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Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt

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Third Dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian Second Intermediate Period

Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt

c. 1580 BC–c. 1550 BC

Sarcophagus of Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef,Louvre Museum

Capital

Thebes

Common languages

Egyptian language

Religion

ancient Egyptian religion

Government

Absolute monarchy

Historical era

Bronze Age

• Established

c. 1580 BC

• Disestablished

c. 1550 BC

Preceded by

Succeeded by

	Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
	Abydos Dynasty

Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

TheSeventeenth Dynasty of Egypt (notatedDynasty XVII, alternatively17th Dynasty orDynasty 17) was adynasty ofpharaohs that ruled inUpper Egypt during the lateSecond Intermediate Period, approximately from 1580 to 1550 BC. Its mainlyTheban rulers are contemporary with theHyksos of theFifteenth Dynasty and succeed theSixteenth Dynasty, which was also based in Thebes. The chronology of the 17th dynasty is very uncertain and the king lists provide little help.^[1]

The last two kings of the dynasty opposed the Hyksos rule over Egypt and initiated a war that would rid Egypt of the Hyksos kings and began a period of unified rule, theNew Kingdom of Egypt.^[1]Kamose, the second son ofSeqenenre Tao and last king of the Seventeenth Dynasty, was the brother ofAhmose I, the first king of theEighteenth Dynasty.^[2]

Periods anddynasties ofancient Egypt

All years areBC

First Dynasty	I	c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty	II	2890–2686

Old Kingdom

Third Dynasty	III	2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty	IV	2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty	V	2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty	VI	2345–2181

First Intermediate

Seventh Dynasty	VII	spurious
Eighth Dynasty	VIII	2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty	IX	2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty	X	2130–2040
EarlyEleventh Dynasty	XI	2134–2061

Middle Kingdom

LateEleventh Dynasty	XI	2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty	XII	1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty	XIII	1803–1649

Second Intermediate

Fourteenth Dynasty	XIV	1705–1690
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos)	XV	1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty	XVI	1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty		1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty	XVII	1580–1549

New Kingdom

Eighteenth Dynasty	XVIII	1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty	XIX	1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty	XX	1189–1077

Third Intermediate

Twenty-first Dynasty	XXI	1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty	XXII	945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty	XXIII	837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty	XXIV	732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian)	XXV	732–653

Late Period

Twenty-sixth Dynasty	XXVI	672–525
Twenty-seventh Dynasty (1st Persian Period)	XXVII	525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty	XXVIII	404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty	XXIX	398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty	XXX	380–343
Thirty-first Dynasty (2nd Persian Period)	XXXI	343–332

Hellenistic Egypt

Thirty-second Dynasty	XXXII	332–305
Thirty-third Dynasty	XXXIII	305–30

Roman Egypt

Thirty-fourth Dynasty
(Roman Pharaohs)

XXXIV

30 BC – 313 AD

Byzantine Egypt

Thirty-fifth Dynasty
(speculated)

XXXV

379 AD – 641 AD

See also:List of pharaohs by period and dynasty
Periodization of ancient Egypt

Origins

[edit]

The founder of the dynasty wasRahotep and most scholars consider his dynasty to have been native to Egypt.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Some mainstream scholars have suggested that the Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt hadNubian ancestry due to the expanded presence of Nubians in Egypt during that time period and the craniofacial evidence from X-ray examination ofSeqenenre Tao who displayed strong affinities with contemporary Nubians.Donald Redford explicitly argues that Egyptians "entered into the service of the king of Kush" between seventeenth and sixteenth centuries BC, citing historical texts along with archaeological evidence that showed an increased Nubian presence from the third Cataract on the Nile as far north asDeir Rifeh. Redford summarises that a shared "community of interest" existed which coincided with the influx of Nubian pottery and weapons in Upper Egypt.^[14]^[15]^[16]

War with the Hyksos

[edit]

While under the Hyksos rule, the kings of the 17th dynasty revived the cult ofOsiris, they rebuilt temples, and they established military control over the religious site,Abdju. This was the beginning of their campaign for reunification.^[17]

The first wave of attacks launched toward the southern flank was led by KingSeqenenre Tao, who was killed in the battle. His son,Kamose, succeeded him as the leader. After securing the southern flank, Kamose took to the North to fight more of the Hyksos. Despite little sustained opposition, he failed to take more land in the north and died suddenly after just 2 years at the throne. He left no sons behind to succeed him and his brother,Ahmose I, came to power at 10 years old.^[17]

Kamose's second stela which records his victory against the Hyksos (Luxor Museum).

The nationalists in the North had weakened the Hyksos and could no longer muster a counter-attack. In 1559 BC, led by an old enough to fight Ahmose I, they conquered the city ofMemphis. Then, with naval support, conquered Hutwaret. They then followed the Hyksos toSharuhen, a major center of Hyksos power, and laid siege to it for 3 years. After intimidating the surrounding areas, they had won the war.^[17] Being in the middle, the people of Thebes and Upper Egypt were had less influence and were politically "independent". They maintained mostly peaceful relationships with the Nubians and Hyksos, restoring unity to Upper and Lower Egypt.^[1] Beginning The New Kingdom of Egypt.^[17]

Pharaohs of the 17th Dynasty

[edit]

The Pharaohs of the 17th Dynasty ruled for approximately 30 years. Known rulers of the 17th Dynasty are as follows:^[18]

Dynasty XVII Kings of Egypt
Nomen (personal name)	Prenomen (throne name)	Horus-name	Reign	Burial	Consort(s)	Comments
Rahotep	Sekhemre-wahkhaw	Wahankh	c. 1585 BC	Dra' Abu el-Naga'?
Sobekemsaf I	Sekhemre-wadjkhaw	Hetepnetjeru	7 years	Dra' Abu el-Naga'?	Nubemhat
Sobekemsaf II	Sekhemre-shedtawy	(unknown)		Dra' Abu el-Naga'? Tomb was robbed during the reign ofRamesses IX	Nubkhaes
Intef V	Sekhemre-wepmaat	Wepmaat	2-3? years	Dra' Abu el-Naga'?
Intef VI	Nubkheperre	Neferkheperu	3-8? years	Dra' Abu el-Naga'	Sobekemsaf
Intef VII	Sekhemre-heruhermaat	(unknown)		Dra' Abu el-Naga'?	Haankhes
Ahmose the Elder	Senakhtenre	Merymaat	1-2 years	Dra' Abu el-Naga'?	Tetisheri
Tao	Seqenenre	Khaemwaset	c. 1560 (4 years)	Dra' Abu el-Naga'?	Ahmose Inhapy Sitdjehuti Ahhotep I	Died in battle against the Hyksos
Kamose	Wadjkheperre	Khahernesetef	1555 to 1550 BC (5 years)	Dra' Abu el-Naga'	Ahhotep II?

Finally, kingNebmaatre may have been a ruler of the early 17th Dynasty.^[19]

Family tree

[edit]

Sobekemsaf I

Nubemhat

Sobekemsaf II

Nubkhaes II

Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef

Nubkheperre Intef

Sobekemsaf

Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef

The political situation in the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt (c. 1650 – c. 1550 BC)

Comparison of regnal lists

[edit]

This dynasty does not appear often on surviving Egyptian king lists, however five kings are recorded on theKarnak King List, dated to the reign ofThutmose III. Three kings are also listed in the kings scene ofTT2, dated to the reign ofRamesses II. More names may have originally appeared in the missing sections of the kings lists.

Historical Pharaoh	Karnak King List	TT2
Rahotep	(Sekhem)re Wahkhaure
Sobekemsaf I	Sekhemre Wadjkhau
Intef VI	Nubkheperre
Senakhtenre Ahmose	Senakhtenre	Sekhentnebre
Seqenenre Tao	Seqenenre	Seqenenre
Kamose		Wadjkheperre

The dynasty likely appeared on theTurin King List but the section containing the dynasty is heavily fragmented and very little survives. There were originally sixteen kings named after theSixteenth Dynasty, but it is unknown if all of these kings were indeed part of the seventeenth dynasty, and one of the two first kings may have beenSenebkay, who may have been part of a completely different dynasty.


Turin King List^[20]
User..ra ...	PossiblySenebkay.
User...	PossiblySenebkay.
Eight missing names	–
...hebra ...	–
Missing name	–
Missing name	Reigned for 2 years.
Missing name	Reigned for 4 years.
Missing name	Reigned for 3 years.
...nra ...	Reigned for 3 years.

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^cVan de Mieroop, Marc (2011).A History of Ancient Egypt. Chichester, West Sussex ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 159–168.
^Lundström, Peter."The Seventeenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt".Pharaoh.se. Retrieved2025-03-25.
^"A new dynasty emerged in Thebes out of a local branch of the Thirteenth Dynasty. It was founded by Rahotep, who took Wahankh as hisHorus name."Grimal, Nicolas (1994).A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell (July 19, 1994). p. 187.
^"In between the Hyksos kingdom, in the Delta and Middle Egypt, and the Kingdom of Kush, south of the 1st cataract, was squeezed the only “true” Egyptian dynasty, the 17th in Thebes."Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021).A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 136.
^"The conflict came to a head in a confrontation between the Hyksos and the native Theban rulers (Dynasty 17)"David, Rosalie (2007).Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt Revised. Oxford University Press. p. 33.
^"In the south, Nubians entered Egypt to serve under the Theban rulers of the Seventeenth Dynasty (1640–1550 B.C.E.), who would rise up to restore a united land."Bunson, Margaret (2002).Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Facts on File Library of World History). Facts on File. p. 383.
^"SEVENTEENTH DYNASTY. An upper Egyptian Succession (c.1665-1509) of local rulers in the Theban area."Redford, Donald (200).The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt: 003. Oxford Univ Pr. p. 273.
^"(Fifteenth Dynasty) in the eastern Delta was perceived to be a foreign occupation by the Egyptian Seventeenth Dynasty that ruled in Thebes"Noll, K.L. (2002).Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 123.
^"The revolution by the Egyptian native Seven- teenth Dynasty against the Hyksos resulted in a subsequent campaign"Dumper, Michael (2006).Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO (2006). p. 105.
^"until they were eventually dispelled by a rival , native dynasty from ThebesTubb, Jonathan N. (1999).Canaanites (Volume 2) (Peoples of the Past). University of Oklahoma Press. p. 62.
^"and the Second lntermediate Period saw an Egyptian dynasty ruling from Thebes, while the Palestinian Hyksos ruled the north"Tyldesley, Joyce (2007).Egypt: How a Lost Civilisation Was Rediscovered. BBC Books. p. 14.
^"while an indigenous Seventeenth Dynasty ( ca. 1650–1552 BCE ) ruled over Thebes ."Modrzejewski, Joseph Meleze (1995).Jews of Egypt from Rameses II to Emperor Hadrian. T&T Clark. p. 7.
^"but there was also a native 17th dynasty ( ca 1640 - ca1540 ) in Thebes"Castleden, Rodney (1995).The Concise Encyclopedia of World History. Parragon Book Service. p. 191.
^F. J. Yurco. "'Were the ancient Egyptians black or white?'".Biblical Archaeology Review. (Vol 15, no. 5, 1989):35–37.
^Redford, Donald Bruce (2006).From slave to pharaoh : the black experience of ancient Egypt. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 35–37.ISBN 978-0-8018-8544-0.OCLC 843428071.
^Keita, S. O. Y. (September 2022)."Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from "Black Pharaohs" to Mummy Genomest".Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections.
^^a ^b ^c ^dDeHaven King, Lamont (2015)."The Nation in Antiquity: Unification, Civil War, and National Liberation in Ancient Kemet".Journal of Black Studies.46 (3):239–257.doi:10.1177/0021934714568481.ISSN 0021-9347.JSTOR 24572824.
^Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000).The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 481.ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
^K. S. B. Ryholt, Adam Bülow-Jacobse, The political situation in Egypt during the second intermediate period, c. 1800-1550 B.C., pp 168, 170, 171, 179, 204, 400
^Lundström, Peter."Turin King List: column 11".Pharaoh.se. Retrieved2025-09-12.

External links

[edit]

Kings of the Second Intermediate Period: University College London

Preceded by

16th Dynasty

Dynasty of Egypt
1585−1550 BC

Succeeded by

18th Dynasty

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