influence in the area.
Due to geographical reasons, the Shandong Peninsula is closely connected withNortheast China andSouth Korea. Historically, a large number of people migrated to the Northeast by boat, whereas in the present day many people from the Northeast "return" to the Shandong Peninsula. After the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, a large number of South Korean companies also set up factories in the region. There are more than 200,000Koreans living in the Shandong Peninsula. South Korea has a consulate-general in Qingdao.
The peninsula is characterized byJiaoliao Mandarin, a dialect widely spoken in Shandong Peninsula,Liaodong Peninsula, and some parts ofManchuria, such asMishan,Hulin,Fuyuan andRaohe counties ofHeilongjiang.
Jiaoliao Mandarin spread from its base, the Shandong Peninsula, across the sea toNortheast China as a result of large scale migration of Shandong people to the Northeast over successive dynasties.
Shandong Peninsula is surrounded by sea on three sides and has amonsoon climate with four distinct seasons (Köppen:Cwa/Dwa). Due to maritime influence, the climate is relatively mild, in both summer and winter.
| Climate data forQingdao (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) | 19.6 (67.3) | 21.5 (70.7) | 25.2 (77.4) | 34.2 (93.6) | 34.4 (93.9) | 37.4 (99.3) | 34.3 (93.7) | 33.2 (91.8) | 28.4 (83.1) | 22.1 (71.8) | 16.2 (61.2) | 37.4 (99.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) | 5.6 (42.1) | 10.0 (50.0) | 15.7 (60.3) | 21.1 (70.0) | 24.3 (75.7) | 27.6 (81.7) | 28.7 (83.7) | 25.8 (78.4) | 20.2 (68.4) | 12.8 (55.0) | 5.9 (42.6) | 16.8 (62.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) | 2.1 (35.8) | 6.2 (43.2) | 11.6 (52.9) | 17.1 (62.8) | 20.8 (69.4) | 24.7 (76.5) | 25.6 (78.1) | 22.3 (72.1) | 16.6 (61.9) | 9.5 (49.1) | 2.7 (36.9) | 13.3 (55.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.4 (27.7) | −0.6 (30.9) | 3.4 (38.1) | 8.7 (47.7) | 14.1 (57.4) | 18.5 (65.3) | 22.7 (72.9) | 23.4 (74.1) | 19.5 (67.1) | 13.7 (56.7) | 6.7 (44.1) | 0.1 (32.2) | 10.7 (51.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −14.3 (6.3) | −12.1 (10.2) | −6.2 (20.8) | −1.6 (29.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 12.0 (53.6) | 13.6 (56.5) | 16.3 (61.3) | 10.1 (50.2) | 1.9 (35.4) | −7.2 (19.0) | −11.3 (11.7) | −14.3 (6.3) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 10.3 (0.41) | 15.7 (0.62) | 18.0 (0.71) | 34.0 (1.34) | 64.1 (2.52) | 70.7 (2.78) | 159.1 (6.26) | 159.6 (6.28) | 69.4 (2.73) | 35.5 (1.40) | 35.2 (1.39) | 14.8 (0.58) | 686.4 (27.02) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.8 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 11.6 | 10.9 | 7.2 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 3.6 | 78.1 |
| Average snowy days | 3.8 | 3.3 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 12.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 63 | 65 | 65 | 67 | 71 | 82 | 86 | 82 | 71 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 70 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 160.4 | 164.9 | 208.6 | 219.1 | 234.3 | 186.0 | 168.3 | 194.5 | 201.1 | 202.1 | 163.4 | 158.5 | 2,261.2 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 52 | 53 | 56 | 56 | 54 | 43 | 38 | 47 | 55 | 59 | 54 | 53 | 52 |
| Averageultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[3][4] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[5] Weather Atlas (UV index)[6] | |||||||||||||
Shandong Peninsula is the most developed region of the province, and one of the most affluent region in China.[7] As early as theSpring and Autumn period in the 8th century BC, the fishing and salt industries had gradually emerged. During theWarring States period, the iron smelting industry and silk-hemp textile production had already reached a high level. In theHan dynasty, the region became known as the "granary of the East." In theTang dynasty,Dengzhou andLaizhou were important ports for foreign trade. During theMing andQing periods,Jiaozhou was the largest trading port in northern China. After theOpium Wars, the economy developed abnormally, andQingdao andWeihai were successively occupied byGermany andBritain. After 1949, the region's advantages were finally utilized, and it became a nationally renowned base for the production ofpeanuts,fruit, aquatic products, and tussah silk.Qingdao andYantai are currently developing economic and technological development zones.
Due to its hilly terrain and mild, humid climate, the Shandong Peninsula is known for producing traditional fruits of northern China. Its main specialties includeLaoshan honey peaches,Qixia apples,Laiyang pears, andDazeshan grapes.
Geographically, Shandong Peninsula is composed of fiveprefecture-level cities.
| City | Area (km2) | Population[8] |
|---|---|---|
| Qingdao | 11,175.30 | 10,070,000 |
| Weifang | 16,004.89 | 9,386,700 |
| Yantai | 13,746.47 | 7,102,100 |
| Rizhao | 5,347.99 | 3,084,500 |
| Weihai | 5,697.98 | 2,906,500 |
The Shandong Peninsula is fictionalized as the "Chinese Peninsula" in the Japanese manga and anime series,Fire Force.
37°N121°E / 37°N 121°E /37; 121
