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Shōwa Restoration

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Notion of restoring power to Emperor Hirohito and abolishing democracy in 1930s Japan

TheShōwa Restoration (昭和維新,Shōwa Ishin) was promoted by Japanese authorIkki Kita in the 1930s, with the goal of restoring power to the newly enthronedEmperor Shōwa (Hirohito) and abolishing theliberal Taishō Democracy.^[1] The aims of the "Shōwa Restoration" were similar to theMeiji Restoration as the groups who envisioned it imagined a small group of qualified people backing up astrong Emperor. TheCherry Blossom Society envisioned such a restoration.^[2]

The 1936 aborted coup known as theFebruary 26 Incident was an attempt to bring it about, which failed because they were unable to secure the support of the Emperor.^[3] The chief conspirators surrendered in the hope to make their trial advance the cause, a hope that was foiled by the trials being conducted secretly.^[4]

Rightists continued to aim for a Shōwa Restoration in thepostwar period, with the term "restoration" taking on added meaning in the wake of the emperor being stripped of his formal powers by the new1947 Constitution andrenouncing his own divinity during theoccupation of Japan. The push for a Shōwa Restoration took on renewed urgency in the 1960s in the wake of the 1960Anpo protests, which many on the right viewed as a precursor to a communist revolution in Japan.^[5] A right-wing group that attacked peaceful protesters outside theNational Diet in June 1960 was named the "Restoration Action Corps" (Ishin Kōdōtai).^[6]

References

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^McClain 2002, p. 414.
^McClain 2002, p. 415.
^Harries & Harries 1991, p. 188.
^Harries & Harries 1991, p. 193.
^Kapur, Nick (2018)."The Empire Strikes Back? The 1968 Meiji Centennial Celebrations and the Revival of Japanese Nationalism".Japanese Studies.38 (3):308–309.doi:10.1080/10371397.2018.1543533.S2CID 149788596.
^Kapur, Nick (2018).Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 29–30.ISBN 978-0674984424.

Sources

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Harries, Meirion; Harries, Susie (1991).Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army.ISBN 0-394-56935-0.
McClain, James L. (2002).Japan: A Modern History.ISBN 0-393-04156-5.

Kokkashugi

Themes

Movements

People

Before 1945	Hirohito Sadao Araki Inejirō Asanuma Tanaka Chigaku Kingoro Hashimoto Kiichirō Hiranuma Koki Hirota Nisshō Inoue Kanji Ishiwara Nobusuke Kishi Ikki Kita Kuniaki Koiso Fumimaro Konoe Jinzaburō Masaki Seigō Nakano Shūmei Ōkawa Uesugi Shinkichi Hideki Tojo Masanobu Tsuji
Post-war Japan	Bin Akao Yukio Mishima Otoya Yamaguchi
Other	Subhas Chandra Bose Park Chung Hee

Organizations and factions

Before 1945	Black Ocean Society Fleet faction Gakutotai Great Japan Youth Party Imperial Rule Assistance Association Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association Japanese Committee on Trade and Information Kōdōha League of Diet Members Supporting the Prosecution of the Holy War National Defense Brotherhood National Foundation Society National Spiritual Mobilization Movement Sakurakai Shōwa Kenkyūkai Tōhōkai Tōseiha Yokusan Sonendan Young Officers Movement Yūzonsha
Post-war Japan	Nippon Kaigi Tatenokai
Other	Concordia Association Makapili

History

1930s	February 26 Incident League of Blood Incident Marco Polo Bridge incident March incident May 15 incident Military Academy incident Mukden incident October incident State General Mobilization Law Withdrawal from the Washington Naval Treaty
1940–1945	Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Kyūjō incident Pacific War Tripartite Pact
1945–1949	Matsue incident Purge Reverse Course Sanmu incident
After the 1950s	Mishima incident

Works