Shamima Begum | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1999-08-25)25 August 1999 (age 25) London, England |
| Citizenship | United Kingdom (until 2019) |
| Education | Bethnal Green Academy |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3 (all deceased) |
Shamima Begum (born 25 August 1999)[1] is a British-born woman who entered Syria to join theIslamic State at the age of 15 in 2015.[2] As of 2024, she is living inal-Roj detention camp in Syria.[3][4]
While enrolled atBethnal Green Academy,Begum and two schoolmates travelled to Syria in February 2015. The journey was facilitated by an IS smuggler who was providing information toCanadian intelligence. Ten days after her arrival, Begum married a 23-year-old fellow IS member; the marriage produced three children, who all died young.
In February 2019, Begum was discovered alive at theal-Hawl refugee camp in Northern Syria by war correspondentAnthony Loyd. The following day,British Home SecretarySajid Javid revoked herBritish citizenship,[5] stating that Begum would never be allowed to return to the United Kingdom.[6] Begum initiated legal proceedings challenging the lawfulness of this decision. British courts ruled that Javid's decision had been lawful, with theSupreme Court refusing Begum's final attempt for permission to appeal on 7 August 2024.[7] At the present time, Begum can launch no further legal challenge within the British legal system, but has, through her lawyers, intimated an intention to take the case to theEuropean Court of Human Rights.[8]
.jpg)
Begum was born in London toimmigrant parents ofBangladeshiMuslim origin and citizenship.[9] She was raised in theBethnal Green area ofTower Hamlets inEast London, where she received her secondary education at theBethnal Green Academy.[10]
Together with her friendsAmira Abase and Kadiza Sultana, she left the UK in February 2015, at age 15. They travelled viaTurkey to join the ISIS in Syria.[11][12]
Shortly after her departure, Begum's sister expressed hope that she and her school friends had travelled to IS territory only to bring back their friendSharmeena Begum (no relation), who had travelled there in 2014.[13]
Education SecretaryNicky Morgan said in February 2015 that everyone hoped and prayed for the safe return of the three girls to the UK.[14]
Ten days after arriving in Syria, Begum marriedDutch-born Yago Riedijk, a convert toIslam who had arrived in Syria in October 2014.[15][16] This marriage may not be recognised under Dutch law since she was underage at that time.[17] She gave birth to three children, all of whom died young; her youngest child was born in a refugee camp in February 2019 and, by March 2019, had died of a lung infection.[18][19]
The Daily Telegraph reported that Begum had been an "enforcer" in ISIS's "morality police", and had tried to recruit other young women to join the jihadist group.[20] The report said that she was allowed to carry aKalashnikov rifle and earned a reputation as a strict enforcer of IS's laws, such as dress codes for women. An anti-IS activist was also reported byThe Daily Telegraph as saying that there were allegations of Begum stitching suicide bombs into explosive vests so they could not be removed without detonating.[21] None of this was proved, and much of what has been reported in media is denied by Shamima Begum. Later, investigative journalist Josh Baker posed as an ISIS member and was able to speak with the person responsible for convincing Shamima to join the group. A school friend by the name of Sharmeena Begum described Shamima as a "shy misfit" whose role has been greatly exaggerated in the media.[22]
In 2022, investigative journalist Josh Baker retraced her route through Turkey and uncovered a vast ISIS people-smuggling network that facilitated Begum's travel to Syria. He also received hundreds of pages of secret files on the smuggler that revealed the man at the heart of the network, Mohammed Rashed, was conducting an intelligence operation. A serving senior intelligence officer confirmed to Baker that Rashed was a Canadian asset.[23][24]
Canadian prime ministerJustin Trudeau said: "Obviously we know we live in a particularly dangerous world, the fight against terrorism requires our intelligence services to continue to be flexible and to be creative in their approaches but every step of the way they are bound by strict rules, by principles and values that Canadians hold dear… and we expect that those rights be followed. I know there are questions about certain incidents or operations of the past and we will ensure to follow up on those."[25][26]
Separately published in August 2022,Richard Kerbaj's bookThe Secret History of the Five Eyes claimed that Mohammed Rashed, who helped her travel to Syria, was passing information to Canadian intelligence, which was known to theMetropolitan Police. This link was not acknowledged by British or Canadian authorities. Canadian intelligence was using Rashed for information on the Islamic State, while allowing him to help people to travel to Syria to work for them. Kerbaj said that he had interviewed many Canadian intelligence officers, who confirmed the timeline of events.[27][28]
In February 2019,The Times' war correspondentAnthony Loyd found Begum at theal-Hawl refugee camp in Northern Syria.[29][30] She was pregnant with her third child and said that she wanted to return to the UK to raise her children, but did not regret her decision to join IS.[29] Begum said she had been unfazed by seeing the head of a beheaded man as he was "an enemy of Islam", but believed that IS did not deserve victory because of their corruption and oppression.[29]
When asked if she would be extracted from Syria, Security MinisterBen Wallace said, "I'm not putting at risk British people's lives to go and look for terrorists or former terrorists in a failed state."[31] Three days after Loyd found her, Begum gave birth to a boy.[18]
Begum was interviewed byBBC correspondent Quentin Sommerville on 18 February 2019. During the interview, Begum asked for the UK's forgiveness and claimed that she still supported "some British values". She said she had been partly inspired to join IS by videos of fighters beheading hostages and also of "the good life" under the group. When asked about theManchester Arena bombing, she said she was shocked and didn't "know about the kids", then said it was wrong to kill innocent people, but that IS considered it justified as retaliation for the coalition bombing of IS-held areas. When questioned about rape, enslavement and murder ofYazidi women, she claimed, "Shia do the same inIraq".[32]
Begum's frequent visits from journalists at al-Hawl earned the attention of femaleTunisian IS camp members who threatened her if she spoke out against IS ideology.[33] On 1 March 2019, her lawyer confirmed that Begum had been moved to al-Roj refugee camp for her safety.[34]
In 2021, Begum cooperated with investigative journalist Josh Baker and gave what she claims is her full account of what happened. It is investigated in the podcastThe Shamima Begum Story as series 2 ofI'm Not A Monster.[35] She is also featured in a film of the same name.[36]
In 2019, UK Home SecretarySajid Javid announced that he had made an order depriving Begum of British citizenship.[5] Under international law, the UK government could not deprive her of British citizenship if such deprivation would leave her stateless. However, the UK government contended that Begum was a dual national, also holding citizenship of Bangladesh, and was not therefore made stateless by the decision.[37][5][38] TheGovernment of Bangladesh stated that Begum did not currently holdBangladeshi citizenship and, without it, would not be allowed to enter Bangladesh.[39][40][41] However, the British courts later accepted the argument that Begum was indeed a citizen of Bangladesh from birth (see below).
Under British law, Begum had the right to appeal against the Home Office's decision to revoke her UK citizenship.[5] Javid's decision was criticised by Begum's immediate family members, but her brother-in-law Muhammad Rahman urged the public to support the government decision. He said: "The information they have is to the best of their ability and the British people should support it."[42] Begum said that she might consider applying for Dutch citizenship.[43][44]
In February 2019, her father Ahmed Ali said, "If she at least admitted she made a mistake then I would feel sorry for her and other people would feel sorry for her, but she does not accept her wrong." Begum reacted by stating that she regretted speaking to the media and said the UK is making an example out of her.[45]
On 3 March, Yago Riedijk, her husband, a member of IS, was interviewed by the BBC in aKurdish detention centre in Syria. He said that he wished to return to the Netherlands with Begum.[17] The Dutch government stated that they were not going to repatriate him.[46]
On 8 March,Syrian Democratic Forces announced that Begum's son Jarrah, whose imminent birth had apparently motivated her desire to return to the UK, had died in hospital the previous day. The cause of death was certified aspneumonia.[19] The baby was buried in an unmarked grave outside of al-Roj.[33] Shadow Home SecretaryDiane Abbott and human rights lawyerClive Stafford Smith criticised the UK government's decision to block Begum's return to the UK.[47]
A government spokesman said that, "The death of any child is tragic and deeply distressing for the family". Foreign SecretaryJeremy Hunt reiterated the position stated by Ben Wallace concerning risks to operatives who might be sent to recover her. He said "Shamima knew when she made the decision to join Daesh, she was going into a country where there was no embassy, there was no consular assistance, and I'm afraid those decisions, awful though it is, they do have consequences". He said that the Foreign Office and the Department for International Development were trying to rescue IS brides and that the decisions to deprive individuals of UK citizenship were based on evidence.[48]
It was reported in August 2022 that Begum’s lawyer claims the British authorities knew that Begum was helped to travel to Syria to join the Islamic State by a Canadian intelligence agent – as claimed byRichard Kerbaj in his bookThe Secret History of the Five Eyes – a factor that had not been brought to the attention of the Supreme Court.[27][28] Tasnime Akunjee, lawyer for the Begum family, said he had obtained a hearing in November 2022 to challenge the removal of Begum's citizenship on the basis that as Home Secretary, Sajid Javid had failed to consider that she was a victim ofhuman trafficking.[49]
On 22 February 2023, it was reported that theSpecial Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC) had ruled that the revocation of her citizenship was lawful.[50][51]
In 2019 Begum was stripped of herUK citizenship,[52] bySajid Javid while he wasHome Secretary for theConservative Party government.[53]
Making citizensstateless (without citizenship of any country) is unlawful under theBritish Nationality Act 1981, section 40[54] and is also contrary to the United NationsConvention on the Reduction of Statelessness, of which the UK is a signatory. Begum was born a British citizen under United Kingdom law as her father (despite having already left the UK) hadindefinite leave to remain and so had the "settled in the United Kingdom" status that theBritish Nationality Act 1981 describes as being a satisfactory prerequisite to allow Begum to be born a British citizen.[55][56] However, theSpecial Immigration Appeals Commission found that as a matter ofBangladeshi nationality law Begum also holds Bangladeshi citizenship through her parents, under section 5 of theCitizenship Act, 1951.[57]
In April 2019, it was reported that Begum had been grantedlegal aid to fight the revocation of her British citizenship. Hunt described theLegal Aid Agency's decision as "very uncomfortable", but said that the UK is "a country that believes that people with limited means should have access to the resources of the state if they want to challenge the decisions the state has made about them".[58]
In May 2019, Bangladeshi foreign ministerAbdul Momen repeated his position on Begum and added that if she entered Bangladesh she would face thedeath penalty due to the nation's "zero tolerance policy" towards terrorism.[59]
In August 2019, theMetropolitan Police requested media organisations that had interviewed Begum—the BBC, ITN, Sky News andThe Times—to surrender any unpublished material they may hold about Begum. They sought disclosure under theTerrorism Act 2000 in order to prepare a potential prosecution against Begum.[60]
Her lawyer,Tasnime Akunjee, travelled to Kurdish-controlled Syria to meet Begum but was turned away.[61]
In July 2020, theCourt of Appeal ruled that Begum could return to the UK to contest the government's decision to rescind her British citizenship. It was unclear how she would return to the UK to plead her case, as the British government had previously stated that it would never let her return.[62] The Home Secretary appealed the decision to theSupreme Court of the United Kingdom; in February 2021 the court ruled inBegum v Home Secretary in favour of the Home Secretary on all grounds.[63][64]
On 22 February 2023, theSpecial Immigration Appeals Commission rejected her appeal against revocation of her British citizenship, which effectively prohibits her from entering the United Kingdom. Begum's lawyers said they would appeal the decision.[50][51] On 23 February 2024, the Court of Appeal unanimously rejected a further appeal from her against the commission's decision.[65]
On 7 August 2024, theSupreme Court of the United Kingdom ruled she will not be allowed to challenge the removal of her British citizenship as the grounds of her case "do not raise an arguable point of law". The ruling was unanimous.[66]
Begum was the central figure in the second season of the BBC'sI'm Not a Monster podcast series, called"I'm Not a Monster: The Shamima Begum Story", byBBC Sounds andBBC Radio 5 Live.[67][68][69] and a follow up second series in 2024 her called"The Shamima Begum Story, Series 2: The Court Decides".[70] The first series was about a family from the United States who travelled to join the same cult.[71][72][73]
Shamima Begum - the schoolgirl who fled London to join the Islamic State group in Syria - has been stripped of her UK citizenship after expressing a desire to return.
She said Shamima had been'upset' after a friend from her school left for Syria and said the family was hoping the girls had'gone to go and bring her back'.
Shamima Begum is not a Bangladeshi citizen and there is "no question" of her being allowed into the country, Bangladesh's ministry of foreign affairs has said.
Shamima Begum is not a Bangladeshi citizen and cannot enter the country, its government has said, meaning the UK has made her stateless.
Following news of the boy's death, the shadow home secretary, Diane Abbott, also criticised Javid's decision. She tweeted:'It is against international law to make someone stateless, and now an innocent child has died as a result of a British woman being stripped of her citizenship. This is callous and inhumane.'
- (2) The Secretary of State may by order deprive a person of a citizenship status if the Secretary of State is satisfied that deprivation is conducive to the public good.
- ...
- (4) The Secretary of State may not make an order under subsection (2) if he is satisfied that the order would make a person stateless.
- (4A) But that does not prevent the Secretary of State from making an order under subsection (2) to deprive a person of a citizenship status if—
- ...
- (c) the Secretary of State has reasonable grounds for believing that the person is able, under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom, to become a national of such a country or territory.
Ms. Begum's parents were born in Bangladesh, married there and remained Bangladeshi citizens. Her father came to the UK in 1975 but had since returned to Bangladesh. Ms Begum was born in the UK in 1999. She was a British citizen at birth because at that time one of her parents – her father – had Indefinite Leave to Remain.
A person born in the United Kingdom after commencement ... shall be a British citizen if at the time of the birth his father or mother is—
- (a) a British citizen; or
- (b) settled in the United Kingdom ...
Tasnime Akunjee, Attorney for Shamima Begum's family has traveled to SDF territory only to be briefly detained and told he could not see his client. He has been fighting the case of Shamima's repatriation to the UK and will discuss the moral and legal issues regarding a minor joining a terrorist group, issues of detaining an individual without charges, stripping citizenship, and the cruelties involved in not bringing her infant back to the UK for life-saving medical care.
